dark energy

The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade. The 90s were marked with rapid progression of democracy, globalization and global capitalism following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Key forces shaping the decade were the Gulf War; popularization of Personal Computers and the Internet, leading to the .com boom. ...

Including:

• 1990s - Events and trends
• 1990s - Similarities with the 2000s Decade
• 1990s - Technology
• 1990s - Science
• 1990s - War, peace, and politics
• 1990s - Economics
• 1990s - Culture
• 1990s - Other significant events
• 1990s - People
• 1990s - World leaders
• 1990s - Entertainers
• 1990s - Films
• 1990s - Books & Literature
• 1990s - Sports figures

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The cyclic model is a brane cosmology model of the creation of the universe, derived from the earlier ekpyrotic model. It was proposed in 2001 by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok. Cyclic model - The model. In the cyclic model, two parallel orbifold planes or M-branes collide periodically in a higher dimensional space. The visible four-dimensional universe lies on one of these branes. The collisions correspond to a reversal from contraction to expansion, or a big crunch followed immediately by a big ba ...

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• Cyclic model - The model

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Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. A dark-energy star or gravastar is a hypothetical compact astrophysical object which a minority of physicists feel might constitute an alternative explanation for observations of astronomical black hole candidates. The concept was proposed by physicists Pawel O. Mazur and Emil Mottola in 2001 and has recently been invoked by physicist George Chapline. The theory states ...

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• Dark energy star - Theory

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edit In cosmology, dark matter refers to hypothetical matter particles, of unknown composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter such as stars and galaxies. The dark matter hypothesis aims to explain several anomalous astronomical observations, such as anomalies in the rotational speed of galaxies (the galaxy rotation problem). Estimates of the amount of matter present in galaxies, ...

Including:

• Dark matter - Evidence for dark matter
• Dark matter - Galactic rotation
• Dark matter - Structure formation
• Dark matter - Composition
• Dark matter - Alternative explanations
• Dark matter - Dark matter in popular culture

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edit In cosmology, the Big Crunch is a hypothesized collapse of the universe upon itself after its expansion eventually stops —a counterpart to the Big Bang. If the gravitational attraction of all the matter within the observable horizon is high enough, it could slow the expansion of the universe, and then reverse it. The universe would then contract, with about the same duration as the expansion. Eventually, all matter and energy would be compressed back into a gravitational singularity. It is meaningle ...

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• Big Crunch - Literature and entertainment

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The Big Rip is a cosmological hypothesis about the ultimate fate of the Universe. The hypothesis relies crucially on the type of dark energy in the universe. The key value is the equation of state w, the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density. At w < -1, the universe will eventually be pulled apart. Such energy is called phantom energy, a more extreme form of quintessence. In a phantom energy dominated universe the "fabric" of the universe expands at an ever increasing rate. Howeve ...

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• Big Rip - Related Topics

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This is an incomplete list of some of the unsolved problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining some observed phenomenon or experimental result. Others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an experiment to test a proposed theory or investigate a phenomenon in greater detail. Lastly, some even border on the pseudo-sciences, e.g. the fringes of science which are widely discredited by today's community, but may some day show promise or ...

Including:

• Unsolved problems in physics - Phenomena in search of an explanation
• Unsolved problems in physics - Theoretical ideas in search of experimental evidence
• Unsolved problems in physics - Engineering challenges
• Unsolved problems in physics - Problems solved recently

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The cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) occurs in Einstein's theory of general relativity. The units of Λ are 1/second2. The constant is proportional to the energy density of the vacuum ρ: where: π is pi G is the gravitational constant c is the speed of light in vacuum The term can be positive, negative, or zero. It is the energy density of empty space: it can be thought of as the "cost" of ha ...

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edit Einstein's general theory of relativity was introduced in 1915. Physicists accepted the theory because it correctly accounted for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, a phenomenon which had long baffled physicists and because it unified Newton's law of universal gravitation with special relativity in a conceptually simple way. (Einstein has been famously quoted as saying that if his theory was falsified, then he would have felt "sorry for the dear Lord.") Despite Einstein's proposal of three classical te ...

Including:

• Tests of general relativity - Classical tests
• Tests of general relativity - Modern tests
• Tests of general relativity - Post-Newtonian tests of gravity
• Tests of general relativity - The equivalence principle
• Tests of general relativity - Strong field tests
• Tests of general relativity - Cosmological tests

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public educati ...

Including:

• Creationist cosmologies - Arguments no longer used by creationists
• Creationist cosmologies - Inaccurate astronomy
• Creationist cosmologies - Light created in transit
• Creationist cosmologies - Arguments currently used by creationists
• Creationist cosmologies - Problems with the Big Bang
• Creationist cosmologies - Time dilation makes the remote parts of the universe older than the local universe
• Creationist cosmologies - c decay
• Creationist cosmologies - Genesis as a history only of the creation of the Earth

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There is a request, submitted by DaBlade, for an audio version of this article to be created. See WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia for further information. The rationale behind the request is: "This article is very technical, and needs to be explained in an easier to understand fashion for those who aren't very technical within physics. With it being spoken, the speaker can add more general information, to make it more understandable for the not-so physics savvy.". See also: Category ...

Including:

• Zero-point energy - Introduction
• Zero-point energy - What is it?
• Zero-point energy - How do we know it exists?
• Zero-point energy - Is it controversial?
• Zero-point energy - Is it relevant?
• Zero-point energy - A few formulae
• Zero-point energy - Existence
• Zero-point energy - History
• Zero-point energy - Problems and answers
• Zero-point energy - Properties
• Zero-point energy - Cultural references

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edit Cosmic inflation is the idea, first proposed by Alan Guth in 1981, that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion (the inflationary epoch) that was driven by a negative pressure vacuum energy density. This expansion is similar to a de Sitter universe with positive cosmological constant. As a direct consequence of this expansion, all of the observable universe originated in a small causally-connected region. Quantum fluctuations in this microscopic region, magnified to cosmic size, ...

Including:

• Cosmic inflation - Motivation
• Cosmic inflation - Observations
• Cosmic inflation - Extensions

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Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition) of astronomical objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at the largest scales. Because it is a very broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics including, but not limited to, mechanics, electromagnetism, statisti ...

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• Astrophysics - History
• Astrophysics - Observational astrophysics
• Astrophysics - Theoretical astrophysics
• Astrophysics - Astrodynamics
• Astrophysics - Astrophysicists

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Alternate meaning: WMAP (AM) The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. The satellite was launched by a Delta II rocket on June 30, 2001, at 3:46 p.m. EDT from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA. The goal of WMAP is to map out minute differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation in order to help test theories of the nature of the universe. It is the successor to COBE and one of the series o ...

Including:

• WMAP - Findings so far from WMAP
• WMAP - Instruments which also measured fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• WMAP - Earlier
• WMAP - Later

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In physics, and specifically particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. It plays an important role in theories of cosmology that attempt to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present Universe. The discovery of CP violation in 1964 in the decays of neutral kaons resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 for its discoverers James Cronin and Val Fitch. The study of CP violation remains a vibrant area of theoretical and exp ...

Including:

• CP-violation - What is CP?
• CP-violation - CP Violation
• CP-violation - CP Violation and the Existence of the Universe

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Anti-gravity is a hypothetical means of countering or otherwise modifying the effects of gravity, typically in the context of spacecraft propulsion. Such systems are limited to the realm of science fiction given the current understanding of the way gravity works, but this has not stopped legions of hopefuls from making various spinning disks and magnets in hopes of perfecting such a device. Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics. Newton's Law of Gravitation cons ...

Including:

• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics
• Anti-gravity - Conventional effects that look like anti-gravity
• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of non-mainstream physics

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Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [purpose]." It generally signifies a solution that has been tailored to a specific purpose, such as a tailor-made suit, a handcrafted network protocol or a specific-purpose equation, as opposed to general solutions. It can also refer to an improvised and often impromptu event or solution "on an ad-hoc basis", as opposed to well-prepared ones. Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network. In computer networking, ad-hoc is a connection method for wireles ...

Including:

• Ad hoc - Ad hoc computer network
• Ad hoc - Ad hoc committee
• Ad hoc - Ad hoc hypothesis
• Ad hoc - Ad hoc pronunciation
• Ad hoc - Ad hoc querying

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edit The ultimate fate of the universe is a subject of study in the field of cosmology. Vying scientific theories predict whether the life of the universe is finite or infinite. The fate of the universe depends upon the density of matter and the rate of expansion. Current understanding of matter in the universe suggests that the universe must consist of dark energy and dark matter to explain the current rate of expansion. Mainstream models of the universe currently predict that the universe will go on expanding.< ...

Including:

• Ultimate fate of the universe - Scientific theories
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Closed universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Open universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Flat universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - End of universe theory
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Infinite time but finite lifespan
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Finite time and lifespan
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Life in a mortal universe
• Ultimate fate of the universe - No complete end
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Temporary events
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Observational constraints on theories
• Ultimate fate of the universe - Popular culture

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In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang is a consequence of the observed Hubble's law velocities of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle imply that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the Universe has expanded from a primeval state, in which all the matter and energy ...

Including:

• Big Bang - History
• Big Bang - Overview
• Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings
• Big Bang - Observational evidence
• Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion
• Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements
• Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution
• Big Bang - Features issues and problems
• Big Bang - Horizon problem
• Big Bang - Flatness problem
• Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles
• Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry
• Big Bang - Globular cluster age
• Big Bang - Dark matter
• Big Bang - Dark energy
• Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory
• Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang
• Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

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Aetherometry is the name given to the experimental and theoretical study of "massfree energy" developed by biophysicist and molecular biologist Paulo Correa and his collaborator Alexandra Correa. They have also described it as the "science of the metrics of the massfree aether". The term "massfree energy" is not in use by mainstream physicists, and aetherometry is not supported by scientific consensus, being in conflict with established theories such as relativity, conventional or Lorentz electrodyn ...

Including:

• Aetherometry - Aims
• Aetherometry - Central Concepts
• Aetherometry - Massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Graviton energy
• Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Theoretical research
• Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts
• Aetherometry - Theory
• Aetherometry - The dynamic aether
• Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy
• Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity
• Aetherometry - Experiments
• Aetherometry - The electroscope
• Aetherometry - The pendulum
• Aetherometry - Reich's orgone
• Aetherometry - Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes
• Aetherometry - Predictions
• Aetherometry - Proponents

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