A darkroom is a given space, usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle, that is made dark so as to allow photographers to use light-sensitive materials to develop photographs and film. Darkrooms were widely used in the late 19th and early to late 20th centuries (until about 1980) before color photography became universally popular. Using black and white film, amateur photographers could control every step of the photographic process and achieve much more finely tuned results at home for a rea ...

Including:

• Darkroom - The darkroom

Read more here: » Darkroom: Encyclopedia - Darkroom

See also:

Darkroom, Darkroom - The darkroom

Read more here: » Darkroom: Encyclopedia II - Darkroom - The darkroom

darkroom

A light-free room required for most physical psychism to occur. Room commonly used for seance work

(See also: Darkroom, Body Mind and Soul)

Ansel Adams generally used selenium toner when processing prints. Selenium toning can alter the color of a print and act as a preservative, but Adams used it subtly, primarily because it can add almost a full zone to the tonal range of the final print, producing richer dark tones that still held detail. The zone system requires that every variable in photography, from exposure to darkroom production of the print, be calibrated and controlled. The print is the last link in a chain of events, no less important to the zone system than exposure and development of the film. With practice, the photographer visualizes the ...

See also:

Zone system, Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials, Zone system - Film, Zone system - Digital, Zone system - Darkroom, Zone system - External resources

Read more here: » Zone system: Encyclopedia II - Zone system - Darkroom

In photography, the zone system is a technique invented by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer in 1939 or 1940. It is one of the earliest methods to give photographers systematic control of their images by precisely defining the relationships between their equipment and materials. While employing the Zone System as it was intended to be used can be very demanding, as it requires a consistency in procedure that is quite difficult to achieve in practice, the underlying concepts are very useful to any photographer who wishes to ...

Including:

• Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials
• Zone system - Film
• Zone system - Darkroom
• Zone system - External resources

Read more here: » Zone system: Encyclopedia - Zone system

A contact print is a photographic image produced from a film negative. An exposure box device called a contact printer is used within a light controlled space called a darkroom. The negative is placed in intimate contact with a sheet of sensitized photographic paper. This is then placed, negative down, onto a top transparent glass plate of the exposure box. Within the box and below the top plate is a translucent light diffuser made from frosted glass. Below the diffuser is a switch controlled electric light source. A hinged top cover serves to keep the materials in close contact and t ...

Read more here: » Contact print: Encyclopedia - Contact print

A changing bag is a light safe (does not allow light to enter) bag used by photographers usually to remove film from its canister and put it into a developing tank. It is handy to use when a darkroom is not available, often in field shooting. A changing bag has two sleeves at one end for both the user's arms, and a zipper (often more than one, for double layered changing bags) to insert the tools and film needed. Other related archivesdarkroom, film, photographers

Read more here: » Changing bag: Encyclopedia - Changing bag

A clock face is the part of an analog clock that tells time through the use of a fixed numbered dial or dials and moving hand or hands. Typically, the dial is numbered 1-12 indicating the hours in a 12-hour cycle. The term face is also used for the time display on digital clocks and watches. Certain clocks have 24-hour analog displays and are marked accordingly. Some special purpose clocks, such darkroom timers and sporting event clocks, are designed for measuring periods less than one hour. Clocks can indicate the hour with Ro ...

Including:

• Clock face - Historical and Stylistic Development

Read more here: » Clock face: Encyclopedia - Clock face

Monochrome (black and white) film can record a light intensity range of about seven zones. The luminosity range available within a scene, however, from the darkest shadows to the brightest areas, may be substantially larger or smaller than seven zones. Thus information can be lost in contrasty scenes due to the limited sensitivity range of film, or the range of film can be under-utilized in flat scenes. The zone system manages this by: identifying what the film will record at different levels of exposure to the scene; processing the film in ways that modify the sensitivity ...

See also:

Zone system, Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials, Zone system - Film, Zone system - Darkroom, Zone system - External resources

Read more here: » Zone system: Encyclopedia II - Zone system - Film

Monochrome (black and white) film can record a light intensity range of about seven zones. The luminosity range available within a scene, however, from the darkest shadows to the brightest areas, may be substantially larger or smaller than seven zones. Thus information can be lost in contrasty scenes due to the limited sensitivity range of film, or the range of film can be under-utilized in flat scenes. The zone system manages this by: identifying what the film will record at different levels of exposure to the scene; processing the film in ways that modify the sensitivity ...

See also:

Zone system, Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials, Zone system - Film, Zone system - Digital, Zone system - Darkroom, Zone system - External resources

Read more here: » Zone system: Encyclopedia II - Zone system - Film

The zone system separates the picture's tones into eleven zones, numbered using Roman numerals. 0: Pure black I: Near black II: Dark gray / black III: Very dark gray - the lowest zone with distinct shadow detail IV: Medium dark gray V: Medium gray (equal to Kodak's 18% Grey cards) VI: Mid-tone gray VII: Light gray VIII: Gray / white - the highest zone with distinct highlight detailSee also:

Zone system, Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials, Zone system - Film, Zone system - Digital, Zone system - Darkroom, Zone system - External resources

Read more here: » Zone system: Encyclopedia II - Zone system - Overview for monochrome materials

After exposure of the sensitized paper it is then processed in a multi-step chemical process to develop the print. It is especially fascinating to observe the production of black and white prints using the gelatin-silver process, as the sensitized material is unresponsive to red light. It is thus possible to perform all material preparation, image adjustment, exposure, and chemical processing using a red "photographic safe light" for general ilumination of the darkroom. Equipment preparation is much easier and the development is similar to w ...

See also:

Enlarger, Enlarger - Principles of operation, Enlarger - Additional processing, Enlarger - Automated print machines, Enlarger - Advantages

Read more here: » Enlarger: Encyclopedia II - Enlarger - Additional processing

Even during World War II Braun apparently lived a life of leisure spending her time exercising, reading romance novels, watching films and early German television (at least until around 1943) along with later helping to host gatherings of Hitler's inner circle. Her affection for nude sunbathing (and being photographed at it) is known to have infuriated him. She had a lifelong interest in photography and their closest friends called her the Rolleiflex Girl (after the well-known camera model). She did her own darkroom processing and most of the colour stills and movi ...

See also:

Eva Braun, Eva Braun - Background, Eva Braun - Relationship and turmoil, Eva Braun - Lifestyle, Eva Braun - Marriage and suicide

Read more here: » Eva Braun: Encyclopedia II - Eva Braun - Lifestyle

Collodion dry plates had been available use since 1855, but it was not until the invention of the gelatine dry plate in 1871 by Richard Leach Maddox that they rivaled wet plates in speed and quality. The advantages of the dry plate were obvious: photographers could use commercial dry plates off the shelf instead of having to prepare their own emulsions in a mobile darkroom. Also, for the first time, cameras could be made small enough to be hand-held, or even concealed. There was a proliferation of various designs, from single- and twin-lens reflexes to large and bulky field cameras, handheld cameras, and even cameras ...

See also:

History of the camera, History of the camera - Origins of the camera, History of the camera - Daguerreotypes and calotypes, History of the camera - Wet plates, History of the camera - Dry plates, History of the camera - Kodak and the birth of film

Read more here: » History of the camera: Encyclopedia II - History of the camera - Dry plates

After exposure of the sensitized paper it is then processed in a multi-step chemical process to develop the print. It is especially fascinating to observe the production of black and white prints using the gelatin-silver process, as the sensitized material is unresponsive to red light. It is thus possible to perform all material preparation, image adjustment, exposure, and chemical processing using a red "photographic safe light" for general ilumination of the darkroom. Equipment preparation is much easier and the development is similar to w ...

See also:

Enlarger, Enlarger - Principles of operation, Enlarger - Image enlargement limits, Enlarger - Enlarger physical arrangements, Enlarger - Exposing an image, Enlarger - Additional processing, Enlarger - Automated print machines, Enlarger - Advantages

Read more here: » Enlarger: Encyclopedia II - Enlarger - Additional processing

Some of the earliest instant cameras were brought to market before Edwin Land's invention of the instant camera. These cameras are, however, more portable darkrooms than "instant" camera. After Land's patent was brought to market, many imitators surfaced, some using Polaroid-compatible film and equipment, such as cameras by Keystone, Konica, and Minolta. Others were incompatible with Polaroid cameras and film, the most notable of these being made by Kodak, such as the Kodamatic. These cameras accepted a Kodak-branded integral instant film, s ...

See also:

Instant camera, Instant camera - Types of Polaroid instant cameras, Instant camera - Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras, Instant camera - Usage, Instant camera - Taking an instant photograph

Read more here: » Instant camera: Encyclopedia II - Instant camera - Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras

The college occupies a 7-story historic building in downtown Grand Rapids. Facilities include color and black-and-white darkrooms, photo studios, a library, two galleries, a furniture collection, wood- and metalworking shops, printmaking equipment, 24-hour-access student studios, a coffee shop, a bookstore with art supplies, and classroom/labs with approximately 350 Mac and Windows computers. A substantial expansion of the college's facilities began around the time it joined Ferris, first taking over the adjoining building, renovating ...

See also:

Kendall College of Art and Design, Kendall College of Art and Design - Academics, Kendall College of Art and Design - History, Kendall College of Art and Design - Facilities, Kendall College of Art and Design - Students

Read more here: » Kendall College of Art and Design: Encyclopedia II - Kendall College of Art and Design - Facilities

Main article: color photography Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a darkroom or pro ...

See also:

Photography, Photography - Photographic image forming devices, Photography - Uses of photography, Photography - History of photography, Photography - Invention, Photography - Social history, Photography - Economic history, Photography - Color photography, Photography - Digital photography, Photography - Digital versus Film, Photography - Commercial photography, Photography - Terminology, Photography - Photography as an art form, Photography - Aesthetic realism and photography, Photography - Reference, Photography - Additional reading, Photography - Basic topics in photography, Photography - Photographers, Photography - Photographs, Photography - Historical, Photography - Techniques, Photography - Photographic products, Photography - Other

Read more here: » Photography: Encyclopedia II - Photography - Color photography

The undergraduate residential colleges are the residential-dining complexes that house freshmen, sophomores, and a handful of junior and senior resident advisers. Each college consists of a set of dormitories, a dining hall (e.g., Ricardo A. Mestres Hall), a variety of other amenities (study spaces, libraries, performance spaces, darkrooms, and the like), and a collection of administrators and associated faculty. Princeton presently has five undergraduate residential colleges. Rockefeller College and Mathey College are located in the ...

See also:

Princeton University, Princeton University - History of the University, Princeton University - About Princeton, Princeton University - Financial Aid, Princeton University - Undergraduate program, Princeton University - Residential Colleges, Princeton University - Athletics, Princeton University - Significant places, Princeton University - Nassau Hall, Princeton University - Cannon Green, Princeton University - McCarter Theatre, Princeton University - Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton University - Notable Princeton alumni, Princeton University - Notable Princeton professors, Princeton University - Traditions, Princeton University - Old Nassau, Princeton University - Princeton Neologisms, Princeton University - In fiction

Read more here: » Princeton University: Encyclopedia II - Princeton University - Residential Colleges

A modern campus with outstanding facilities for studying all aspects of a dynamic industry, FIT comprises an entire city block in Manhattan’s Chelsea neighborhood. The Fred P. Pomerantz Art and Design Center offers up-to-date facilities for design studies: photography studios with color and black-and-white darkrooms, painting rooms, a sculpture studio, a printmaking room, a graphics laboratory, display and exhibit design rooms, life-sketching rooms, and a model-making workshop. The Shirley Goodman Resource Center houses the Museum a ...

See also:

Fashion Institute of Technology, Fashion Institute of Technology - The Institute, Fashion Institute of Technology - Location, Fashion Institute of Technology - Majors and Degrees, Fashion Institute of Technology - Academic Programs, Fashion Institute of Technology - Off-Campus Programs, Fashion Institute of Technology - Clubs and Organizations, Fashion Institute of Technology - Academic Facilities, Fashion Institute of Technology - Alumni, Fashion Institute of Technology - The Museum at FIT, Fashion Institute of Technology - Trivia, Fashion Institute of Technology - External link

Read more here: » Fashion Institute of Technology: Encyclopedia II - Fashion Institute of Technology - Academic Facilities