deep ecology

Biodiversity is the variety of life: the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part. Genetic Diversity refers to the variety of genes within a species. Biological diversity has no single standard definition. One definition holds that biological diversity is a measure of the relative diversity among organisms present in different ecosystems. Diversity in this definition includes diversity within species and a ...

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Biodiversity, Biodiversity - Etymology, Biodiversity - Biodiversity definitions, Biodiversity - Origin of life and biodiversity evolution, Biodiversity - Benefits of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ecological role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Economic role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ethical role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Scientific role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Evaluation of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Measurement of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity: time and space, Biodiversity - Species inventory, Biodiversity - Hotspots of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity management: conservation preservation and protection, Biodiversity - Juridical status of biological diversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity and size bias, Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee, Biodiversity - Measures of biodiversity

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The descriptive view of ethics is modern and in many ways more empirical. But because the above are dealt with more deeply in their own articles, the rest of this article will focus on the formal academic categories, which are derived from classical Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle. First, we need to define an ethical sentence, also called a normative statement. An ethical sentence is one that is used to make either a positive or a negative (moral) evaluation of something. Ethical sentences use words such as "good, ...

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Ethics, Ethics - The first social science, Ethics - Meta-ethics, Ethics - Normative ethics, Ethics - Applied ethics, Ethics - Ethics in religion, Ethics - Ethics in health care, Ethics - Ethics in politics, Ethics - Ethics by cases, Ethics - Descriptive ethics, Ethics - The analytic view

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Biodiversity is a neologism and a portmanteau word, from bio and diversity. The term biological diversity was coined by Thomas Lovejoy in 1980, while the word biodiversity itself was coined by the entomologist E. O. Wilson in 1986, in a report for the first American Forum on biological diversity organized by the National Research Council (NRC). The word biodiversity was suggested to him by the staff of NRC, to replace biological diversity, considered to be ...

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Biodiversity, Biodiversity - Etymology, Biodiversity - Biodiversity definitions, Biodiversity - Origin of life and biodiversity evolution, Biodiversity - Benefits of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ecological role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Economic role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ethical role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Scientific role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Evaluation of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Measurement of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity: time and space, Biodiversity - Species inventory, Biodiversity - Hotspots of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity management: conservation preservation and protection, Biodiversity - Juridical status of biological diversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity and size bias, Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee, Biodiversity - Measures of biodiversity

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The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern. Although not everybody agrees on extent and significance of current extinction, most consider biodiversity essential. There are basically two main types of conservation options, in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation. In-situ is usually seen as the ultimate conservation strategy. However, its implementation is sometimes unfeasible. For example, destruction of rare or endangered species' habitats sometimes requires ex-situ conservation efforts. Furthermore, ex-situ c ...

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Biodiversity, Biodiversity - Etymology, Biodiversity - Biodiversity definitions, Biodiversity - Origin of life and biodiversity evolution, Biodiversity - Benefits of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ecological role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Economic role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ethical role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Scientific role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Evaluation of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Measurement of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity: time and space, Biodiversity - Species inventory, Biodiversity - Hotspots of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity management: conservation preservation and protection, Biodiversity - Juridical status of biological diversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity and size bias, Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee, Biodiversity - Measures of biodiversity

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Biodiversity must be evaluated and its evolution analysed (through observations, inventories, conservation...) then it must be taken into account in political decisions. It is beginning to receive a juridical setting. "Law and ecosystems" relationship is very ancient and has consequences for biodiversity. It is related to property rights, private and public. It can define protection for threatened ecosystems, but also some rights and duties (for example, fishing rights, hunting rights). "Laws and species" is a more rece ...

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Biodiversity, Biodiversity - Etymology, Biodiversity - Biodiversity definitions, Biodiversity - Origin of life and biodiversity evolution, Biodiversity - Benefits of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ecological role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Economic role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ethical role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Scientific role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Evaluation of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Measurement of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity: time and space, Biodiversity - Species inventory, Biodiversity - Hotspots of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity management: conservation preservation and protection, Biodiversity - Juridical status of biological diversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity and size bias, Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee, Biodiversity - Measures of biodiversity

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Nationalism has an inherent conservative tendency, since the nation itself is usually defined as a centuries-old community. Conversely, any centuries-old community is by definition attractive to traditionalist and Burkean conservatives. Conservatives may describe their preferred values as the national values, implying that they are in some way compulsory for any resident of the nation. In recent responses to terrorism, both premier Tony Blair and opposition leader Michael Howard have suggested that British values and the British wa ...

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Conservatism, Conservatism - Tradition in conservatism, Conservatism - Some traditional values, Conservatism - Classification of conservatism, Conservatism - Cultural conservatism, Conservatism - Religious conservatism, Conservatism - Burkean conservatism, Conservatism - Conservatism's effect on history, Conservatism - Conservatism and nationalism, Conservatism - Liberal conservative?, Conservatism - Nature and environment, Conservatism - Biological theories on racial differences, Conservatism - Conservatism and the Right, Conservatism - Conservatives in various countries, Conservatism - Europe, Conservatism - China

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In the USA conservatism and liberalism are sometimes seen as polar opposites, yet in actuality the situation is more complex. A major area of difference in US politics is that between social liberalism and social conservatism. Social liberals advocate policies promoting equality and tolerance while social conservatives support established traditions of American society, or norms of their previous generations. The media widely covers the differences in opinion in issues such as same-sex marriage, sex education, the separation of church and st ...

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Conservatism, Conservatism - Tradition in conservatism, Conservatism - Some traditional values, Conservatism - Classification of conservatism, Conservatism - Cultural conservatism, Conservatism - Religious conservatism, Conservatism - Burkean conservatism, Conservatism - Conservatism's effect on history, Conservatism - Conservatism and nationalism, Conservatism - Liberal conservative?, Conservatism - Nature and environment, Conservatism - Biological theories on racial differences, Conservatism - Conservatism and the Right, Conservatism - Conservatives in various countries, Conservatism - Europe, Conservatism - China

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Conservative attitudes can be found in all historical cultures which left a written record of their politics. In the western world, conservative ideas and conservative thinkers are identifiable elements of Classical Antiquity. The best-known modern conservatisms developed in the early-modern and modern periods in Europe. Events such as the English Civil War and the French Revolution helped shape the modern ideologies. The early-modern conservatives tended to support monarchy, but Edmund Burke, who argued so forcefully against the Fren ...

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Conservatism, Conservatism - Tradition in conservatism, Conservatism - Some traditional values, Conservatism - Classification of conservatism, Conservatism - Cultural conservatism, Conservatism - Religious conservatism, Conservatism - Burkean conservatism, Conservatism - Conservatism's effect on history, Conservatism - Conservatism and nationalism, Conservatism - Liberal conservative?, Conservatism - Nature and environment, Conservatism - Biological theories on racial differences, Conservatism - Conservatism and the Right, Conservatism - Conservatives in various countries, Conservatism - Europe, Conservatism - China

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All conservatives value tradition. Tradition does not mean simply custom, habit or nostalgia for the past, though custom does inform tradition and sustain it. For a conservative, tradition is composed of standards and institutions that have been shown to promote the good, and therefore they find authority in tradition and apply it in politics. This authority, be it a person, a literature or a way of life, is rooted in the past, and thus cannot easily change . To keep tradition alive, conservatives pass it down from generation to generation ...

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Conservatism, Conservatism - Tradition in conservatism, Conservatism - Some traditional values, Conservatism - Classification of conservatism, Conservatism - Cultural conservatism, Conservatism - Religious conservatism, Conservatism - Burkean conservatism, Conservatism - Conservatism's effect on history, Conservatism - Conservatism and nationalism, Conservatism - Liberal conservative?, Conservatism - Nature and environment, Conservatism - Biological theories on racial differences, Conservatism - Conservatism and the Right, Conservatism - Conservatives in various countries, Conservatism - Europe, Conservatism - China

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Biodiversity researcher Sean Nee, writing in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature, points out that the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity is microbial, and that contemporary biodiversity science is "firmly fixated on the visible world" (Nee uses "visible" as a synonym for macroscopic). For example, microbial life is very much more metabolically and environmentally diverse than multicellular life (see extremophile). Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee. "the contribution of visible life to biodiversit ...

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Biodiversity, Biodiversity - Etymology, Biodiversity - Biodiversity definitions, Biodiversity - Origin of life and biodiversity evolution, Biodiversity - Benefits of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ecological role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Economic role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Ethical role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Scientific role of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Evaluation of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Measurement of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity: time and space, Biodiversity - Species inventory, Biodiversity - Hotspots of biodiversity, Biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity management: conservation preservation and protection, Biodiversity - Juridical status of biological diversity, Biodiversity - Biodiversity and size bias, Biodiversity - Quotes from Sean Nee, Biodiversity - Measures of biodiversity

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Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context. This leads to situational ethics and situated ethics. These philosophers often view aesthetics and etiquette and arbitration as more fundamental, percolating 'bottom up' to imply, rather than explicitly state, theories of value or of conduct. In these views ethics is not derived from a top-down a priori "philosophy" (many would reject that word) but rather is strictly derived from obser ...

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Ethics, Ethics - The first social science, Ethics - Meta-ethics, Ethics - Normative ethics, Ethics - Applied ethics, Ethics - Ethics in religion, Ethics - Ethics in health care, Ethics - Ethics in politics, Ethics - Ethics by cases, Ethics - Descriptive ethics, Ethics - The analytic view

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A common approach in applied ethics is to deal with individual issues on a case-by-case basis. Casuistry is one such application of case-based reasoning to applied ethics. Almost all American states have tried to discourage dishonest practices by their public employees and elected officials by establishing an Ethics Commission for their state. Bernard Crick in 1982 offered a socially-centered view, that politics was the only applied ethics, that it was how cases were really resolved, and that "political virtues" were in ...

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Ethics, Ethics - The first social science, Ethics - Meta-ethics, Ethics - Normative ethics, Ethics - Applied ethics, Ethics - Ethics in religion, Ethics - Ethics in health care, Ethics - Ethics in politics, Ethics - Ethics by cases, Ethics - Descriptive ethics, Ethics - The analytic view

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Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gutenberg 1663. Principles of Cartesian Philosophy. 1670. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (A Theologico-Political Treatise) Project Gutenberg: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 1677. Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (The Ethics) Project Gutenberg. Another translation, by Jonathan Bennet ...

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Baruch Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - Life, Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy, Baruch Spinoza - Modern relevance, Baruch Spinoza - Major Works, Baruch Spinoza - Quotes, Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography, Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - About Spinoza

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Anarchism - Primitive cultures. Many anarchists, particularly anarcho-primitivists, assert that before recorded history, human society was organized on anarchist principles. They claim hunter-gatherer bands had an egalitarian structure, citing a lack of division of labour, accumulated wealth and decreed law as indicators of such indigenous "anarchist" systems. Others, however, question this, in particular in terms of a gender based division of labour. See also:

Anarchism, Anarchism - Precursors of anarchism, Anarchism - Primitive cultures, Anarchism - Philosophical traces, Anarchism - Ancient Greece, Anarchism - Anabaptists and Diggers, Anarchism - Age of Enlightenment, Anarchism - History of anarchism, Anarchism - Chart of influences, Anarchism - Justice against the state, Anarchism - The first self-labelled anarchist, Anarchism - Egoism, Anarchism - Individualist anarchism Liberal anarchism, Anarchism - The International, Anarchism - Anarchist Communism, Anarchism - Propaganda by the deed, Anarchism - Anarchism at work, Anarchism - The Russian Revolution, Anarchism - The fight against fascism and the Spanish Civil War, Anarchism - Religion, Anarchism - Anarchism and feminism, Anarchism - Contemporary anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-capitalism, Anarchism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Anarchism - The platformist tradition, Anarchism - Post-left anarchy, Anarchism - Post-structuralism, Anarchism - Insurrectionary anarchism, Anarchism - Small 'a' anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-primitivism, Anarchism - Issues, Anarchism - Conceptions of an anarchist society, Anarchism - Environmentalism, Anarchism - Anti-Racism and Anti-Oppression, Anarchism - Neo-imperialism and Globalization, Anarchism - Parallel structures, Anarchism - Technology, Anarchism - Pacifism, Anarchism - Parliamentarianism, Anarchism - Cultural phenomena, Anarchism - Historical events, Anarchism - Books, Anarchism - Anarchism by region/culture

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Mind and body are one and the same individual which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, and now under the attribute of extension. -Ethics II prop. 7 I have laboured carefully, not to mock, lament, or execrate human actions, but to understand them. -Spinoza's A Political Treatise; ISBN: 0486202496; p. 288. ...

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Baruch Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - Life, Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy, Baruch Spinoza - Modern relevance, Baruch Spinoza - Major Works, Baruch Spinoza - Quotes, Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography, Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - About Spinoza

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Albert Einstein said that Spinoza was the philosopher who had most influenced his worldview (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infinite substance) with Nature, and Einstein, too, believed in an impersonal deity. His desire to understand Nature through physics can be seen as contemplation of God. Arne Næss, the father of the deep ecology movement, acknowledged drawing much inspiration from the works of Spinoza. In the late twentieth century, there was a great increase in philosophical interest in Spinoza in Europe, particularly fr ...

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Baruch Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - Life, Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy, Baruch Spinoza - Modern relevance, Baruch Spinoza - Major Works, Baruch Spinoza - Quotes, Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography, Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - About Spinoza

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Anarchism - Anarcho-capitalism. See also: Anarcho capitalism Anarcho-capitalism envisions a stateless society where private ownership of the means of production is supported, and economic decisions are made privately through the operation of a free market. They believe that all voluntary (non-coerced) transactions between consenting adults should be legal, so have no opposition to employment or interest. Anarcho-capitalism is an anti-state form of liberalism derived from classical liberal and Austri ...

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Anarchism, Anarchism - Precursors of anarchism, Anarchism - Primitive cultures, Anarchism - Philosophical traces, Anarchism - Ancient Greece, Anarchism - Anabaptists and Diggers, Anarchism - Age of Enlightenment, Anarchism - History of anarchism, Anarchism - Chart of influences, Anarchism - Justice against the state, Anarchism - The first self-labelled anarchist, Anarchism - Egoism, Anarchism - Individualist anarchism Liberal anarchism, Anarchism - The International, Anarchism - Anarchist Communism, Anarchism - Propaganda by the deed, Anarchism - Anarchism at work, Anarchism - The Russian Revolution, Anarchism - The fight against fascism and the Spanish Civil War, Anarchism - Religion, Anarchism - Anarchism and feminism, Anarchism - Contemporary anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-capitalism, Anarchism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Anarchism - The platformist tradition, Anarchism - Post-left anarchy, Anarchism - Post-structuralism, Anarchism - Insurrectionary anarchism, Anarchism - Small 'a' anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-primitivism, Anarchism - Issues, Anarchism - Conceptions of an anarchist society, Anarchism - Environmentalism, Anarchism - Anti-Racism and Anti-Oppression, Anarchism - Neo-imperialism and Globalization, Anarchism - Parallel structures, Anarchism - Technology, Anarchism - Pacifism, Anarchism - Parliamentarianism, Anarchism - Cultural phenomena, Anarchism - Historical events, Anarchism - Books, Anarchism - Anarchism by region/culture

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Anarchism - Conceptions of an anarchist society. See also: Anarchism and Society Many political philosophers justify support of the state as a means of regulating violence, so that the destruction caused by human conflict is minimized and fair relationships are established. Anarchists argue that pursuit of these ends does not justify the establishment of a state, and in fact many argue that the state is incompatible with those goals. Anarchists argue that the state helps to create a monopoly on viol ...

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Anarchism, Anarchism - Precursors of anarchism, Anarchism - Primitive cultures, Anarchism - Philosophical traces, Anarchism - Ancient Greece, Anarchism - Anabaptists and Diggers, Anarchism - Age of Enlightenment, Anarchism - History of anarchism, Anarchism - Chart of influences, Anarchism - Justice against the state, Anarchism - The first self-labelled anarchist, Anarchism - Egoism, Anarchism - Individualist anarchism Liberal anarchism, Anarchism - The International, Anarchism - Anarchist Communism, Anarchism - Propaganda by the deed, Anarchism - Anarchism at work, Anarchism - The Russian Revolution, Anarchism - The fight against fascism and the Spanish Civil War, Anarchism - Religion, Anarchism - Anarchism and feminism, Anarchism - Contemporary anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-capitalism, Anarchism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Anarchism - The platformist tradition, Anarchism - Post-left anarchy, Anarchism - Post-structuralism, Anarchism - Insurrectionary anarchism, Anarchism - Small 'a' anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-primitivism, Anarchism - Issues, Anarchism - Conceptions of an anarchist society, Anarchism - Environmentalism, Anarchism - Anti-Racism and Anti-Oppression, Anarchism - Neo-imperialism and Globalization, Anarchism - Parallel structures, Anarchism - Technology, Anarchism - Pacifism, Anarchism - Parliamentarianism, Anarchism - Cultural phenomena, Anarchism - Historical events, Anarchism - Books, Anarchism - Anarchism by region/culture

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Assumptions about ethical underpinnings of human behaviour are reflected in every social science, including: anthropology because of the complexities involved in relating one culture to another, economics because of its role in the distribution of scarce resources, political science because of its role in allocating power, sociology because of its roots in the dynamics of groups, law because of its role in codifying ethical constructs like mercy and punishment, criminology because of its role in rewarding ethical behaviour and discouraging unethical behaviour, and psychology because of its role in definin ...

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Ethics, Ethics - The first social science, Ethics - Meta-ethics, Ethics - Normative ethics, Ethics - Applied ethics, Ethics - Ethics in religion, Ethics - Ethics in health care, Ethics - Ethics in politics, Ethics - Ethics by cases, Ethics - Descriptive ethics, Ethics - The analytic view

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Born to a great family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, he gained fame for his positions of pantheism and neutral monism, as well as the fact that his Ethics was written in the form of postulates and definitions, as though it were a geometry treatise. In the summer of 1656, he was excommunicated because of apostasy from the Jewish community for his claims that God is the mechanism of nature and the universe, having no personality, and that the Bible is a metaphorical and allegorical work used to teach the nat ...

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Baruch Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - Life, Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy, Baruch Spinoza - Modern relevance, Baruch Spinoza - Major Works, Baruch Spinoza - Quotes, Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography, Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza - About Spinoza

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The kind of anarchism that is most easily encountered in popular culture is represented by celebrities who publicly identify themselves as anarchists. Although some anarchists reject any focus on such famous living individuals as inherently élitist, the following figures are examples of prominent publicly self-avowed anarchists: the MIT professor of Linguistics Noam Chomsky the science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin the social historian Howard Zinn entertainer and author Hans Alfredsson ...

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Anarchism, Anarchism - Precursors of anarchism, Anarchism - Primitive cultures, Anarchism - Philosophical traces, Anarchism - Ancient Greece, Anarchism - Anabaptists and Diggers, Anarchism - Age of Enlightenment, Anarchism - History of anarchism, Anarchism - Chart of influences, Anarchism - Justice against the state, Anarchism - The first self-labelled anarchist, Anarchism - Egoism, Anarchism - Individualist anarchism Liberal anarchism, Anarchism - The International, Anarchism - Anarchist Communism, Anarchism - Propaganda by the deed, Anarchism - Anarchism at work, Anarchism - The Russian Revolution, Anarchism - The fight against fascism and the Spanish Civil War, Anarchism - Religion, Anarchism - Anarchism and feminism, Anarchism - Contemporary anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-capitalism, Anarchism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Anarchism - The platformist tradition, Anarchism - Post-left anarchy, Anarchism - Post-structuralism, Anarchism - Insurrectionary anarchism, Anarchism - Small 'a' anarchism, Anarchism - Anarcho-primitivism, Anarchism - Issues, Anarchism - Conceptions of an anarchist society, Anarchism - Environmentalism, Anarchism - Anti-Racism and Anti-Oppression, Anarchism - Neo-imperialism and Globalization, Anarchism - Parallel structures, Anarchism - Technology, Anarchism - Pacifism, Anarchism - Parliamentarianism, Anarchism - Cultural phenomena, Anarchism - Historical events, Anarchism - Books, Anarchism - Anarchism by region/culture

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In early liberal philosophy 'Nature' and the environment were treated as a resource to be exploited: value derived from their human use, in accordance with the labor theory of value. Most early conservatives, however, saw the value of Nature as inherent. Both strands have influenced conservative politics in many countries, since the 19th century. The etymology emphasises the close correlation between the early conservation movement and conservative ideals. In recent decades, deep ecology has emerged as parallel, non-anthropocentric conservative philoso ...

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Conservatism, Conservatism - Tradition in conservatism, Conservatism - Some traditional values, Conservatism - Classification of conservatism, Conservatism - Cultural conservatism, Conservatism - Religious conservatism, Conservatism - Burkean conservatism, Conservatism - Conservatism's effect on history, Conservatism - Conservatism and nationalism, Conservatism - Liberal conservative?, Conservatism - Nature and environment, Conservatism - Biological theories on racial differences, Conservatism - Conservatism and the Right, Conservatism - Conservatives in various countries, Conservatism - Europe, Conservatism - China

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