denotation

The psychology of perception seems to suggest the existence of a common cognitive system which treats all or most sensorily conveyed meanings in the same way. If all signs must also be objects of perception, there is every reason to believe that their modality will determine at least part of their nature. Thus, the sensory modalities will be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, kinetic, etc. A list of sign types would include: text, symbol, index, image, map, graph, diagram, etc. Some combinations of signs can be multi-modal, i.e. different ...

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Modality semiotics, Modality semiotics - Discussion of sign-type, Modality semiotics - Discussion of reality status

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Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity. Common characteristics and ideas may be clear markers of a shared cultural identity but essentially it is determined by difference: we feel we belong to a group, and a group defines itself as a group, by noticing and highlighting differences with other groups and cultures. Any culture defines i ...

Including:

• Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity
• Cultural identity - Threats to cultural identity
• Cultural identity - The imperialist stand
• Cultural identity - The defensive stand
• Cultural identity - The trans-cultural stand
• Cultural identity - The defective stand
• Cultural identity - Criticisms

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Biological factors / Choice / Environment Demographics / History Gender role / Gender identity Human sexual behavior / Animal sexuality Critiques of sexual behavior Gay rights / Laws / Same-sex marriage Homophobia / Biphobia / Psychology Medical science / Gay community Two-Spirit / Violence against LGBT people History of the Gay Community Christianity / Islam / ...

Including:

• Gay - Etymology
• Gay - Etymology of the modern usage
• Gay - Syntax
• Gay - Folk etymologies
• Gay - Commonly accepted usage
• Gay - Sexual orientation
• Gay - Gay community
• Gay - Descriptor
• Gay - Pejorative usage
• Gay - Alternate spellings

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Collective nouns (also known as terms of venery, veneral nouns or nouns of assemblage) in English are subject-specific words used to define a grouping of people, animals, objects or concepts. For example, in the phrase "a parliament of owls", parliament is a collective noun. Such nouns are not compulsory, and are in general not widely used. A parliament of owls could equally well be referred to as "a group of owls", "a bunch ...

Including:

• Collective noun - Origins
• Collective noun - Collective nouns
• Collective noun - Linguistics
• Collective noun - English language
• Collective noun - Bibliography

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In logic and in some branches of semantics, connotation is more or less synonymous with intension. Connotation is often contrasted with denotation, which is more or less synonymous with extension. Connotation - Everyday Usage. In everyday usage, connotation has a different meaning. To explain this meaning, it is helpful to explicate the partial theory or meaning that it presupposes. The theory goes like this: every word or phrase has two kinds of meaning: primary, literal ...

Including:

• Connotation - Everyday Usage

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In folklore, Lycanthropy is the ability or power of a human being to undergo transformation into a wolf. The term comes from ancient Greek lykánthropos (λυκάνθρωπος): λύκος, lýkos ("wolf") + άνθρωπος, ánthrōpos ("man"). The word lycanthropy is often used generically for any transformation of a human into animal form, though the precise term for that is technically therianthropy. Folk-etymology also links the word to Lycaon, a king of Arcadia who, according to Ovid's Metamorpho ...

Including:

• Lycanthropy - Spiritual and supernatural implications of lycanthropy
• Lycanthropy - Local animal forms found in lycanthropy
• Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in North America
• Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in South America
• Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in Europe
• Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in Africa
• Lycanthropy - The were-tiger of the East Indies

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In comparative religion, fundamentalism has come to refer to several different understandings of religious thought and practice, including literal interpretation of sacred texts such as the Bible or the Quran and sometimes also anti-modernist movements in various religions. In some ways religious fundamentalism is a modern phenomenon, characterized by a sense of embattled alienation in the midst of the surrounding culture, even where the culture may be nominally influenced by the adherents' religion. The term can also re ...

Including:

• Fundamentalism - The fundamentalist phenomenon
• Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics
• Fundamentalism - Objections to the use of the term
• Fundamentalism - Basic beliefs of religious fundamentalists
• Fundamentalism - Christian views
• Fundamentalism - Jewish views
• Fundamentalism - Mormon views
• Fundamentalism - Islamic views
• Fundamentalism - Non-Abrahamic religions
• Fundamentalism - Non-religious fundamentalism
• Fundamentalism - Arguments in favor of fundamentalist positions
• Fundamentalism - Criticism of the fundamentalist position
• Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics

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Philosophy of language - Composition and parts. A major question in the field - perhaps the single most important question for formalist and structuralist thinkers - is, "how does the meaning of a sentence emerge out of its parts?" Much about composition of sentences is addressed in the work of linguistics of syntax. More logic-oriented semantics tend to look towards the principle of compositionality in order to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences. The princ ...

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Philosophy of language, Philosophy of language - Overview, Philosophy of language - History, Philosophy of language - Major problems and sub-fields, Philosophy of language - Composition and parts, Philosophy of language - The nature of meaning, Philosophy of language - Language and the world, Philosophy of language - Mind and language, Philosophy of language - Social interaction and language, Philosophy of language - Miscellaneous, Philosophy of language - Important theorists, Philosophy of language - Important topics and terms, Philosophy of language - References

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Frege's distinction rejects a view put forward by John Stuart Mill, according to which a proper name has no meaning above and beyond the object to which it refers (its referent or reference). That is, the word "Aristotle" means just Aristotle, that person, and no more. It does not mean "The writer of De Caelo." Hence, the sentence Aristotle was Greek says only that that person was Greek. It does not say that the writer of De Caelo was Greek. That is, it permits that Aristotle might not have written < ...

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Sense and reference, Sense and reference - Motivation for and development of the distinction, Sense and reference - Terminology, Sense and reference - Sense and reference Sinn and Bedeutung, Sense and reference - An expression's relation to sense or reference, Sense and reference - Sense without reference, Sense and reference - Frege and Russell, Sense and reference - Propositions and senses, Sense and reference - Senses and descriptions, Sense and reference - Relation to connotation and denotation, Sense and reference - Footnotes

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For religious fundamentalists, sacred scripture is considered the authentic, and literal word of God. Fundamentalist beliefs depend on the twin doctrines that God articulated his will precisely to prophets, and that followers also have a reliable and perfect record of that revelation. Since Scripture is considered the word of God, fundamentalists believe that no person has the right to change it or disagree with it. As a result, people are "obliged" to obey the word of God. The appeal of this point of view is its simplicity: people mu ...

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Fundamentalism, Fundamentalism - The fundamentalist phenomenon, Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics, Fundamentalism - Objections to the use of the term, Fundamentalism - Basic beliefs of religious fundamentalists, Fundamentalism - Christian views, Fundamentalism - Jewish views, Fundamentalism - Mormon views, Fundamentalism - Islamic views, Fundamentalism - Non-Abrahamic religions, Fundamentalism - Non-religious fundamentalism, Fundamentalism - Arguments in favor of fundamentalist positions, Fundamentalism - Criticism of the fundamentalist position, Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics

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Heteroglossia - Langue and linguistic variation. Bakhtin developed the notion in contrast with the structuralist account of language, which was centered in the notion of langue, that is, the systematic set of rules determining the well-formedness of an expression or utterance. This concept, introduced by Saussure, emphasised the notion that the code conformed by the linguistic norms must be common to all speakers for communication to be possible. This was seen as a dangerous simplification by ...

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Heteroglossia, Heteroglossia - Concept, Heteroglossia - Langue and linguistic variation, Heteroglossia - Ideological content, Heteroglossia - Diachronic evolution, Heteroglossia - Heteroglossia in literary criticism, Heteroglossia - Influence of the concept

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There is a related distinction in linguistics between the objective meaning or denotation of a word such as "vulgar", and the positive or negative association or connotation we attach to such a word. "Vulgar" derives from the Latin word for "common" and literally means ubiquitous, found everywhere, and was its original meaning. The word has now acquired the negative connotation of "gross" or "crudely obscene" (also of showy ostentatiousness). The process of acquiring a negative connotation is known as pejoration. Connotations often give ...

See also:

Connotation and denotation, Connotation and denotation - Linguistics

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In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence the word "John" refers to John; the word "it" refers to some previously specified object. The objects referred to are called the "referents" of the word. Sometimes the word-object relation is called "denotation"; the referent denotes the object. Reference is not in general the same as meaning, as words can often be meaningful without having a referent. Fictional and mythological names such as ...

See also:

Reference, Reference - Semantics, Reference - Art, Reference - Computer science, Reference - Geometry, Reference - Libraries, Reference - Scholarship, Reference - Personal references, Reference - Canadian law

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Though Russell's analysis has been widely accepted by philosophers, there has been some dissent. Definite description - P. F. Strawson. P. F. Strawson, in particular, argued that Russell had misrepresented what one means when one says "The present King of France is bald." According to Strawson, this sentence is not contradicted by "No one is the present King of France," for the former sentence contains not an existential assertion, but attempts to use "the present King of France" as a referring (or denoting) phrase. Since there is no present King of France, the phrase fails ...

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Definite description, Definite description - Bertrand Russell’s analysis, Definite description - Criticism of Russell’s analysis, Definite description - P. F. Strawson, Definite description - Keith Donnellan

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Therefore every culture is continually forced to determine its position(s) toward alien elements, in order to preserve or redefine its identity. Four different basic reactions are distinguished here, based on Clem Robyns' description (1994, 1995). In order to describe those four main attitudes toward cultural migration and possible loss of identity, two basic criteria have to be taken into account. First, does a cultural practice acknowledge the otherness of (potentially) intruding elements from other cultures? Does it explicitly oppose itse ...

See also:

Cultural identity, Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity, Cultural identity - Threats to cultural identity, Cultural identity - The imperialist stand, Cultural identity - The defensive stand, Cultural identity - The trans-cultural stand, Cultural identity - The defective stand, Cultural identity - Criticisms

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For religious fundamentalists, sacred scripture is considered the authentic word of God. Fundamentalist beliefs depend on the twin doctrines that God articulated his will precisely to prophets, and that followers also have a reliable and perfect record of that revelation, which has been passed down to modern day in an unbroken chain of tradition. Since Scripture is considered the word of God, fundamentalists believe that no person has the right to change it or disagree with it. As a result, people are "obliged" to obey the word of God ...

See also:

Fundamentalism, Fundamentalism - The fundamentalist phenomenon, Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics, Fundamentalism - Objections to the use of the term, Fundamentalism - Basic beliefs of religious fundamentalists, Fundamentalism - Christian views, Fundamentalism - Jewish views, Fundamentalism - Mormon views, Fundamentalism - Islamic views, Fundamentalism - Non-Abrahamic religions, Fundamentalism - Non-religious fundamentalism, Fundamentalism - Arguments in favor of fundamentalist positions, Fundamentalism - Criticism of the fundamentalist position, Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism and politics

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Several collective nouns perform double, triple or even more duties. "Herd" is a legitimate collective noun for dozens of animals and (rather curiously) the mythical fairy. Also interestingly, "herd" can be used with wild horses and domestic cattle, but not with domestic horses. Likewise, "flock" is a generic collective noun for all sorts of flying birds and also for sheep. The all-time champion collective noun is "set", for it can legitimately be used as a collective noun for a vast number of concepts (a set of ideals, ...

See also:

Collective noun, Collective noun - Origins, Collective noun - Collective nouns, Collective noun - Linguistics, Collective noun - English language, Collective noun - Bibliography

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Lycanthropy is often confused with transmigration; but the essential feature of the were-animal is that it is the alternative form or the double of a living human being, while the soul-animal is the vehicle, temporary or permanent, of the spirit of a dead human being. The vampire is sometimes regarded as an example of lycanthropy; but it is in human form, sometimes only a head, sometimes a whole body, sometimes that of a living pers ...

See also:

Lycanthropy, Lycanthropy - Spiritual and supernatural implications of lycanthropy, Lycanthropy - Local animal forms found in lycanthropy, Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in North America, Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in South America, Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in Europe, Lycanthropy - Lycanthropy in Africa, Lycanthropy - The were-tiger of the East Indies

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Sense and reference - Propositions and senses. Bertrand Russell famously rejected Frege's sense-reference distinction, though there is some question as to how clearly he understood it. One possibility is that the two were misinterpreting and arguing past one another: Frege talks about (for example) sentences, which have both a sense (a proposition) and a reference (a truth value); Russell on the other hand deals directly with propositions, but construes these not as abstract para-linguistic items but as tupl ...

See also:

Sense and reference, Sense and reference - Motivation for and development of the distinction, Sense and reference - Terminology, Sense and reference - Sense and reference Sinn and Bedeutung, Sense and reference - An expression's relation to sense or reference, Sense and reference - Sense without reference, Sense and reference - Frege and Russell, Sense and reference - Propositions and senses, Sense and reference - Senses and descriptions, Sense and reference - Relation to connotation and denotation, Sense and reference - Footnotes

Read more here: » Sense and reference: Encyclopedia II - Sense and reference - Frege and Russell

Sense and reference - Sense and reference Sinn and Bedeutung. Broadly speaking, the reference (or referent) of a proper name is the object it means or indicates. The sense of a proper name is whatever meaning it has, when there is no object to be indicated. What this article has called sense and reference are what Frege calls Sinn and Bedeutung, respectively, in the original German. Sometimes the pair of terms is translated as sense and meaning ...

See also:

Sense and reference, Sense and reference - Motivation for and development of the distinction, Sense and reference - Terminology, Sense and reference - Sense and reference Sinn and Bedeutung, Sense and reference - An expression's relation to sense or reference, Sense and reference - Sense without reference, Sense and reference - Frege and Russell, Sense and reference - Propositions and senses, Sense and reference - Senses and descriptions, Sense and reference - Relation to connotation and denotation, Sense and reference - Footnotes

Read more here: » Sense and reference: Encyclopedia II - Sense and reference - Terminology