Numerical demagogy - mixing of incomparable quantities. For example, "our government has increased social spending by 5 billion dollars, while the previous government has increased it only by 0.4 percent." Obviously, the latter sounds like less, but one cannot be sure without an absolute value. False authority - relying on the general authority of a person who is not proficient in the discussed topic. Example: "the professor read my book, and liked it very much". The fact that it was a professor of chemi ...

See also:

Demagogy, Demagogy - Etymology, Demagogy - Populism, Demagogy - Methods of demagogy, Demagogy - Sources

Read more here: » Demagogy: Encyclopedia II - Demagogy - Methods of demagogy

To tell a lie is to make a declarative statement to another person that one believes to be false, with the intention that the other person believe that statement to be true, and with the intention that the other person believe that one believes the statement to be true. A true statement may be a lie. If the person who makes the true statement believes it to be false, and has the relevant deceptive intentions, then she is lying, even though the statement is true. When a person lies she is necessarily being untruthful, but she is not necessarily making a false statement. Perjury, however, is normally restrict ...

Including:

• Lie - Morality of lying
• Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting
• Lie - Etiquette of lying
• Lie - Paradox of lying
• Lie - Psychology of lying
• Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying
• Lie - Lie detection
• Lie - Representations of lie
• Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia - Lie

The philosophers Saint Augustine, as well as Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant, prohibited all lying. According to all three, there are no circumstances in which one may lie. One must (unfortunately) be murdered, suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect oneself is to lie. One must (unfortunately) allow others to be murdered, to suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect them is to lie. Note that each of these philosophers believed in an afterlife in which the virtuous would be rewarded. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments against lying, all compatible with each other ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Morality of lying

The philosophers Saint Augustine, as well as Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant, prohibited all lying. According to all three, there are no circumstances in which one may lie. One must (unfortunately) be murdered, suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect oneself is to lie. One must (unfortunately) allow others to be murdered, to suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect them is to lie. Note that each of these philosophers believed in an afterlife in which the virtuous would be rewarded. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments against lying, all compatible with each other ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Morality of lying

The capacity to lie is noted early and nearly universally in human development. Evolutionary psychology is concerned with the theory of mind which people employ to simulate another's reaction to their story and determine if a lie will be believable. The most commonly cited milestone, what is known as Machiavellian intelligence, is at the age of about four and a half years, when children begin to be able to lie convincingly. Before this, they seem simply unable to comprehend that anyone doesn't see the same view of events that they do - and seem to assume that there is only one point of view—their own—th ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Psychology of lying

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Covering up Lies

Rhetoric (from Greek ρήτωρ, rhêtôr, "orator") is one of the three original liberal arts or trivium (the other members are dialectic and grammar) in Western culture. In ancient and medieval times, grammar concerned itself with correct language use through the study and criticism of literary models, dialectic concerned itself with the testing and invention of new knowledge through a process of question and answer, and rhetoric concerned itself with persuasion in public and political settings such as assemblies and c ...

Including:

• Rhetoric - History
• Rhetoric - Introduction
• Rhetoric - Ancient Greece
• Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians
• Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment
• Rhetoric - Modern developments
• Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study
• Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

Read more here: » Rhetoric: Encyclopedia - Rhetoric

The question of whether lies can reliably be detected through non-verbal means is a subject of particular controversy. Polygraph lie detector machines measure the physiological stress a subject endures in a number of measures while he or she gives statements or answers questions. Spikes in stress are said to indicate lying behavior. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed, and in several well-known cases it was proven to have been deceived. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas. Various truth dr ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Lie detection

George Lakoff, in criticizing some claims of George W. Bush made prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, notes that: Are they lies—or are they merely exaggerations, misleading statements, mistakes, rhetorical excesses and so on? Linguists study such matters. The most startling finding is that, in considering whether a statement is a lie, the least important consideration for most people is whether it is true! The more important considerations are, Did he believe it? Did he intend to deceive? Was he trying to gain some advantage or to ha ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying

Although lies are normally condemned, it is also normally believed that some lies are worse than other lies. In particular, lies that are believed to be harmless lies are often called "white lies" or "fibs". Augustine divides lies into eight kinds: lies in religious teaching; lies that harm others and help no one; lies that harm others and help someone; lies told for the pleasure of lying; lies told to "please others in smooth discourse"; lies that harm no one and that help someone; lies that harm no one and that save someone's life; and lies that harm no one and that save someone's "purity". Importantly, however, Augustine holds ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Etiquette of lying

Although lies are normally condemned, it is also normally believed that some lies are worse than other lies. In particular, lies that are believed to be harmless are often called "white lies" or "fibs". Augustine divides lies into eight kinds: lies in religious teaching; lies that harm others and help no one; lies that harm others and help someone; lies told for the pleasure of lying; lies told to "please others in smooth discourse"; lies that harm no one and that help someone; lies that harm no one and that save someone's life; lies that harm no one and that save someone's "purity". Importantly, however, Augustine holds ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Etiquette of lying

In his book On Bullshit (2005; first published as an essay in 1986), Harry Frankfurt suggests that lying and bullshitting are not the same thing. A liar differs from a truth-teller in that the former wants to hide the truth while the latter wants to reveal it; but both are very much aware of what the truth is. A liar must remain mindful of the truth, if only so that he does not inadvertently reveal it. A bullshitter, however, is utterly indifferent to the truth. He would not mind if his statements turn out to be true. For example, a b ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting

The capacity to lie is noted early and nearly universally in human development. Evolutionary psychology is concerned with the theory of mind which people employ to simulate another's reaction to their story and determine if a lie will be believable. The most commonly cited milestone in the rising of this, what is known as Machiavellian intelligence, is at the human age of about four and a half years, when children begin to be able to lie convincingly. Before this, they seem simply unable to comprehend that anyone doesn't see the same view of events that they do - and seem to assume that there is only one point of view—their own—th ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Psychology of lying

George Lakoff, in criticizing some claims of George W. Bush made prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, notes that: Are they lies—or are they merely exaggerations, misleading statements, mistakes, rhetorical excesses and so on? Linguists study such matters. The most startling finding is that, in considering whether a statement is a lie, the least important consideration for most people is whether it is true! The more important considerations are, Did he believe it? Did he intend to deceive? Was he trying to gain some advantag ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying

The question of whether lies can reliably be detected through non-verbal means is a subject of particular controversy. Polygraph lie detector machines measure the physiological stress a subject endures in a number of measures while he or she gives statements or answers questions. Spikes in stress are said to indicate lying behavior. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed, and in several well-known cases it was proven to have been deceived. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas. Various truth dr ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Lie detection

In his book On Bullshit (2005; first published as an essay in 1986), Harry Frankfurt suggests that lying and bullshitting are not the same thing. A liar differs from a truth-teller in that the former wants to hide the truth while the latter wants to reveal it; but both are very much aware of what the truth is. A liar must remain mindful of the truth, if only so that he does not inadvertently reveal it. A bullshitter, however, is utterly indifferent to the truth. He would not mind if his statements turn out to be true. For example, a b ...

See also:

Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Reference

Read more here: » Lie: Encyclopedia II - Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting

Rhetoric - Introduction. The scholarly literature on the 2500-year history and theory of rhetoric in Western culture is far too voluminous to be listed at the end of this entry. Useful reference works include George Kennedy's Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times, Thomas O. Sloane, ed., Encyclopedia of Rhetoric (Oxford University Press, 2001); Heinrich Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study (1960; 2nd ed. 1973; Engli ...

See also:

Rhetoric, Rhetoric - History, Rhetoric - Introduction, Rhetoric - Ancient Greece, Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians, Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Rhetoric - Modern developments, Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study, Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

Read more here: » Rhetoric: Encyclopedia II - Rhetoric - History

Rhetoric - Introduction. The scholarly literature on the 2500-year history and theory of rhetoric in Western culture is far too voluminous to be listed at the end of this entry. Useful reference works include George Kennedy's Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times, Thomas O. Sloane, ed., Encyclopedia of Rhetoric (Oxford University Press, 2001); Heinrich Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study (1960; 2nd ed. 1973; Engli ...

See also:

Rhetoric, Rhetoric - History, Rhetoric - Introduction, Rhetoric - Ancient Greece, Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians, Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Rhetoric - Modern developments, Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study, Rhetoric - Related theory, Rhetoric - Examples of Rhetoric, Rhetoric - Miscellaneous', Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

Read more here: » Rhetoric: Encyclopedia II - Rhetoric - History

Populism - Classical populism. The word populism is derived from the Latin word populus, which means people in English (in the sense of "I will govern for the people", not in the sense of "There are people visiting us today"). Therefore, populism espouses government by the people as a whole (that is to say, the masses). This is in contrast to elitism, aristocracy, or plutocracy, each of which is an ideology that espouse government by a small, privi ...

See also:

Populism, Populism - Populist methods, Populism - History, Populism - Classical populism, Populism - Early modern period, Populism - Religious revival, Populism - Rejection of ultramontanism, Populism - Elitist nationalism, Populism - Populism in the Americas, Populism - Populism in Germany, Populism - Populism in France, Populism - Current or recent populists

Read more here: » Populism: Encyclopedia II - Populism - History

Populism is characterized by a sometimes radical critique of the status quo, but on the whole does not have a strong political identity as either a left-wing or right-wing movement. Populism has taken left-wing, right-wing, and even centrist forms. In recent years, conservative politicians have begun adopting populist rhetoric; for example, promising to "get big government off your backs", or to stand up to "the powerful trial lawyer lobby", "the liberal elite", or "the Hollywood elite". Also in recent years, left-wing politicians have incre ...

See also:

Populism, Populism - Populist methods, Populism - History, Populism - Classical populism, Populism - Early modern period, Populism - Religious revival, Populism - Rejection of ultramontanism, Populism - Elitist nationalism, Populism - Populism in the Americas, Populism - Populism in Germany, Populism - Populism in France, Populism - Current or recent populists

Read more here: » Populism: Encyclopedia II - Populism - Populist methods