dark energy - Article Index

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia - 1990s
The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. Informally, it can also include a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyclic Model: Encyclopedia - Cyclic Model
The cyclic model is a brane cosmology model of the creation of the universe, derived from the earlier ekpyrotic model. It was proposed in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dark Energy Star: Encyclopedia - Dark Energy Star
Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. A d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dark Matter: Encyclopedia - Dark Matter
edit In cosmology, dark matter refers to hypothetical matter particles, of unknown composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Crunch: Encyclopedia - Big Crunch
edit In cosmology, the Big Crunch is a hypothesized collapse of the universe upon itself after its expansion eventually stops —a counte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Rip: Encyclopedia - Big Rip
The Big Rip is a cosmological hypothesis about the ultimate fate of the Universe. The hypothesis relies crucially on the type of dark ene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unsolved Problems In Physics: Encyclopedia - Unsolved Problems In Physics
This is an incomplete list of some of the unsolved problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmological Constant: Encyclopedia - Cosmological Constant
The cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) occurs in Einstein's theory of general relativity. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tests Of General Relativity: Encyclopedia - Tests Of General Relativity
edit Einstein's general theory of relativity was introduced in 1915. Physicists accepted the theory because it correctly accounted for th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creationist Cosmologies: Encyclopedia - Creationist Cosmologies
History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zero-point Energy: Encyclopedia - Zero-point Energy
There is a request, submitted by DaBlade, for an audio version of this article to be created. See WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia for furthe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Inflation: Encyclopedia - Cosmic Inflation
edit Cosmic inflation is the idea, first proposed by Alan Guth in 1981, that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrophysics: Encyclopedia - Astrophysics
Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, densi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wmap: Encyclopedia - Wmap
Alternate meaning: WMAP (AM) The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cp-violation: Encyclopedia - Cp-violation
In physics, and specifically particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. It plays...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-gravity: Encyclopedia - Anti-gravity
Anti-gravity is a hypothetical means of countering or otherwise modifying the effects of gravity, typically in the context of spacecraft ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ad Hoc: Encyclopedia - Ad Hoc
Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [purpose]." It generally signifies a solution that has been tailored to a specific purpose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Fate Of The Universe: Encyclopedia - Ultimate Fate Of The Universe
edit The ultimate fate of the universe is a subject of study in the field of cosmology. Vying scientific theories predict whether the lif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia - Big Bang
In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aetherometry: Encyclopedia - Aetherometry
Aetherometry is the name given to the experimental and theoretical study of "massfree energy" developed by biophysicist and molecular bio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aether Classical Element: Encyclopedia - Aether Classical Element
Western Chinese Wood (木) | Fire (火) | Earth (土) | Metal (金) | Water (水) Hinduism The Panchamahabhuta ("five great elements") P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aether Classical Element: Encyclopedia Ii - Aether Classical Element - History
The aether was widely accepted in ancient Greek philosophy and science. This Greek concept seems to derive directly from the akasha, its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - The Very Early Universe
All our understanding of the very early universe is very speculative. No accelerator experiments probe sufficiently high energies to prov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lambda-cdm Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Lambda-cdm Model - Parameters
The model can be parameterized in terms of six parameters. The Hubble constant determines the rate of expansion of the universe, as well ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrophysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrophysics - History
Although astronomy is as old as recorded history, it was long separated from the study of physics. In the Aristotelian worldview, the cel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alyx Vance: Encyclopedia Ii - Alyx Vance - Personality And Skills
From her appearances early in the game, Alyx quickly emerges as a very sympathetic, likeable character. She is obviously very intelligent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - G-man Half-life: Encyclopedia Ii - G-man Half-life - In-game Appearances
G-Man Half-Life - Half-Life. The G-Man is first seen travelling in the opposite direction on the tram ride that serves as HL1's introdu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helium: Encyclopedia Ii - Helium - Notable Characteristics
Helium - Gas and plasma phases. Helium is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas. It is the least reactive member of group 18 (the no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1990s - Overview
While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Physical Paradox: Encyclopedia Ii - Physical Paradox - Paradoxes Relating To False Assumptions
Certain physical paradoxes defy common sense predictions about physical situations. In some cases, this is the result of modern physics c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedmann Equations: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedmann Equations - The Density Parameter
The first of the Friedmann equations defines a density parameter useful for comparing different cosmological models: This term origina...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Non-standard Cosmologies
There have been a number of non-standard models which have been proposed. Standard responses to some of the claims made in by the variabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first famous scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to uni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dark Energy Star: Encyclopedia Ii - Dark Energy Star - Theory
In March 2005, physicist George Chapline claimed that quantum mechanics makes it a "near certainty" black holes do not exist and are inst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hubble's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hubble's Law - Discovery
In the decade before Hubble made his observations, a number of physicists and mathematicians had established a consistent theory of the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zero-point Energy: Encyclopedia Ii - Zero-point Energy - Introduction
Zero-point energy - What is it?. Zero Point Energy is a term used in physics to define the minimum energy that a given system, such as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Universe Concept: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Universe Concept - History
Proponents of the Electric Universe claim its origins lie in the work of several researchers who featured electricity in their own theori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doctor Eli Vance: Encyclopedia Ii - Doctor Eli Vance - Appearances In Half-life 2
"Black Mesa incident" survivors Eli, Alyx (now a young woman), Dr. Isaac Kleiner and Barney Calhoun form the core of a resistance movemen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Inflation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Inflation - Mechanism
The original model of inflation,[1] proposed by Alan Guth, had the universe in a false vacuum. The universe was in an exactly de Sitter p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Energy Density: Encyclopedia Ii - Energy Density - Energy Density Of Empty Space
In Physics, "Vacuum energy" or "zero-point energy" is the energy density of empty space. In modern physics, we have two fundamental theor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Observations In Astronomy
The redshift observed in astronomy can be measured because the emission and absorption spectra for atoms are distinctive and well known, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dark Matter: Encyclopedia Ii - Dark Matter - Evidence For Dark Matter
In 1913, Norwegian explorer and physicist Kristian Birkeland may have been the first to predict that space is not only a plasma, but also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jack Sarfatti: Encyclopedia Ii - Jack Sarfatti - Paraphysics Involvement
Sarfatti claims that he was phoned in 1953, at age 13, by a mechanical-sounding voice that claimed to be extraterrestrials from the futur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - City 17: Encyclopedia Ii - City 17 - City Characteristics
City 17 - Location and architecture. City 17 is visually described as a large Eastern European city, featuring mostly Eastern European ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fifth Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Fifth Force - Theory And Experiment
There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range. One...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - False Vacuum: Encyclopedia Ii - False Vacuum - Gravitational Effects
The addition of gravity to the story leads to a considerably richer variety of phenomena. The key insight is that a false vacuum with pos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fine-tuned Universe: Encyclopedia Ii - Fine-tuned Universe - Known Physical Constants And Possible Examples Of Fine Tuning
(Sources for this section: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]) The nuclear strong force holds together the particles in the nucleus of an atom. If ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - National Science Foundation: Encyclopedia Ii - National Science Foundation - History And Mission
The NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission: To promote the progress of science; to advan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first serious scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Encyclopedia Ii - Sloan Digital Sky Survey - Observations
SDSS uses a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope, and takes images through five filters (named u, g, r, i and z). These images ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Observations In Astronomy
The redshift observed in astronomy can be measured because the emission and absorption spectra for atoms are distinctive and well known, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aether Classical Element: Encyclopedia Ii - Aether Classical Element - History
The aether was widely accepted in ancient Greek philosophy and science. This Greek concept seems to derive directly from the akasha, its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cp-violation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cp-violation - What Is Cp?
CP is the product of two symmetries: C for charge conjugation, which transforms a particle into its antiparticle, and P for parity, which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Crunch: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Crunch - Literature And Entertainment
The computer game Marathon uses the Big Crunch as a basis for the actions of a main character, the rampant AI Durandal. This character be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity In The Context Of Mainstream Physics
Some models of anti-gravity claim to derive from general relativity. The model of gravity proposed by the theory of general relativity b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - Planck Epoch
The Planck Epoch covers the time from 10-43 to 10-35 seconds after the Big Bang. The temperature during this epoch is estimated to decrea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrophysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrophysics - History
Although astronomy is as old as recorded history, it was long separated from the study of physics. In the Aristotelian worldview, the cel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tests Of General Relativity: Encyclopedia Ii - Tests Of General Relativity - Modern Tests
The modern era of testing general relativity was ushered in largely at the impetus of Dicke (1959, 1962) and Schiff (1960) who laid out a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Inflation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Inflation - Motivation
Inflation resolves several problems in the Big Bang cosmology that were pointed out in the 1970s. Among these are the observed flatness o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first well-known scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Features Issues And Problems
A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Fate Of The Universe: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Fate Of The Universe - Scientific Theories
Since the time of Aristotle and up until the turn of the twentieth century, it was firmly held by science that the universe was eternal a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Non-standard Cosmologies
There have been a number of non-standard models which have been proposed. Standard responses to some of the claims made in by the variabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1990s - Events And Trends
While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Alfvén's Model
Alfvén's model of plasma cosmology can be divided into three distinct areas. The cosmic plasma, an empirical description of the Univers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Creationist Cosmologies: Encyclopedia Ii - Creationist Cosmologies - Arguments Currently Used By Creationists
Creationist cosmologies - Problems with the Big Bang. Proponents of creationism often try to discredit current scientific understanding...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ad Hoc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ad Hoc - Ad Hoc Pronunciation
Many reference works employ ad hoc pronunciation schemas as a way of indicating how words are pronounced. These are especially popular in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aetherometry: Encyclopedia Ii - Aetherometry - Central Concepts
Aetherometry - Massfree energy. The massfree energy theory proposes the existence of energy devoid of inertia, called 'massfree energy'...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Bang - Features, Issues And Problems
A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tests Of General Relativity: Encyclopedia Ii - Tests Of General Relativity - Strong Field Tests
Observations of binary pulsars have all demonstrated substantial periapsis precessions that cannot be accounted for classically but can b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - Ultimate Fate For A Long-lived Universe
Timeline of the Big Bang - The Dark Age - from 10100 years until 10150 years. The remaining black holes evaporate: first the small one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - The Relative Change In Wavelength Z
A redshift (or blueshift) may be characterized by the difference between the observed and emitted wavelengths. In astronomy it is customa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Shifts Due To Scattering
The scattering of electromagnetic radiation whether from charged elementary particles, from particulates, or from fluctuations in a diele...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Where The Standard Model Comes Up Short
The Standard Model of physics is among the most successful theories in history, but it fails to explain everything. It doesn't explain th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Amateur Efforts
Attempts to create theories of everything are common among people outside the professional physics community. Some are created by amateur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Shifts In Vacuum
A redshift can occur in a vacuum, without any direct interaction with intervening matter in three ways. Each of these mechanisms produces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - False Vacuum: Encyclopedia Ii - False Vacuum - Vacuum Metastability Disaster
In their paper, Coleman and de Luccia noted: The possibility that we are living in a false vacuum has never been a cheering one to conte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Non-standard Versus Standard
Non-standard cosmologies are usually not considered by physicists, because the essentials of the big bang theory have been confirmed by a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - History
Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave background by Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965, most cosmologists have concluded that observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Non-standard Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Non-standard Cosmology - Nucleosynthesis Objections To Non-standard Cosmologies
One of the major successes of the Big Bang theory has been to provide a prediction that corresponds to the observations of the abundance ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - National Science Foundation: Encyclopedia Ii - National Science Foundation - Scope And Organization
NSF’s workforce numbers about 1700, nearly all working at its Arlington, Virginia headquarters. That includes about 1200 career employe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - National Science Foundation: Encyclopedia Ii - National Science Foundation - Grants And The Merit Review Process
Although many other federal research agencies operate their own laboratories—notable examples being the National Aeronautics and Space ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - G-man Half-life: Encyclopedia Ii - G-man Half-life - List Of Ingame Appearances
The G-Man appears several times in each game, though often in out-of-the-way locations so it may be difficult for a first-time player to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic Inflation: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic Inflation - Motivation
Inflation resolves several problems in the Big Bang cosmology that were pointed out in the 1970s. Among these are the observed flatness o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Overview
The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology are, since the universe is nearly all plasma, electromagnetic forces are equal in importance w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasma Cosmology: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasma Cosmology - Features And Problems
In the past twenty-five years, plasma cosmology has expanded to develop models of the formation of large scale structure, quasars, the or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Encyclopedia Ii - Sloan Digital Sky Survey - Data Access
The survey makes the data releases available over the internet. The SkyServer provides a range of interfaces to an underlying Microsoft S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Where The Standard Model Comes Up Short
The Standard Model of physics is among the most successful theories in history, but it fails to explain everything. It doesn't explain th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Encyclopedia Ii - Sloan Digital Sky Survey - Data Releases
To date there have been four data releases: The Early Data Release or EDR was released in June 2001 covering 462 square degrees and 53,0...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Reddening Due To Scattering
The scattering of electromagnetic radiation whether from charged elementary particles, from particulates, or from fluctuations in a diele...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - The Relative Change In Wavelength Z
A redshift (or blueshift) may be characterized by the difference between the observed and emitted wavelengths. In astronomy it is customa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redshift: Encyclopedia Ii - Redshift - Classical Redshift Mechanisms
A redshift can occur in a vacuum, without any direct interaction with intervening matter in three ways. Each of these mechanisms produces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - G-man Half-life: Encyclopedia Ii - G-man Half-life - Overview
Physically, the G-Man appears to be a somewhat middle-aged Caucasian human, with a tall and remarkably thin physique. His brown hair is s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Other Efforts
Attempts to create theories of everything are common among people outside the professional physics community. Some are created by amateur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - City 17: Encyclopedia Ii - City 17 - City 17 In Half-life 2
City 17 is first introduced to Gordon Freeman (The protagonist of Half-Life 2) by the G-Man. Gordon is brought into the new world without...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - City 17: Encyclopedia Ii - City 17 - Background And Origins Of City 17
In Half-Life 2: Raising the Bar, City 17 is described as being in an Eastern European setting. Some fans believe City 17 to be Sofia, Bul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrophysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrophysics - Theoretical Astrophysics
Main article: Theoretical astrophysics Theoretical astrophysicists create and evaluate models to reproduce and properly predict observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrophysics: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrophysics - Observational Astrophysics
Most astrophysical processes cannot be reproduced in laboratories on Earth. However, there is a huge variety of astronomical objects visi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1990s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1990s - People
1990s - World leaders. Prime Minister Bob Hawke (Australia) Prime Minister Paul Keating (Australia) Prime Minister John Howard (Austra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alyx Vance: Encyclopedia Ii - Alyx Vance - Appearances
Alyx helps Freeman more frequently and directly than any other character in Half-Life 2. In the first episode (Point Insertion), Alyx sav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of The Big Bang: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of The Big Bang - The Early Universe
At this time, the universe is filled with a quark-gluon plasma. Timeline of the Big Bang - The electroweak epoch – 10-12 s. See also...   » Read the article