dark matter

The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade. The 90s were marked with rapid progression of democracy, globalization and global capitalism following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Key forces shaping the decade were the Gulf War; popularization of Personal Computers and the Internet, leading to the .com boom. ...

Including:

• 1990s - Events and trends
• 1990s - Similarities with the 2000s Decade
• 1990s - Technology
• 1990s - Science
• 1990s - War, peace, and politics
• 1990s - Economics
• 1990s - Culture
• 1990s - Other significant events
• 1990s - People
• 1990s - World leaders
• 1990s - Entertainers
• 1990s - Films
• 1990s - Books & Literature
• 1990s - Sports figures

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Although no particles are known to have negative mass, physicists (primarily Robert L. Forward) have been able to describe some of the anticipated properties such particles may have. Assuming that all three concepts of mass are equivalent would produce a system where negative masses are attracted to positive masses, yet positive masses are repelled away from negative masses. As well, negative masses would produce an attractive force on one another, but would be ...

See also:

Exotic matter, Exotic matter - Negative mass, Exotic matter - Forward's analysis, Exotic matter - Which way does antimatter fall?

Read more here: » Exotic matter: Encyclopedia II - Exotic matter - Forward's analysis

Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc., also known as Bell Labs and AT&T Bell Laboratories, was the research and development arm of the US Bell System. It was the premier facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies including the transistor, Laser, and the UNIX operating system. There have been 6 Nobel Prizes awarded for work done at Bell Labs [1]. Bell Labs - History. In 1925, Walter Gifford, then president of AT&T, established Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc as a ...

Including:

• Bell Labs - History
• Bell Labs - Basis
• Bell Labs - Calculators built by Bell Labs

Read more here: » Bell Labs: Encyclopedia - Bell Labs

The string theory landscape or anthropic landscape refers to the large number of different false vacua in string theory. It arises from the idea that there are an extremely large number of metastable vacua (ground states) in string theory.[1] The large number of possibilites arise from different choices of Calabi-Yau manifolds and different values of generalized magnetic fluxes over different homology cycles.

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Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that deals with the positions of stars and other celestial bodies, their distances and movements. It is one of the oldest subfields of the science, the successor to the more qualitative study of positional astronomy. Astrometry dates back at least to Hipparchus, who compiled the first catalogue of stars visible to him and in doing so invented the brightness scale basically still in use today. Modern astrometry was founded by Friedrich Bessel with his Fundamenta astronomiae, which gave the mean position of 3222 stars ...

Including:

• Astrometry - Advances in astrometry
• Astrometry - Astrometrics
• Astrometry - Other references

Read more here: » Astrometry: Encyclopedia - Astrometry

Astronomical spectroscopy is the technique of spectroscopy used in astronomy. As spectroscopy is described in its own article, this article focuses on its use in astronomy. The object of study is the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to derive many properties of distant stars and galaxies, such as their chemical composition and also their motion, via the Doppler shift. Astronomical spectroscopy - Stars. Including:

• Astronomical spectroscopy - Stars
• Astronomical spectroscopy - Nebulae
• Astronomical spectroscopy - Galaxies
• Astronomical spectroscopy - Quasars
• Astronomical spectroscopy - Planets and asteroids
• Astronomical spectroscopy - Comets

Read more here: » Astronomical spectroscopy: Encyclopedia - Astronomical spectroscopy

Andromeda Galaxy photographed in 1899 The Andromeda Galaxy (also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; older texts often call it the Andromeda Nebula) is a giant spiral galaxy in the Local Group, together with the Milky Way galaxy. It is at a distance of approximately 2.5 million light years or 770 kpc, in the direction of the constellation Andromeda. With a mass of about 1.5 times that of the Milky Way, it is the dominant galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of about 30 sma ...

Including:

• Andromeda Galaxy - General information
• Andromeda Galaxy - Observation
• Andromeda Galaxy - Satellites
• Andromeda Galaxy - Other resources
• Andromeda Galaxy - Related topics
• Andromeda Galaxy - External links

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In particle physics, the baryons are a family of subatomic particles including the proton and the neutron (collectively called nucleons), as well as a number of unstable, heavier particles (called hyperons). The term "baryon" is derived from the Greek barys, meaning "heavy," as they are heavier than the other main groups of particles. Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi-Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle. This is in contrast to the boson ...

Including:

• Baryon - Baryonic matter

Read more here: » Baryon: Encyclopedia - Baryon

Aetherometry is the name given to the experimental and theoretical study of "massfree energy" developed by biophysicist and molecular biologist Paulo Correa and his collaborator Alexandra Correa. They have also described it as the "science of the metrics of the massfree aether". The term "massfree energy" is not in use by mainstream physicists, and aetherometry is not supported by scientific consensus, being in conflict with established theories such as relativity, conventional or Lorentz electrodyn ...

Including:

• Aetherometry - Aims
• Aetherometry - Central Concepts
• Aetherometry - Massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Graviton energy
• Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Theoretical research
• Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts
• Aetherometry - Theory
• Aetherometry - The dynamic aether
• Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy
• Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity
• Aetherometry - Experiments
• Aetherometry - The electroscope
• Aetherometry - The pendulum
• Aetherometry - Reich's orgone
• Aetherometry - Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes
• Aetherometry - Predictions
• Aetherometry - Proponents

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edit The ultimate fate of the universe is a subject of study in the field of cosmology. Vying scientific theories predict whether the life of the universe is finite or infinite. The fate of the universe depends upon the density of matter and the rate of expansion. Current understanding of matter in the universe suggests that the universe must consist of dark energy and dark matter to explain the current rate of expansion. Mainstream models of the universe currently predict that the universe will go on expanding.< ...

Including:

• Ultimate fate of the universe - Scientific theories
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Closed universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Open universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Flat universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - End of universe theory
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Infinite time but finite lifespan
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Finite time and lifespan
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Life in a mortal universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - No complete end
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Temporary events
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Observational constraints on theories
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Popular culture

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In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang is a consequence of the observed Hubble's law velocities of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle imply that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the Universe has expanded from a primeval state, in which all the matter and energy ...

Including:

• Big Bang - History
• Big Bang - Overview
• Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings
• Big Bang - Observational evidence
• Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion
• Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements
• Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution
• Big Bang - Features issues and problems
• Big Bang - Horizon problem
• Big Bang - Flatness problem
• Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles
• Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry
• Big Bang - Globular cluster age
• Big Bang - Dark matter
• Big Bang - Dark energy
• Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory
• Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang
• Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia - Big Bang

Bender Bending Rodríguez (known simply as Bender) is a fictional sapient robot in the Futurama animated cartoon television series. He is voiced by actor John DiMaggio. A comic anti-hero, Turanga Leela described Bender as an "alcoholic, whore-mongering, chain smoking gambler", which largely sums up his personality. He curses, fights, argues, smokes cigars (to make himself look cool), drinks constantly (though, in his defense, alcohol is his primary fuel), reads robot pornography (in the form of circuit diagrams), ...

Including:

• Bender Bending Rodriguez - Hardware
• Bender Bending Rodriguez - Trivia
• Bender Bending Rodriguez - Catchphrase and Favorite Words

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edit In cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy which permeates all of space and has strong negative pressure. According to the theory of relativity, the effect of such a negative pressure is qualitatively similar to a force acting in opposition to gravity at large scales. Invoking such an effect is currently the most popular method for explaining the observations of an accelerating universe as well as accounting for a significant portion of the missing mass in the universe. Two prop ...

Including:

• Dark energy - Evidence for dark energy
• Dark energy - Nature of dark energy
• Dark energy - Cosmological constant
• Dark energy - Quintessence
• Dark energy - Other ideas
• Dark energy - Implications for the fate of the universe
• Dark energy - History

Read more here: » Dark energy: Encyclopedia - Dark energy

Ever since Newton first formulated his theory of gravity, there have been at least three conceptually distinct quantities called mass. However, these three—inertial mass, active gravitational mass, and passive gravitational mass—have so far always been found to be equivalent. When considering hypothetical particles with negative mass, it is important to consider which of these concepts of mass are negative. ...

See also:

Exotic matter, Exotic matter - Negative mass, Exotic matter - Forward's analysis, Exotic matter - Which way does antimatter fall?

Read more here: » Exotic matter: Encyclopedia II - Exotic matter - Negative mass

In physics, and specifically particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. It plays an important role in theories of cosmology that attempt to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present Universe. The discovery of CP violation in 1964 in the decays of neutral kaons resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 for its discoverers James Cronin and Val Fitch. The study of CP violation remains a vibrant area of theoretical and exp ...

Including:

• CP-violation - What is CP?
• CP-violation - CP Violation
• CP-violation - CP Violation and the Existence of the Universe

Read more here: » CP-violation: Encyclopedia - CP-violation

Confirmation holism, also called the Quine-Duhem thesis (after philosophers Willard Van Orman Quine and Pierre Duhem), is the claim a scientific theory cannot be tested in isolation; a test of one theory always depends on other theories and hypotheses. For example, in the first half of the 19th century, astronomers were observing the path of the planet Uranus to see if it conformed to the path predicted by Newton's law of gravitation. It didn't. There were an indeterminate number of possible explanations, such as ...

Including:

• Confirmation holism - The theory-dependence of observations
• Confirmation holism - The indeterminacy of a theory by evidence
• Confirmation holism - conceptual schemes

Read more here: » Confirmation holism: Encyclopedia - Confirmation holism

edit Einstein's general theory of relativity was introduced in 1915. Physicists accepted the theory because it correctly accounted for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, a phenomenon which had long baffled physicists and because it unified Newton's law of universal gravitation with special relativity in a conceptually simple way. (Einstein has been famously quoted as saying that if his theory was falsified, then he would have felt "sorry for the dear Lord.") Despite Einstein's proposal of three classical te ...

Including:

• Tests of general relativity - Classical tests
• Tests of general relativity - Modern tests
• Tests of general relativity - Post-Newtonian tests of gravity
• Tests of general relativity - The equivalence principle
• Tests of general relativity - Strong field tests
• Tests of general relativity - Cosmological tests

Read more here: » Tests of general relativity: Encyclopedia - Tests of general relativity

Alternate meaning: WMAP (AM) The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. The satellite was launched by a Delta II rocket on June 30, 2001, at 3:46 p.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA. The goal of WMAP is to map out minute differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation in order to help test theories of the nature of the universe. It is the successor to COBE and one of the series o ...

Including:

• WMAP - Findings so far from WMAP
• WMAP - Instruments which also measured fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• WMAP - Earlier
• WMAP - Later

Read more here: » WMAP: Encyclopedia - WMAP

Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. It is a physical phenomenon of fundamental importance, profoundly affecting the workings of the world around us and the universe beyond. Most familiarly, it is the gravitational attraction of the earth that endows objects with weight and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. In fact, gravity is also the reason for the very existence of the earth, the sun and other celestial bodies; without it matter would not have coalesced into these bodies and ...

Including:

• Gravity - Overview of the history of gravitational theory
• Gravity - Newton's law of universal gravitation
• Gravity - Acceleration due to gravity
• Gravity - Bodies with spatial extent
• Gravity - Vector form
• Gravity - Gravitational field
• Gravity - The Earth's gravity
• Gravity - Comparative gravities of the Earth Sun Moon and planets
• Gravity - Mathematical equations for a falling body
• Gravity - Gravitational potential
• Gravity - Acceleration relative to the rotating Earth
• Gravity - Gravity and astronomy
• Gravity - Self-gravitating system
• Gravity - Practical uses of gravity
• Gravity - Problems with Newton's theory
• Gravity - Theoretical concerns
• Gravity - Disagreement with observation
• Gravity - Newton's reservations
• Gravity - Einstein's theory of gravitation
• Gravity - Experimental tests
• Gravity - Comparison with electromagnetic force
• Gravity - Gravity and quantum mechanics
• Gravity - Alternative theories
• Gravity - Recent alternative theories
• Gravity - Historical alternative theories
• Gravity - Notes

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Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. A dark-energy star or gravastar is a hypothetical compact astrophysical object which a minority of physicists feel might constitute an alternative explanation for observations of astronomical black hole candidates. The concept was proposed by physicists Pawel O. Mazur and Emil Mottola in 2001 and has recently been invoked by physicist George Chapline. The theory states ...

Including:

• Dark energy star - Theory

Read more here: » Dark energy star: Encyclopedia - Dark energy star