deputy

The Cold War is usually considered to have occurred approximately from the end of the strained alliance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during World War II until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Korean War; the Hungarian Revolution; the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis; the Vietnam War; the Afghan War; and U.S.-backed military coups against governments in Iran (1953), Guatemala (1954), and civil wars in countries such as Angola, El Salvador, and Nicaragua were some of the occasions when the tension related to t ...

See also:

Cold War, Cold War - Historical overview, Cold War - Arms race, Cold War - Historiography, Cold War - Significant documents

Read more here: » Cold War: Encyclopedia II - Cold War - Historical overview

The X Article, formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", was published in Foreign Affairs in July 1947. Though signed pseudonymously by "X," it was well known at the time that the true author was George F. Kennan, the deputy chief of mission of the United States to the USSR from 1944 to 1946, under ambassador W. Averell Harriman. The article was an expansion of a well-circulated State Department cable called the Long Telegram and became famous for setting forth the doctrine of containment. X Article ...

Including:

• X Article - Background
• X Article - The Long Telegram
• X Article - Impact of the Long Telegram
• X Article - Publication as the X Article

Read more here: » X Article: Encyclopedia - X Article

The Cold War was the open yet restricted struggle that developed after World War II between the United States, the Soviet Union, and each of their respective allies. The struggle was named the Cold War because it did not actually lead to direct armed conflict between the superpowers (a "hot" war) on a wide scale. The Cold War was waged by means of economic pressure, selective aid, intimidation, diplomatic maneuvering, propaganda, assassination, low-intensity military operations and full-scale proxy war from 1947 until the colla ...

Including:

• Cold War - Historical overview
• Cold War - Arms race
• Cold War - Historiography
• Cold War - Significant documents

Read more here: » Cold War: Encyclopedia - Cold War

Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرفات‎) (August 4 or August 24, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President1 of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) (1993–2004 ...

Including:

• Yasser Arafat - Early life
• Yasser Arafat - Fatah and the PLO
• Yasser Arafat - Jordan
• Yasser Arafat - Lebanon
• Yasser Arafat - Tunisia
• Yasser Arafat - Palestinian Authority and peace negotiations
• Yasser Arafat - Political survival and marginalization
• Yasser Arafat - Financial dealings
• Yasser Arafat - Illness and death
• Yasser Arafat - Aftermath
• Yasser Arafat - Bibliography
• Yasser Arafat - Notes

Read more here: » Yasser Arafat: Encyclopedia - Yasser Arafat

The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national constitution as well as the second oldest constitution in the world. It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) adopted on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equ ...

Including:

• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791

In writing the Long Telegram, Kennan was profoundly aware of the issues at stake in his answer, as the preface of the Long Telegram relates: Answer to Dept’s 284, Feb. 3,11 involves questions so intricate, so delicate, so strange to our form of thought, and so important to analysis of our international environment that I cannot compress answers into single brief message without yielding to what I feel would be dangerous degree of oversimplification. I hope, therefore, Dept will bear with me if I submit in answer to this question ...

See also:

X Article, X Article - Background, X Article - The Long Telegram, X Article - Impact of the Long Telegram, X Article - Publication as the X Article

Read more here: » X Article: Encyclopedia II - X Article - The Long Telegram

Ho, brother Teague, dost hear the decree? Lillibullero bullen a la We are to have a new deputy Lillibullero bullen a la Refrain: Lero Lero Lillibullero Lillibullero bullen a la Lero Lero Lero Lero Lillibullero bullen a la Oh by my soul it is a Talbot Lillibullero bullen a la And he will cut every Englishman's throat Lillibullero bullen a la Refrain < ...

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Lillibullero, Lillibullero - The Lyrics, Lillibullero - An explanation of the lyrics, Lillibullero - The Protestant Boys, Lillibullero - The BBC and Lillibullero, Lillibullero - REME

Read more here: » Lillibullero: Encyclopedia II - Lillibullero - The Lyrics

Marie Belloc Lowndes, in the second volume of her autobiography Where Love and Friendship Dwelt (1943), commented on Jules's paternity. He was reportedly ashamed of this and did not talk about it though, apparently, everyone knew. She does not say who his mother was, but that through her Jules was related to her own grandfather. In his early years he worked for the Ministry of Finance (1825–1828), and was an active journalist. From 1826 to 1830 he opposed the policies of Charles X of France in Le Globe. At the revolution of 1830 he ...

See also:

Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire - Biography, Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire - Works, Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire - Modern Editions, Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire - Translations

Read more here: » Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire: Encyclopedia II - Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire - Biography

Born in 1732, Poniatowski already at twenty, in 1752, as a Sejm deputy attracted attention with his oratory. He ultimately owed his career, however, to his uncles, the powerful Czartoryskis, who in 1755 sent him to Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the suite of the British ambassador, Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams. There, through the influence of Russian Chancellor A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he gained accreditation to the Russian court as ambassador of Saxony. Through Hanbury-Williams he met twenty-six-year-old Grand Duchess Catherine, who was irresistibly attracted to the handsome and brill ...

See also:

Stanisław August Poniatowski, Stanisław August Poniatowski - Royal titles, Stanisław August Poniatowski - Biography

Read more here: » Stanisław August Poniatowski: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław August Poniatowski - Biography

The film opens in the Forbidden City of 1887, where Chon Lin (Fann Wong) is drinking tea with her father, the keeper of the Imperial Seal of China. She tells him her brother, Chon Wang (Jackie Chan), is doing well as a sheriff in Carson City, Nevada, United States, but her father replies that he no longer has a son. At that moment, Lord Nelson Rathbone (Aidan Gillen), leads a band of Boxers into the city, who attack the keeper of the seal. Rathbone kills him with a snake-shaped dagger, and leaves with the seal. As he lies dy ...

See also:

Shanghai Knights, Shanghai Knights - Story, Shanghai Knights - Trivia, Shanghai Knights - Cast, Shanghai Knights - Staff

Read more here: » Shanghai Knights: Encyclopedia II - Shanghai Knights - Story

From 1952 to 1971, he worked for Ricard, a producer of alcoholic beverages (most notably pastis), starting as a salesman. In 1947, he helped create the section of the RPF movement for the Alpes-Maritimes. With Jacques Foccart, he helped create the Service d'Action Civique (SAC) in 1959 to counter the terrorist actions of the OAS during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The SAC would be charged with the underground actions of the Gaullist movement and participated in the organization of the May 30, 1968 Gaullist counte ...

See also:

Charles Pasqua, Charles Pasqua - Political career, Charles Pasqua - Corruption scandals, Charles Pasqua - Footnotes

Read more here: » Charles Pasqua: Encyclopedia II - Charles Pasqua - Political career

Corruption scandals in the Paris region - City of Paris. During the tenure of Jacques Chirac as mayor of Paris, some people paid by the city government actually worked (full time) for the RPR party. Alain Juppé, former secretary-general of the RPR (1988-1995) and former deputy mayor in charge of finances of the City of Paris (1983-1995) was prosecuted along with accomplices Louise-Yvonne Casetta and Patrick Stefanini. On January 31, 2004, Alain Juppé was sentenced by the correctional court of Nanterre to ...

See also:

Corruption scandals in the Paris region, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - The central role of Jacques Chirac, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Related link, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Vote rigging in Paris, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Manipulated biddings for public procurement, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Hauts de Seine housing projects, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Paris public housing projects, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Highschools and other works of the Île-de-France region, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Fictional jobs in government offices, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - City of Paris, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Essonne, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Illegal use of government services, Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Usage of City of Paris gardening services for private purposes

Read more here: » Corruption scandals in the Paris region: Encyclopedia II - Corruption scandals in the Paris region - Fictional jobs in government offices

The possibility of Gnassingbé's appointment as President to succeed his father was already being discussed because of his father's chronic ill health when, in December 2002, Gnassingbé Eyadéma amended the constitution to lower the minimum age for the president from 45 years to 35 years (Faure Gnassingbe was 35 at the time). However his death in February 2005 was sudden. According to the Togolese constitution, after the president's death, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, the speaker of parliament, was supposed to become acting president. ...

See also:

Faure Gnassingbé, Faure Gnassingbé - Background, Faure Gnassingbé - Politics, Faure Gnassingbé - Legitimacy

Read more here: » Faure Gnassingbé: Encyclopedia II - Faure Gnassingbé - Politics

He was born at La Roche Guyon, the son of François Armand de La Rochefoucauld, duc d'Estissac, grand master of the royal wardrobe. The duc de Liancourt became an officer of carbineers, and married at seventeen. A visit to England seems to have suggested the establishment of a model farm at Liancourt, where he reared cattle imported from England and Switzerland. He also set up spinning machines on his estate, and founded a school of arts and crafts for the sons of so ...

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François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Early life, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - French Revolution, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Exile, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Return to France, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Works, François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Family

Read more here: » François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt: Encyclopedia II - François Alexandre Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt - Early life

Born in a Roman catholic family, he became mechanic with the Societe Nationale d'Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation. He was sent to Nazi Germany under the cover of an ordinary worker in the Messerschmidt aeronautic factories. In 1946, he became secretary of the metalworkers' trade union in Issy-les-Moulineaux, and advanced inside the Confédération générale du travail inside the same commune from 1951, becoming secretary of the Seine Metalurgica ...

See also:

Georges Marchais, Georges Marchais - Early life, Georges Marchais - Political career, Georges Marchais - Attitudes, Georges Marchais - Works

Read more here: » Georges Marchais: Encyclopedia II - Georges Marchais - Early life

After his inauguration, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing sweeping socialist programs in Chile, called La vía chilena al socialismo ("the Chilean Way to Socialism"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper mining and banking), a thorough reform of the health care system, a reform of the educational system, a program of free milk for children, and a furthering of his predecess ...

See also:

Salvador Allende, Salvador Allende - Early life, Salvador Allende - Election, Salvador Allende - Presidency, Salvador Allende - The coup, Salvador Allende - Legacy and debate, Salvador Allende - Quotes, Salvador Allende - By Salvador Allende, Salvador Allende - About Salvador Allende, Salvador Allende - Notes

Read more here: » Salvador Allende: Encyclopedia II - Salvador Allende - Presidency

Arafat's long personal and political survival was taken by most Western commentators as a sign of his mastery of asymmetric warfare and his skill as a tactician, given the extremely dangerous nature of politics of the Middle East and the frequency of assassinations. Some commentators believe his personal survival was largely due to Israel's fear that he could become a martyr for the Palestinian cause if he was to be assassinated or even arrested by Israel. Others believe that Israel kept Arafat alive because they feared Arafat less than Hama ...

See also:

Yasser Arafat, Yasser Arafat - Early life, Yasser Arafat - Fatah and the PLO, Yasser Arafat - Jordan, Yasser Arafat - Lebanon, Yasser Arafat - Tunisia, Yasser Arafat - Palestinian Authority and peace negotiations, Yasser Arafat - Political survival and marginalization, Yasser Arafat - Financial dealings, Yasser Arafat - Illness and death, Yasser Arafat - Aftermath, Yasser Arafat - Bibliography, Yasser Arafat - Notes

Read more here: » Yasser Arafat: Encyclopedia II - Yasser Arafat - Political survival and marginalization

Born into a family with a long political heritage in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, Colosio Murrieta studied at the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, better known by its initials ITESM, after which he joined the PRI (1972). After that he went on to do postgraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania in the USA and research work at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria before returning to Mexico. In 1979 he joined the Ministry of ...

See also:

Luis Donaldo Colosio, Luis Donaldo Colosio - Political history, Luis Donaldo Colosio - Campaign for president, Luis Donaldo Colosio - Assassination, Luis Donaldo Colosio - Colosio in popular culture

Read more here: » Luis Donaldo Colosio: Encyclopedia II - Luis Donaldo Colosio - Political history

++PP: liberal-conservative +PSOE: social-democratic *IU: communist+ecologist ...

See also:

List of Presidents of Madrid, List of Presidents of Madrid - List, List of Presidents of Madrid - The 6th term scandal

Read more here: » List of Presidents of Madrid: Encyclopedia II - List of Presidents of Madrid - List

The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy. The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...

See also:

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History