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Demonology

A Wisdom Archive on Demonology

Demonology

A selection of articles related to Demonology

We recommend this article: Demonology - 1, and also this: Demonology - 2.
demonology, Demonology, Demonology - Ayyavazhi Buddhism and Hinduism, Demonology - Christian demonology, Demonology - Islam Judaism and Zoroastrianism, Demonology - Tartaric Demonology

ARTICLES RELATED TO Demonology

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Shadow people - Explanations

Several explanations have been proposed for the appearance of shadow people. Shadow people - Paranormal explanations. Some explanations for shadow people come from the fields of parapsychology, metaphysics, cryptozoology, and demonology, and are considered by many to be pseudoscience. Other explanations make no scientific pretense whatever, and lie more within the realm of religion and the occult. One of the more creative theories is that shadow beings are manifest thought formsSee also:

Shadow people, Shadow people - Shadow people versus ghosts, Shadow people - Eyewitness accounts, Shadow people - Explanations, Shadow people - Paranormal explanations, Shadow people - Non-paranormal explanations, Shadow people - Related phenomena

Read more here: » Shadow people: Encyclopedia II - Shadow people - Explanations

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Baal - Ba'al as a demon

Baal is also seen as a Christian demon. This is a potential source of confusion. Other spellings: Bael, Baël (French), Baell. The idea of Baal as a demon was created when Christianity turned ancient gods into demons and demonology divided the demonic population of Hell in several hierarchies. Baal, the Semitic god, did not escape, becoming a separate entity from Beelzebub. According to demonology, Baal (usually spelt "Bael" in this context; there is a possibility that the two figures aren't connected) was ranked ...

See also:

Baal, Baal - Non-religious usage of the word Ba'al, Baal - Deities called Ba‘al and Ba‘alat, Baal - Ba'al of Carthage, Baal - Ba‘al as a divine title in Israel and Judah, Baal - Multiple Ba‘als and ‘Ashtarts, Baal - Use of the word Ba‘al, Baal - Ba'al as a demon, Baal - Ba'al Zebûb

Read more here: » Baal: Encyclopedia II - Baal - Ba'al as a demon

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures

Tales of the dead craving blood are ancient in nearly every culture around the world. Vampire-like spirits called the Lilu are mentioned in early Babylonian demonology. These female demons were said to roam during the hours of darkness, hunting and killing newborn babies and pregnant women. One of these demons, named Lilitu, was later adapted into Jewish demonology as Lilith. Lilitu/Lilith is sometimes called the mother of all vampires. For further information, see the article on Lilith. The Ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet in one myth became full of blood lust after slaughtering humans and ...

See also:

Vampire, Vampire - Etymology, Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures, Vampire - Folk beliefs in vampires, Vampire - Slavic vampires, Vampire - Romanian vampires, Vampire - Roma and vampires, Vampire - Other Old World vampires, Vampire - New World, Vampire - Asia and the Pacific, Vampire - Eighteenth century vampire controversy, Vampire - Contemporary belief in vampires, Vampire - Traits of vampires, Vampire - Natural phenomena that propagate the vampire myth, Vampire - Pathology and vampirism, Vampire - Finding vampires in graves, Vampire - Vampire bats, Vampire - Vampires in fiction, Vampire - Sources

Read more here: » Vampire: Encyclopedia II - Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Moloch - Moloch in medieval texts

Like some other gods and demons found in the Bible, Moloch appears as part of medieval demonology, as a Prince of Hell. This Moloch finds particular pleasure in making mothers weep; for he specialises in stealing their children. According to some 16th century demonologists Moloch's power is stronger in December. It is likely that motif of stealing children was inspired by the traditional u ...

See also:

Moloch, Moloch - Forms and grammar, Moloch - Traditional accounts and theories, Moloch - Eissfeldt's theory: a type of sacrifice, Moloch - Biblical texts, Moloch - Mosca's theories about offerings to Yahweh, Moloch - Discussion of Eissfeldt's theory, Moloch - Moloch in medieval texts, Moloch - Flaubert's conception, Moloch - Moloch as metaphor in modern art, Moloch - Paradise Lost, Moloch - Moloch in popular culture

Read more here: » Moloch: Encyclopedia II - Moloch - Moloch in medieval texts

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures

Tales of the dead craving blood are ancient in nearly every culture around the world. Vampire-like spirits called the Lilu are mentioned in early Babylonian demonology. These female demons were said to roam during the hours of darkness, hunting and killing newborn babies and pregnant women. One of these demons, named Lilitu, was later adapted into Jewish demonology as Lilith. Lilitu/Lilith is sometimes called the mother of all vampires. For further information, see the article on Lilith. The Ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet in one myth became full of blood lust after slaughtering humans and ...

See also:

Vampire, Vampire - Etymology, Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures, Vampire - Folk beliefs in vampires, Vampire - Slavic vampires, Vampire - Romanian vampires, Vampire - Roma and vampires, Vampire - Other Old World vampires, Vampire - New World, Vampire - New England, Vampire - Asia and the Pacific, Vampire - Eighteenth century vampire controversy, Vampire - Contemporary belief in vampires, Vampire - Traits of vampires, Vampire - Natural phenomena that propagate the vampire myth, Vampire - Pathology and vampirism, Vampire - Finding vampires in graves, Vampire - Vampire bats, Vampire - Vampires in fiction, Vampire - Sources

Read more here: » Vampire: Encyclopedia II - Vampire - Vampires in ancient cultures

Demonology: American History Dictionary - Cotton Mather

Definition and meaning of Cotton Mather:

 

Mather, Cotton

Mather, a Puritan minister, was Massachusetts's resident expert on demonology and a vindictive proponent of the execution of Salem's accused witches. He also recommended inoculation during the 1721 smallpox epidemic in Boston.

(Source: Madrid Waddington High School )

 

Also see these pages:  American History, American History Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Mysticism Magick Dictionary on PAZUZU

PAZUZU

 Demon of recklessness. In Babylonian demonology, the son of Hanpa, brother or father of Humwawa. King of the evil spirits of the air, fearful of countenance and bearing rotting genitalia: "Lord of the wind demons," spreading fever and cold and horrible diseases. Loosely, one might designate him as "Bringer of Plague." The following Exhortion to Pazuzu derives from personal meditation:

 

O nimble God of Pestilence and Woe

of bogs from which pollutions blow

Snuff not this my hope to  turn

Thy demon winds all loose to burn

(no help to martyrs, but to makers)

Those original Red Night  Shapers

Who mixed the sacred rivers, Milk & Blood

With  thanatic-knotting, wicked-plotting Club

And made of Life its Death and  Menstr'al Flood

 

 

 

(See also: PAZUZU, Magick, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul, )

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology

Traditonal Āyurveda speaks of eight branches: kāyāchikitsā (internal medicine), shalyachikitsā (surgery including anatomy), shālākyachikitsā (eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases), kaumārabhritya (pediatrics), bhūtavidyā (psychiatry, or demonology), and agada tantra (toxicology), rasāyana (science of rejuvenation), and vājīkarana (the science of fertility). Apart from learning these, the student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distilla ...

See also:

Ayurveda, Ayurveda - Brhat Trayi The greater triad, Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology, Ayurveda - Qualities, Ayurveda - The Five Elements, Ayurveda - Doshas, Ayurveda - Vata, Ayurveda - Pitta, Ayurveda - Kapha, Ayurveda - Herbs and Minerals in Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda - Historically, Ayurveda - Today, Ayurveda - Ayurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine, Ayurveda - Partial Bibliography

Read more here: » Ayurveda: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology

Demonology: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Bhuta-vidya, Bhuta-vijnana

Bhuta-vidya or Bhuta-vijnana (Sanskrit) (from bhuta has been, kama-lokic spooks + vidya, vijnana knowledge)

 

The knowledge of evil beings, demonology; hence, the art of exorcising, treating, and curing demoniac possession -- one of the branches of ancient medicine. Bhuta in ancient usage, while including what medieval Europeans called demons, refers to what in theosophy is called elementaries and other denizens of the astral realms -- commonly of human origination, but sometimes astral rejects of the animal kingdom.

 

See also AYUR-VEDA

 

(See also: Bhuta-vidya, Bhuta-vijnana, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary on Incubus

Incubus (Latin). Something more real and dangerous than the ordinary meaning given to the word, viz., that of "nightmare ". An Incubus is the male Elemental, and Succuba the female, and these are undeniably the spooks of medieval demonology, called forth from the invisible regions by human passion and lust. They are now called "Spirit brides" and "Spirit husbands" among some benighted Spiritists and spiritual mediums. But these poetical names do not prevent them in the least being that which they are - Ghools, Vampires and soulless Elementals; formless centres of Life, devoid of sense; in short, subjective protoplasms when left alone, but called into a definite being and form by the creative and diseased imagination of certain mortals. They were known under every clime as in every age, and the Hindus can tell more than one terrible tale of the dramas enacted in the life of young students and mystics by the Pisachas, their name in India.

 

(See also: Incubus, Theosophy, Spirituality, Body mind and Soul, Spiritual Dictionary, )

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Mysticism Magick Dictionary on PAZUZU

PAZUZU

 Demon of recklessness. In Babylonian demonology, the son of Hanpa, brother or father of Humwawa. King of the evil spirits of the air, fearful of countenance and bearing rotting genitalia: "Lord of the wind demons," spreading fever and cold and horrible diseases. Loosely, one might designate him as "Bringer of Plague." The following Exhortion to Pazuzu derives from personal meditation:

 

O nimble God of Pestilence and Woe

of bogs from which pollutions blow

Snuff not this my hope to  turn

Thy demon winds all loose to burn

(no help to martyrs, but to makers)

Those original Red Night  Shapers

Who mixed the sacred rivers, Milk & Blood

With  thanatic-knotting, wicked-plotting Club

And made of Life its Death and  Menstr'al Flood

 

 

 

(See also: PAZUZU, Magick, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul, )

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Beelzebub, Beelzebul, ba`al zebub

Beelzebub, Beelzebul ba`al zebub (Hebrew) (from ba`al lord + zebub fly)

 

Lord of the flies; a god of the Philistines, popularly worshiped as the destroyer of flies, to whom was erected a temple at Ekron. The mythical zoology of the ancients points directly to an inner and mystical significance: "flies" is used not in the sense of the insect, but for a certain class of elementals whose "flying" around and through the earth is governed directly by lunar influences. Thus Beelzebub is in this connection a lunar divinity.

 

Ba`al-zebul, a form in the Old and New Testaments, is translated as Lord of the High House or Lord of the Habitation, the reference here being to the moon as the habitation or receptacle of these elemental souls at a certain time of their existence.

 

In Christian demonology, Beelzebub is one of the gubernatores of the infernal kingdom under Lucifer: thus in Milton's Paradise Lost he is second to Satan. In Matthew 12:24, Beelzebub is referred to as the prince of the devils.

 

(See also: Beelzebub, Beelzebul, ba`al zebub, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Demon

Demon(s) (from Greek daimones, Latin daemons)

 

In many of the later religions, such as Christianity, either the gods of rival religions, nature spirits of paganism, or the exuviae or shells of the dead.

 

Actually demons are a relatively modern misapprehension of a large class of nature sprites which in ancient thought comprised a vast range of spiritual, semi-spiritual, and astral beings, existing in different degrees of evolutionary unfoldment, and therefore classified into groups from the fully self-conscious down to the only partly conscious elementals of the astral realms.

 

The teaching regarding daimones was extremely recondite; the later medieval Christian Demonologies, however, dealt almost exclusively with beings of low grade and of an astral character lacking moral sense and self-consciousness, which for ages have been called in European countries by names such as fairies, sprites, goblins, hobgoblins, pixies, nixies, and brownies.

 

See also DAEMON

 

(See also: Demon, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on The ten Sepheroth

The ten Sepheroth

(emanations)

  • Kether. Crown - Top of Head
  • Hochma. . wisdom -Right Brain
  • Binah. . Understanding - Left of Brain
  • Hesed. . March - Right Arm
  • Pechad. . Strength- Left Arm
  • Tefereth. . Beauty-Heart
  • Nezah. . Victory-Right of Pelvis
  • Hod. . Glory-Left of Pelvis
  • Yesod. . Foundation-Genitals
  •  

The sephiroth form the central image of Kabbalistic meditation, the Sephirothic Tree of Life, which describes the path of descent from the divine to the material realm, and the path of ascent to the highest level of spirituality.

 

Each sephirath is a level of attainment in knowledge, corresponding to energy centers in the body, and is also divided into four interlocking sections or 'Worlds', which constitute the cosmos:

  • emanation (Atziluth),
  • creation (Briah),
  • formation (Yetzirah), and
  • action or making (Assiyah).

 

Through contemplation and meditation, similar to Eastern yogic disciplines, the Kabbalist ascends the tree of life.

 

The sephirot also comprise the sacred, unknowable, and unspeakable personal name of God: YHVH (Yahweh), the Tetragrammaton. So sacred is the Tetragrammaton that other names, such as Elohim and Jehovah, are substituted in its place in scripture.

 

A more systematic presentation of the basic doctrine is contained in Moses Cordovero's Pardes rimmonim (Garden of Pomegranates, 1548). Kabbalah was a major influence in the development of Hasidism and still has adherents among Hasidic Jews.

 

The Kabbalah, with its amulets, incantations, demonology, seals, and letter and number mysticism, had a profound influence on Western magical tradition. The Tetragrammaton especially was held in great awe for its power over all things in the universe, including demons.

 

(See also: The ten Sepheroth, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: New Age Spirituality Dictionary on The ten Sepheroth

The ten Sepheroth

(emanations)

  • Kether. Crown - Top of Head
  • Hochma. . wisdom -Right Brain
  • Binah. . Understanding - Left of Brain
  • Hesed. . March - Right Arm
  • Pechad. . Strength- Left Arm
  • Tefereth. . Beauty-Heart
  • Nezah. . Victory-Right of Pelvis
  • Hod. . Glory-Left of Pelvis
  • Yesod. . Foundation-Genitals
  •  

The sephiroth form the central image of Kabbalistic meditation, the Sephirothic Tree of Life, which describes the path of descent from the divine to the material realm, and the path of ascent to the highest level of spirituality.

 

Each sephirath is a level of attainment in knowledge, corresponding to energy centers in the body, and is also divided into four interlocking sections or 'Worlds', which constitute the cosmos:

  • emanation (Atziluth),
  • creation (Briah),
  • formation (Yetzirah), and
  • action or making (Assiyah).

 

Through contemplation and meditation, similar to Eastern yogic disciplines, the Kabbalist ascends the tree of life.

 

The sephirot also comprise the sacred, unknowable, and unspeakable personal name of God: YHVH (Yahweh), the Tetragrammaton. So sacred is the Tetragrammaton that other names, such as Elohim and Jehovah, are substituted in its place in scripture.

 

A more systematic presentation of the basic doctrine is contained in Moses Cordovero's Pardes rimmonim (Garden of Pomegranates, 1548). Kabbalah was a major influence in the development of Hasidism and still has adherents among Hasidic Jews.

 

The Kabbalah, with its amulets, incantations, demonology, seals, and letter and number mysticism, had a profound influence on Western magical tradition. The Tetragrammaton especially was held in great awe for its power over all things in the universe, including demons.

 

(See also: The ten Sepheroth, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe

Humans have many different methods which attempt to answer fundamental questions about the nature of the universe and our place in it (cosmology). What is reality? How can we know? Who are we? Why we are here? How should we live? What happens after we die? Religion is only one of the methods for trying to answer one or more of these questions. Other methods include science, philosophy, metaphysics, esotericism, and mysticism. Many people use more than one of these methods. Christianity is the religion with the largest number o ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Etymology

The origins of the word "religion" have been debated for centuries. Some explanations for the origin of the word are: re-reading--from Latin re (again) + legio (read), referring to the repetition of scripture. treating carefully--from Latin relegere (Cicero's interpretation) re-connection to the divine--from Latin re (again) + ligare (to connect, as in English ligament). This interpretation is favoured by modern scholars such as Tom Harpur, but prob ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Etymology

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions

Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs. These include efforts to determine the meaning and application of "sacred" texts and beliefs in the context of the student's personal worldview. This generally takes one of three forms: one's own — efforts by believers to ascertain the meaning of their own sacred text or other traditions, and to conform their thoughts and actions to the principles enunciated in those traditions. For most believers, this involves ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others

Adherents of particular religions deal with the differing doctrines and practices espoused by other religions in a variety ways. All strains of thought appear in different segments of all major world religions. Religion - Exclusivism. People with exclusivist beliefs sometimes typically explain other religions as either in error, or as corruptions or counterfeits of the true faith. Examples include: Christian scripture states that Jesus said: "I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Etymology

The origins of the word "religion" have been debated for centuries. Some explanations for the origin of the word are: re-reading--from Latin re (again) + legio (read), referring to the repetition of scripture. treating carefully--from Latin relegere (Cicero's interpretation) 'to go over again' or to carefully ponder. re-connection to the divine--from Latin re (again) + ligare (to connect, as in English ligament). This interpretation is favoured by m ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Etymology

Demonology: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Development of religion

There are several models for understanding how religions develop. Models which view religion as untrue include: The "Dogma Selection Model," which holds that religions, although untrue in themselves, encode instructions or habits useful for survival, that these ideas "mutate" periodically as they are passed on, and they spread or die out in accord with their effectiveness at improving chances for survival. The "Opium of the Masses Model," in which "Religion in any shape or form is regarded as pernicious and del ...

See also:

Religion, Religion - Etymology, Religion - Religion and science, Religion - Philosophy and metaphysics, Religion - Esotericism and mysticism, Religion - Spirituality, Religion - Myth, Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions, Religion - Methods of studying religion subjectively in relation to one's own beliefs, Religion - Methods of studying religion objectively in a scientific and religiously neutral fashion, Religion - Development of religion, Religion - Religion today, Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others, Religion - Exclusivism, Religion - Inclusivism, Religion - Pluralism, Religion - Syncretism, Religion - Universalism, Religion - Systemization, Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe, Religion - Related philosophical stances, Religion - Compare with

Read more here: » Religion: Encyclopedia II - Religion - Development of religion

Demonology: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Zohar, Sepher haz-Zohar

Zohar, Sepher haz-Zohar (Hebrew) [from zohar light, splendor]

 

Book of the light; the principal work or compendium of the Qabbalists, forming with the Book of Creation (Sepher Yetsirah) the main canon of the Qabbalah. It is written largely in Chaldean interspersed with Hebrew, and is in the main a running commentary on the Pentateuch. Interwoven are a number of highly significant sections or books scattered apparently at random through the volumes: sometimes incorporated as parallel columns to the text, at other times as separate portions.

 

These auxiliary books, so casually appended to the text as we now have it, are considered by Qabbalists to be the chief contribution of the Zohar. The following form the bulk of the Zoharic writings outside of the commentary itself, as found in present editions, though in one or two editions a few additional fragments of minor importance are included:

 

1. Tosephta' (Additions or supplements);

2. Heichaloth (Mansions, Abodes) usually enumerated as seven, describing the structure of the upper and lower realms;

3. Sithrei Torah (Mysteries or Secrets of the Law [Pentateuch]) describing the evolution of the Sephiroth;

4. Midrash Han-Ne`elam (The Hidden Interpretation), deducing esoteric doctrine from the narratives in the Pentateuch;

5. Ra`ya' Meheimna' (The Faithful Shepherd), recording discussions between Moses the faithful shepherd, the prophet Elijah, and Rabbi Shim`on ben Yohai (the reputed compiler of the Zohar);

6. Razei deRazin (Secrets of Secrets), a treatise on physiognomy and higher psychology;

7. Saba' deMishpatim (The Aged in Decisions, Judgments), the Aged One or Scholar is Elijah who discourses with Yohai on the doctrine of metempsychosis;

8. Siphra' di-Tseni`utha' (The Book of the Mysteries), discourses on cosmogony and demonology;

9. Ha-'Idra' Rabba' Qaddisha' (The Great Holy Assembly), discourses of Rabbi Yohai to his disciples on the form of the deity and on pneumatology;

10. Yenoqa' (The Youth), discourses on the mysteries of ablutions by a young man of such high talent that he was thought to be of superhuman origin;

11. Ha-'Irda' Zuta' Qaddisha' (The Lesser Holy Assembly), discourses on the Sephiroth to six disciples.

 

The Zohar was compiled by Rabbi Simeon Ben-Iochai, and completed by his son Rabbi Eleazar, and his secretary Rabbi Abba. "But voluminous as is the work, and containing as it does the main points of the secret and oral tradition, it still does not embrace it all. It is well known that this venerable kabalist [Simeon] never imparted the most important points of his doctrine otherwise than orally, and to a very limited number of friends and disciples, including his only son. Therefore, without the final initiation into the Mercaba the study of the Kabala will be ever incomplete, . . . Since the death of Simeon Ben-Iochai this hidden doctrine has remained an inviolate secret for the outside worlds" (IU 2:348-9).

 

The Zohar contains the universal wisdom or theosophy of the ages. Nevertheless it "teaches practical occultism more than any other work on that subject; not as it is translated though, and commented upon by its various critics, but with the secret signs on its margins. These signs contain the hidden instructions, apart form the metaphysical interpretations and apparent absurdities . . ." (IU 2:350). The present "approximation of the Zohar was written by Moses de Leon in the 13th century. "Mistaken is he who accepts the Kabalistic works of to-day, and the interpretations of the Zohar by the Rabbis, for the genuine Kabalistic lore of old! For no more to-day than in the day of Frederick von Schelling does the Kabala accessible to Europe and America, contain much more than 'ruins and fragments, much distorted remnants still of that primitive system which is the key to all religious systems' . . . The oldest system and the Chaldean Kabala were identical. The latest renderings of the Zohar are those of the Synagogue in the early centuries -- i.e., the Thorah, dogmatic and uncompromising" (SD 2:461-2).

 

The Zohar has been widely studied by European mystical and other scholars for centuries past, and many speculations have been made by these scholars as to its age, some affirming with perfect truth that the roots or origins of the Qabbalah go back into the very night of time and are probably to be traced to now unknown originals in ancient Chaldea, while others points out that in several places the Zohar mentions facts of history that have taken place in Europe after the beginning of the Christian era, such as the Crusades, and the mentioning of the Massoretic vowel points which came into use at the time of the Rabbi Mocha, 570 AD, the mention of a comet which can be proved by the context to have appeared in 1264, etc. Moses de Leon was probably the first to edit or give to the world the volume of the Zohar as we now have it considered as a whole. We thus have a work of progressive compilation, the form in which it has reached our hands showing the labor of several, if not many, minds since the beginning of the Christian era, but which nevertheless in its typically Chaldean thought and manner of envisioning religious and philosophical principles prove it to have come down from an unknown time in Chaldean history.

 

(See also: Zohar, Sepher haz-Zohar, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Demonology Dictionary




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