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Cryonics is the practice of cryopreserving humans and pets (who have recently become legally dead) until the cryopreservation damage can be reversed and the cause of the fatal disease can be cured (including the disease known as aging). Cryonics is not a widespread medical practice and is viewed with skepticism by most scientists and doctors today. However, there is a high representation of scientists among cryonicists.[1] Support for cryonics is based on controversial projections of future technologies and of their ability to enabl ...

Including:

• Cryonics - Obstacles to success
• Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia
• Cryonics - Revival process
• Cryonics - Financial issues
• Cryonics - Head neuro vs. whole-body cryopreservation
• Cryonics - History
• Cryonics - Culture
• Cryonics - Notes

Read more here: » Cryonics: Encyclopedia - Cryonics

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. Perfume - Obtaining odorants. Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are prod ...

Including:

• Perfume - Obtaining odorants
• Perfume - Fragrant extracts
• Perfume - Composing perfumes
• Perfume - Description of a perfume
• Perfume - Olfactive families
• Perfume - Fragrance Notes
• Perfume - Concentration
• Perfume - History of perfume and perfumery
• Perfume - Famous perfumes classified by year of creation
• Perfume - Natural and synthetic aromatics
• Perfume - Plant sources
• Perfume - Animal sources
• Perfume - Synthetic sources
• Perfume - Health and ethical issues
• Perfume - Use of Aromatics
• Perfume - Natural Musk
• Perfume - Celebrity Endorsed Perfumes
• Perfume - Reference

Read more here: » Perfume: Encyclopedia - Perfume

Enfleurage is a process that uses odorless fats that are solid at room temperature to capture the fragrant compounds exuded by plants. The process can be "cold" enfleurage or "hot" enfleurage. Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage. In cold enfleurage, a large framed plate of glass, called a chassis, is smeared with a layer of animal fat, usually from pork or beef, and allowed to set. Botanical matter, usually petals or whole flowers, is then placed on the fat and its scent is allowed to diff ...

Including:

• Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage
• Enfleurage - Other fragrance extraction methods

Read more here: » Enfleurage: Encyclopedia - Enfleurage

Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B7 and C10H16N2O3S (Biotin; Coenzyme R, Biopeiderm), is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is important in the catalysis of essential metabolic reactions to synthesize fatty acids, in gluconeogenesis, and to metabolize leucine. It is commonly found in pyr ...

Including:

• Biotin - General overview
• Biotin - Uses
• Biotin - Hair problems
• Biotin - Cradle cap seborrheic dermatitis
• Biotin - Diabetes
• Biotin - Biotin deficiency
• Biotin - Biochemistry

Read more here: » Biotin: Encyclopedia - Biotin

A western blot (a.k.a immunoblot) is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry to detect protein in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate denatured proteins by mass. The proteins are then transferred out of the gel and onto a membrane (typically nitrocellulose), where they are "probed" using antibodies specific to the protein. As a result, researchers can examine the amount of protein in a given sample and compare levels between several groups. Other techniques also using antibodies allow detection of proteins in tissues (imm ...

Including:

• Western blot - Tissue preparation
• Western blot - Gel electrophoresis
• Western blot - Transfer
• Western blot - Blocking
• Western blot - Detection
• Western blot - Two step
• Western blot - One step
• Western blot - Analysis
• Western blot - Colorimetric detection
• Western blot - Chemiluminescence
• Western blot - Radioactive detection
• Western blot - Fluorescent detection
• Western blot - Secondary probing

Read more here: » Western blot: Encyclopedia - Western blot

It is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the exact formulas are kept secret. Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification. On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate. Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration.

See also:

Perfume, Perfume - Description of a perfume, Perfume - Olfactive families, Perfume - Fragrance Notes, Perfume - Concentration, Perfume - Famous perfumes classified by year of creation, Perfume - Natural and synthetic aromatics, Perfume - Plant sources, Perfume - Animal sources, Perfume - Synthetic sources, Perfume - Obtaining natural odorants, Perfume - Fragrant extracts, Perfume - Composing perfumes, Perfume - History of perfume and perfumery, Perfume - Health and ethical issues, Perfume - Use of Aromatics, Perfume - Natural Musk, Perfume - Celebrity Endorsed Perfumes, Perfume - Celebrity Scents, Perfume - Promotional scents associated with fictional characters, Perfume - Reference

Read more here: » Perfume: Encyclopedia II - Perfume - Description of a perfume

In cold enfleurage, a large framed plate of glass, called a chassis, is smeared with a layer of animal fat, usually from pork or beef, and allowed to set. Botanical matter, usually petals or whole flowers, is then placed on the fat and its scent is allowed to diffuse into the fat over the course of 1-3 days. The process is then repeated by replacing the spent botanicals with fresh ones until the fat has reached a desired degree of fragrance saturation. In hot enfleurage, solid fats are heated and botanical matter is stirred into the fat. Spent botanicals are repeatedly strained from the fat and replaced with f ...

See also:

Enfleurage, Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage, Enfleurage - Other fragrance extraction methods

Read more here: » Enfleurage: Encyclopedia II - Enfleurage - The process of enfleurage

A typical batch of homebrewed beer is five US gallons (19 l) in volume, which is roughly enough for two cases — or 48 12-ounce (355 mL) bottles — of beer. In Britain homebrew is typically produced in 5 Imperial gallon (23 l) batches. It is produced by boiling water, malt extract and hops together in a large kettle and then cooling the resulting wort and adding yeast for fermenting. Advanced homebrewers make malt by extracting the fermentable sugars from malted barley by mashing the crushed grain in hot water. Either way, the wort is cool ...

See also:

Homebrewing, Homebrewing - The Process, Homebrewing - Brewing culture, Homebrewing - Legality

Read more here: » Homebrewing: Encyclopedia II - Homebrewing - The Process

Protein - Structure. Main article: Protein structure Proteins are amino acid chains that fold into unique 3-dimensional structures. The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native state, which is determined by its sequence of amino acids. Thus, proteins are their own polymers, with amino acids being the monomers. Biochemists refer to four distinct aspects of a protein's structure: Primary structure: the amino acid sequence Secondary structure ...

See also:

Protein, Protein - Properties of Protein, Protein - Structure, Protein - Working with proteins, Protein - Protein regulation, Protein - Diversity, Protein - Role of Protein, Protein - Functions, Protein - Within Nutrition, Protein - History

Read more here: » Protein: Encyclopedia II - Protein - Properties of Protein

In the Western world, cow's milk is most often extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated, with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production. Milk - Co ...

See also:

Milk, Milk - Composition and nutrition, Milk - Cow's milk, Milk - Commercial processing of milk, Milk - Distribution, Milk - Varieties and brands, Milk - Other milk animals, Milk - Curdling, Milk - Why milk expands on heating

Read more here: » Milk: Encyclopedia II - Milk - Cow's milk

Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia. Cryonics has traditionally been dismissed by mainstream cryobiology, of which it is arguably a part. The reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which some scientists have claimed damage cells and cellular structures so as to render any future repair impossible. Cryonicists have long argued, however, that the extent of this damage was greatly exaggerated by the critics, presuming that some reasonable attempt is made to perfuse the body with cryoprotectant chemicals (traditiona ...

See also:

Cryonics, Cryonics - Obstacles to success, Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia, Cryonics - Revival process, Cryonics - Financial issues, Cryonics - Head neuro vs. whole-body cryopreservation, Cryonics - History, Cryonics - Culture, Cryonics - Notes

Read more here: » Cryonics: Encyclopedia II - Cryonics - Obstacles to success

The stove is designed for one or two people. When used to cook larger meals (greater than 2 cups (0.5 l), it is less efficient than a more powerful stove that delivers more heat to a pot. This is because a longer cooking time is required, during which more heat is lost to the surroundings. A more powerful, pressurized version is shown below. Beverage can stove - Operation. To use the stove, a small amount of fuel is poured into the stove and ignited. The pot is then placed above the stove, on a w ...

See also:

Beverage can stove, Beverage can stove - History and design, Beverage can stove - Aluminum can construction, Beverage can stove - Operation and performance, Beverage can stove - Operation, Beverage can stove - Ratings, Beverage can stove - Comparison to other stoves, Beverage can stove - Variations

Read more here: » Beverage can stove: Encyclopedia II - Beverage can stove - Operation and performance

Acid rain was first reported in Manchester, England, which was an important city during the Industrial Revolution. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith found the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution. The term "acid rain" was used by him in 1872. He observed that acid rain could lead to natural destruction. Though acid rain was discovered in 1852, it wasn't until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake. Public awar ...

See also:

Acid rain, Acid rain - Origin, Acid rain - History and trends, Acid rain - Adverse effects, Acid rain - Effects on lake ecology, Acid rain - Effects of acid rain on soil biology, Acid rain - Other adverse effects, Acid rain - Prevention Methods

Read more here: » Acid rain: Encyclopedia II - Acid rain - History and trends

Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through organic synthesis and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtain ...

See also:

Perfume, Perfume - Obtaining odorants, Perfume - Fragrant extracts, Perfume - Composing perfumes, Perfume - Description of a perfume, Perfume - Olfactive families, Perfume - Fragrance Notes, Perfume - Concentration, Perfume - History of perfume and perfumery, Perfume - Famous perfumes classified by year of creation, Perfume - Natural and synthetic aromatics, Perfume - Plant sources, Perfume - Animal sources, Perfume - Synthetic sources, Perfume - Health and ethical issues, Perfume - Use of Aromatics, Perfume - Natural Musk, Perfume - Celebrity Endorsed Perfumes, Perfume - Reference

Read more here: » Perfume: Encyclopedia II - Perfume - Obtaining odorants

During the detection process, one "probes" the membrane for the protein of interest with antibodies, and links them to a reporter enzyme, which drives a colorimetric or photometric signal. For a variety of reasons, this traditionally takes place in a two-step process, although there are now one-step detection methods available for certain applications. Western blot - Two stepSee also:

Western blot, Western blot - Tissue preparation, Western blot - Gel electrophoresis, Western blot - Transfer, Western blot - Blocking, Western blot - Detection, Western blot - Two step, Western blot - One step, Western blot - Analysis, Western blot - Colorimetric detection, Western blot - Chemiluminescence, Western blot - Radioactive detection, Western blot - Fluorescent detection, Western blot - Secondary probing

Read more here: » Western blot: Encyclopedia II - Western blot - Detection

Protein - Components and synthesis. Main articles: Amino acid and Protein biosynthesis Proteins are biopolymers built from 40 different L-alpha-amino acids. Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information present in genes. Genes are transcribed into RNA, RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control, resulting in a mature mRNA that undergoes translation into a protein. mRNA is translated by ribosomes that match the three-ba ...

See also:

Protein, Protein - Properties of protein, Protein - Components and synthesis, Protein - Structure, Protein - Protein regulation, Protein - Diversity, Protein - Role of protein, Protein - Functions, Protein - Nutrition, Protein - Studying proteins, Protein - History

Read more here: » Protein: Encyclopedia II - Protein - Properties of protein

Biotin - Hair problems. Biotin supplements are often recommended as a natural product to counteract the problem of hair loss in both children and adults. However, there are no studies that show any benefit in any case where the subject is not actually biotin deficient. The signs and symptoms of biotin deficiency include hair loss which progresses in severity to include loss of eye lashes and eye brows in severely deficient subjects. Of note, shampoos that include biotin might be more effective if they were drunk ...

See also:

Biotin, Biotin - General overview, Biotin - Uses, Biotin - Hair problems, Biotin - Cradle cap seborrheic dermatitis, Biotin - Diabetes, Biotin - Biotin deficiency, Biotin - Biochemistry

Read more here: » Biotin: Encyclopedia II - Biotin - Uses

The composition of milk differs widely between species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary.[1] For example: Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, an ...

See also:

Milk, Milk - Composition and nutrition, Milk - Cow's milk, Milk - Commercial processing of milk, Milk - Distribution, Milk - Varieties and brands, Milk - Other milk animals, Milk - Curdling, Milk - Why milk expands on heating

Read more here: » Milk: Encyclopedia II - Milk - Composition and nutrition

The basic design dates back more than one hundred years2. It consists of a double wall gas generator, a perforated burner ring, and an inner pre-heat chamber. A similar design was patented in 1904 by New York coppersmith J. Heinrichs3. Trangia has been selling a commercial version of the design since the 1950s, Safesport marketed a stainless steel stove in the 1990s. Interestingly the Trangia stove burner is made from brass, even though all the other associated parts that come with it are aluminum. A plastic bag is provided for the burner so that when packed ...

See also:

Beverage can stove, Beverage can stove - History and design, Beverage can stove - Aluminum can construction, Beverage can stove - Operation and performance, Beverage can stove - Operation, Beverage can stove - Ratings, Beverage can stove - Comparison to other stoves, Beverage can stove - Variations

Read more here: » Beverage can stove: Encyclopedia II - Beverage can stove - History and design

Because of the perishable nature of milk, expeditious distribution is desirable. Milk used to be delivered to households daily, but this is no longer economically feasible. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles, and before that in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milk man who travels his local milk round (route) using a battery-powered milk ...

See also:

Milk, Milk - Composition and nutrition, Milk - Cow's milk, Milk - Commercial processing of milk, Milk - Distribution, Milk - Varieties and brands, Milk - Other milk animals, Milk - Curdling, Milk - Why milk expands on heating

Read more here: » Milk: Encyclopedia II - Milk - Distribution