demonstrative

This article is about the English article "the". For the acronym, see THE. The word the functions primarily as a definite article in the grammar of the English language. It is the most common word in the English language. The - Etymology. The existence of a definite article is not believed by linguists to be shared by the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages (Proto-Indo-European). Most of the older languages do not employ them; there is no article in Latin, Sanskrit, or in con ...

Including:

• The - Etymology
• The - Use and pronunciation
• The - Omission
• The - Examples

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Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of very old forms of Chinese , making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. Classical Chinese was once used for almost all formal correspondence before the 20th century, not only in China but also in Korea, Vietnam and Japan. Among Chinese speakers, classical Chinese has been largely replaced by Vernacular Chinese (baihua), a style of writing that is closer to modern spoken Chinese, while speakers of non-Chinese languages have largely ab ...

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• Classical Chinese - Definitions
• Classical Chinese - Pronunciation
• Classical Chinese - Grammar and Lexicon
• Classical Chinese - Teaching and Use

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Charles Sanders Santiago Peirce (pronounced purse), (September 10, 1839, Cambridge, Massachusetts – April 19, 1914, Milford, Pennsylvania) was an American polymath. Although educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years, he is now mostly seen as a philosopher. He is the greatest American builder of architectonic systems, and his admirers deem him the most important systemat ...

Including:

• Charles Peirce - Life
• Charles Peirce - Reception
• Charles Peirce - Works
• Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy
• Charles Peirce - Pragmatism
• Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism
• Charles Peirce - Formal perspective
• Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation
• Charles Peirce - Normative sciences
• Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz
• Charles Peirce - Bibliography
• Charles Peirce - Primary literature
• Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

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Inquiry - Theory of inquiry. For our present purposes, the first feature to note in distinguishing the three principal modes of reasoning from each other is whether each of them is exact or approximate in character. In this light, deduction is the only one the three types of reasoning that can be made exact, in essence, always deriving true conclusions from true premisses, while abduction and induction are unavoidably approximate in their modes of operation, involving elements of fallible judgment in practice and i ...

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Inquiry, Inquiry - Background, Inquiry - Theory of inquiry, Inquiry - Example of inquiry, Inquiry - Pragmatic theory of inquiry, Inquiry - Charles Peirce, Inquiry - John Dewey, Inquiry - Bibliography

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L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, called a table of systematic interrogative, demonstrative, and quantifier pro-forms and determiners in a language a table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows. Note that while some categories are highly irregular, others (like quantifiers) are not. Some languages may have more categories. For example, while English demonstratives only distinguish proximal (close to the speaker: this, here) and distal (far from the speaker: that, thereSee also:

Pro-form, Pro-form - Table of correlatives

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In the 9th century, Old Norse began to diverge into Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Sweden and Denmark). In the 12th century, the dialects of Denmark and Sweden began to diverge, becoming Old Danish and Old Swedish in the 13th century. All were heavily influenced by Middle Low German during the medieval period. Though stages of language development are never as sharply delimited as implied here, and should not be taken too literally, the system of subdivisions used in this article is the most commonly used by Swedish linguists and is used for the sake of practicality. See also:

Swedish language, Swedish language - Classification and related languages, Swedish language - History, Swedish language - Old Norse, Swedish language - Old Swedish, Swedish language - New Swedish, Swedish language - Modern Swedish, Swedish language - Former language minorities, Swedish language - Geographic distribution, Swedish language - Official status, Swedish language - Regulatory bodies, Swedish language - Dialects, Swedish language - Standard Swedish, Swedish language - Finland-Swedish, Swedish language - New dialects, Swedish language - Sounds, Swedish language - Vowels, Swedish language - Consonants, Swedish language - Prosody, Swedish language - Grammar, Swedish language - Vocabulary, Swedish language - Writing system, Swedish language - Notes

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The existence of a definite article is not believed by linguists to be shared by the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages (Proto-Indo-European). Most of the older languages do not employ them; there is no article in Latin, Sanskrit, or in conservative Indo-European languages like Russian, but it does exist in Greek. As in the etymologies of many other languages, the word originally entered the language as a demonstrative pronoun or adjective; compare the fate of the Latin demonstrative ille in the Romance languages, becoming French le, la and les, Spanish el and la, and Italian il ...

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The, The - Etymology, The - Use and pronunciation, The - Omission, The - Examples

Read more here: » The: Encyclopedia II - The - Etymology

Chinese characters are not alphabetic and do not reflect sound changes, and the tentative reconstruction of Old Chinese is an endeavour only a few centuries old. As a result, Classical Chinese is not read with a reconstruction of Old Chinese pronunciation; instead, it is either read with the pronunciations of the reader's own variety of Chinese, such as modern Mandarin or Cantonese; or, in varieties of Chinese that have it (e.g. Southern Min), a special set of pronunciation used for Classical Chinese or vocabulary and usage borrowed from Cla ...

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Classical Chinese, Classical Chinese - Definitions, Classical Chinese - Pronunciation, Classical Chinese - Grammar and Lexicon, Classical Chinese - Teaching and Use

Read more here: » Classical Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Classical Chinese - Pronunciation

All verbs have regular inflections. Three tenses together form what is called the indicative mood. The other moods are the infinitive, conditional, and jussive. No aspectual distinctions are required by the grammar, but derivational expressions of Aktionsart are common. Verbs do not change form according to their subject. I am, we are, and he is are simply mi estas, ni estas, and li estas, respectively. Impersonal subjects are not used: pluvas (it is raining); estas muso en la domo (there's a mouse in the house). Espe ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Verbs

The grammar of Singlish has been heavily influenced by other languages and dialects in the region, such as Malay and Chinese, with some structures being identical to ones in Mandarin and other Chinese languages. As a result, Singlish has acquired some unique features, especially at the basilectal level. Note that all of the features described below disappear at the acrolectal level, as people in formal situations tend to adjust their speech towards accepted norms found in other varieties of English. See also:

Singlish, Singlish - Overview, Singlish - Usage in society, Singlish - Phonology, Singlish - Consonants, Singlish - Vowels, Singlish - Prosody, Singlish - Grammar, Singlish - Topic prominent, Singlish - Nouns, Singlish - To be, Singlish - The past tense, Singlish - Change of state, Singlish - Negation, Singlish - Interrogative, Singlish - Reduplication, Singlish - Kena, Singlish - One, Singlish - Discourse particles, Singlish - Miscellaneous, Singlish - Vocabulary, Singlish - Ordering at a coffee shop, Singlish - English words with different meanings in Singlish, Singlish - Expressions, Singlish - Singlish in pop culture, Singlish - Movie, Singlish - Television, Singlish - Literature

Read more here: » Singlish: Encyclopedia II - Singlish - Grammar

Note: There are many different languages and language families in India such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, and Tamil. Because of dominance by the British Empire for so long (See History of India) English is a commonly spoken language in India, especially in administration and as a Lingua Franca. Attempts at describing an "Indian" accent will naturally oversimplify variation that appears from one Indic language to another. Use of the present continuous/progressive ("-ing") rather than simple ...

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Non-native pronunciations of English, Non-native pronunciations of English - Afrikaans, Non-native pronunciations of English - Arabic, Non-native pronunciations of English - Bosnian Croatian and Serbian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Bulgarian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Cantonese Chinese, Non-native pronunciations of English - Czech, Non-native pronunciations of English - Dutch, Non-native pronunciations of English - Finnish, Non-native pronunciations of English - French, Non-native pronunciations of English - German, Non-native pronunciations of English - Greek, Non-native pronunciations of English - Hebrew, Non-native pronunciations of English - Hungarian, Non-native pronunciations of English - The Indian Subcontinent, Non-native pronunciations of English - Icelandic, Non-native pronunciations of English - Italian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Japanese, Non-native pronunciations of English - Korean, Non-native pronunciations of English - Latvian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Malay and Indonesian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Mandarin Chinese, Non-native pronunciations of English - Maori, Non-native pronunciations of English - Nigeria, Non-native pronunciations of English - Persian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Polish, Non-native pronunciations of English - Portuguese, Non-native pronunciations of English - Romanian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Russian, Non-native pronunciations of English - Spanish, Non-native pronunciations of English - Swahili, Non-native pronunciations of English - Swedish, Non-native pronunciations of English - Swiss German, Non-native pronunciations of English - Tagálog/Filipino, Non-native pronunciations of English - Thai, Non-native pronunciations of English - Turkish, Non-native pronunciations of English - Vietnamese

Read more here: » Non-native pronunciations of English: Encyclopedia II - Non-native pronunciations of English - The Indian Subcontinent

Basic Esperanto conjunctions are kaj (both/and), aŭ (either/or), nek (neither/nor), se (if), ĉu (whether/or), sed (but), anstataŭ (instead of), krom (besides, in addition to), kiel (like, as), ke (that). Like prepositions, they precede the phrase or clause they modify: Mi vidis kaj lin kaj lian amikon (I saw both him and his friend) Estis nek hele nek agrable (it was neither clear [sunny] nor pleasant) ĉu pro kaprico, ĉu ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions

A statement is made negative by using ne or one of the negative (neni-) correlatives. Only one negative word is allowed per clause: Mi ne faris ion ajn. I didn't do anything. *Mi ne faris nenion ajn (I didn't do nothing) would be considered nonsensical. The word ne comes before the word it negates, with the default position being before the verb: Mi ne skribis tion (I didn't write that) Ne mi skribis tion (I didn't write that) [It wasn't me who wrote that] Mi skribis ne tion (I didn't write See also:

Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Negatives

Main article: Interrogatives in Esperanto "Wh" questions are asked with one of the interrogative (ki-) correlatives. They are commonly placed at the beginning of the sentence, but different word orders are allowed for stress: Kion vi faris? (What did you do?) Vi faris kion? (You did what?) Yes/no questions are asked with the conjunction ĉu (whether): Mi ne scias, ĉu li venos (I don't know whether he'll come) ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

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Comparisons are made with the adverbial correlatives tiel ... kiel (as ... as), the adverbial roots pli (more) and plej (most), the antonym prefix mal-, and the preposition ol (than): mi skribas tiel bone kiel vi (I write as well as you) tiu estas pli bona ol tiu (this one is better than that one) tio estas la plej bona (that's the best) la mia estas malpli multekosta ol la via (mine is less expensive than yours) Implied comparisons are made wi ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

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Esperanto grammar - Numerals. The cardinal numerals are: nul (zero) unu (one) du (two) tri (three) kvar (four) kvin (five) ses (six) sep (seven) ok (eight) naŭ (nine) dek (ten) cent (one hundr ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Numbers

Although Esperanto is overwhelmingly Romance, Slavic, and Germanic in origin, with a bit of Classical Greek, there are, arguably, elements of the grammar which are not found in these language families. Most noticeably, Esperanto has no ablaut (internal inflection of its roots), something which is nearly universal in the Indo-European languages. Examples of ablaut in English are mouse vs. mice for nouns, less vs. least for adjectives, and run vs. ran for verbs. However, European languages also have ma ...

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Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects

Singlish pronunciation, while built on a base of British English, is also heavily influenced by Chinese and Malay. There is variation within Singlish, both geographically and ethnically. Chinese, Malays, Indians, Eurasians, and other ethnic groups in Singapore all have distinct accents. The East Coast area, particularly the districts that stretch from Siglap to Katong, is renowned as a residential and cultural mecca of sorts for the Peranakan and the Eurasian communities. The teaching professions, especially teaching English, w ...

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Singlish, Singlish - Overview, Singlish - Usage in society, Singlish - Phonology, Singlish - Consonants, Singlish - Vowels, Singlish - Prosody, Singlish - Grammar, Singlish - Topic prominent, Singlish - Nouns, Singlish - To be, Singlish - The past tense, Singlish - Change of state, Singlish - Negation, Singlish - Interrogative, Singlish - Reduplication, Singlish - Kena, Singlish - One, Singlish - Discourse particles, Singlish - Miscellaneous, Singlish - Vocabulary, Singlish - Ordering at a coffee shop, Singlish - English words with different meanings in Singlish, Singlish - Expressions, Singlish - Singlish in pop culture, Singlish - Movie, Singlish - Television, Singlish - Literature

Read more here: » Singlish: Encyclopedia II - Singlish - Phonology

Singlish formally takes after British English (in terms of spelling and abbreviations), although naming conventions are in a mix of American and British ones (with American ones on the rise). For instance, local media have "sports pages" (sport in British English) and "soccer coverage" (the use of the word "soccer" is not common in British media). Singlish also uses many words borrowed from Hokkien, the language of more than 75% of the Chinese population in Singapore, and from Malay. In many cases, English words take on the meaning of their ...

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Singlish, Singlish - Overview, Singlish - Usage in society, Singlish - Phonology, Singlish - Consonants, Singlish - Vowels, Singlish - Prosody, Singlish - Grammar, Singlish - Topic prominent, Singlish - Nouns, Singlish - To be, Singlish - The past tense, Singlish - Change of state, Singlish - Negation, Singlish - Interrogative, Singlish - Reduplication, Singlish - Kena, Singlish - One, Singlish - Discourse particles, Singlish - Miscellaneous, Singlish - Vocabulary, Singlish - Ordering at a coffee shop, Singlish - English words with different meanings in Singlish, Singlish - Expressions, Singlish - Singlish in pop culture, Singlish - Movie, Singlish - Television, Singlish - Literature

Read more here: » Singlish: Encyclopedia II - Singlish - Vocabulary

Singlish originated with the arrival of the British and the establishment of English language schools in Singapore. Soon, English filtered out of schools and onto the streets, to be picked up by non-English-speakers in a pidgin-like form for communication purposes. After some time, this new form of English, now loaded with substantial influences from Indian English, Baba Malay, and the southern varieties of Chinese, became the language of the streets and began to be learned "natively" in its own right. Creolization occurred, and Singlish then became a fully-formed, stabil ...

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Singlish, Singlish - Overview, Singlish - Usage in society, Singlish - Phonology, Singlish - Consonants, Singlish - Vowels, Singlish - Prosody, Singlish - Grammar, Singlish - Topic prominent, Singlish - Nouns, Singlish - To be, Singlish - The past tense, Singlish - Change of state, Singlish - Negation, Singlish - Interrogative, Singlish - Reduplication, Singlish - Kena, Singlish - One, Singlish - Discourse particles, Singlish - Miscellaneous, Singlish - Vocabulary, Singlish - Ordering at a coffee shop, Singlish - English words with different meanings in Singlish, Singlish - Expressions, Singlish - Singlish in pop culture, Singlish - Movie, Singlish - Television, Singlish - Literature

Read more here: » Singlish: Encyclopedia II - Singlish - Overview