Darius the Great (ca. 549 BC– 485/486 BC; Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayawuš: "He Who Holds Firm the Good"), was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Emperor from 521 BC to 485/486 BC. His name in Modern Persian is داریوش (Dâriûsh), and the ancient Greek sources call him Δαρεῖος (Dareîos). Darius I of Persia - Rise to power. Darius belonged to a cadet branch of the Achaemenid dynasty. A relative of ...

Including:

• Darius I of Persia - Rise to power
• Darius I of Persia - The empire under Darius
• Darius I of Persia - Governance
• Darius I of Persia - Building projects
• Darius I of Persia - Economy diplomacy and trade
• Darius I of Persia - European and North African campaigns
• Darius I of Persia - External link

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Darius I of Persia - Governance. Darius in his inscriptions appears as a fervent believer in the monotheistic religion of Zoroaster. He was also a great statesman and organizer. Darius thoroughly revised the Persian system of administration and also the legal code. His revisions of the legal code revolved around laws of evidence, slave sales, deposits, bribery, and assault. The time of conquests had come to an end; the wars which Darius undertook, like those of Augustus, only served the purpose of gaining strong ...

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Darius I of Persia, Darius I of Persia - Rise to power, Darius I of Persia - The empire under Darius, Darius I of Persia - Governance, Darius I of Persia - Building projects, Darius I of Persia - Economy diplomacy and trade, Darius I of Persia - European and North African campaigns, Darius I of Persia - External link

Read more here: » Darius I of Persia: Encyclopedia II - Darius I of Persia - The empire under Darius

The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. In principle, a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid, ...

Including:

• Mail - Early postal systems
• Mail - Persia
• Mail - China
• Mail - Rome
• Mail - Other systems
• Mail - Modern mail
• Mail - Organization
• Mail - Payment
• Mail - Rules and etiquette
• Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence
• Mail - Collecting
• Mail - Deregulation
• Mail - Types of mail
• Mail - Letters
• Mail - Postal cards and postcards
• Mail - Other
• Mail - Famous letters
• Mail - List of national postal services

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Ezra (עֶזְרָא, Standard Hebrew ʿEzra, Tiberian Hebrew ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל "My help/court is God", Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl) was the "scribe" who led the second body of exiled Israelites that returned from Babylon to Jerusalem in 459 BCE, and is probably the author of the Book of Ezra and th ...

Including:

• Ezra - Relation to the Book of Ruth
• Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible
• Ezra - Ezra in the Quran

Read more here: » Ezra: Encyclopedia - Ezra

The Battle of Marathon (490 BC) was the culmination of King Darius I of Persia's first major attempt to conquer the remainder of the Greeks and add them to the Persian Empire, thereby securing the weakest portion of his Western border. Battle of Marathon - Background. Hippias, tyrant of Athens, had been expelled in 510 BC by his people, with the assistance of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta. He fled to the court of Darius to seek assistance. With the failure of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC - 494 BC), Darius ...

Including:

• Battle of Marathon - Background
• Battle of Marathon - Battle
• Battle of Marathon - Aftermath
• Battle of Marathon - Conclusion
• Battle of Marathon - Date of the battle
• Battle of Marathon - Marathon run

Read more here: » Battle of Marathon: Encyclopedia - Battle of Marathon

The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, بیستون in modern Persian) is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script. It is located in the Kermanshah Province of Iran. The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different scripts and languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Sir Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 ...

Including:

• Behistun Inscription - The inscription
• Behistun Inscription - In ancient history
• Behistun Inscription - Discovery and translation
• Behistun Inscription - After Rawlinson

Read more here: » Behistun Inscription: Encyclopedia - Behistun Inscription

Cyrus II of Persia, also known as Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Elder, (ca. 576 or 590 – July 529 BC), founded the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Dynasty of Anshan by unifying two Iranian tribes: the Medes and the Persians. In two historical documents discovered in Babylon and Ur Cyrus identifies himself as the "King of Iran". Cyrus is the first king whose name was suffixed with the word "Great" (or Vazraka in Old Persian), a title adopted by his Acheamenid successors as well as by the overthrower of ...

Including:

• Cyrus the Great - Background
• Cyrus the Great - The king of Persia
• Cyrus the Great - Cyrus' wars
• Cyrus the Great - Administration of the Empire
• Cyrus the Great - The Cyrus Cylinder
• Cyrus the Great - Death of Cyrus
• Cyrus the Great - Legacy
• Cyrus the Great - Sources

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Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, the earliest sacred texts of India. The earliest of the Vedas, the Rigveda, was composed in the 2nd millennium BC, and use of the Vedic dialect was continued for the composition of religious texts until roughly 500 BC, when the later Classical Sanskrit language began to emerge. The Vedic form of Sanskrit is an early descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian (spoken around 2000 BC), and still comparatively similar (being removed by maybe 1500 years) to the Proto-Indo-European language. Vedic S ...

Including:

• Vedic Sanskrit - History
• Vedic Sanskrit - Phonology
• Vedic Sanskrit - Grammar

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According to Rabbinic Jewish tradition, Ezra collected and arranged the canon of the Hebrew Bible. Information on his activities in this regard are found in the Talmud and in the midrash literature. In the view of many modern scholars, these sources provide one set of evidence in favor of the documentary hypothesis. In this view, some midrash compilations retain evidence of the redactional period during which Ezra redacted and canonized the text of the Torah as we know it today. This idea is discussed by Rabbi David Weiss Halivni in h ...

See also:

Ezra, Ezra - Relation to the Book of Ruth, Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible, Ezra - Ezra in the Quran

Read more here: » Ezra: Encyclopedia II - Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible

In 559 BC, Cyrus succeeded his father Cambyses the Elder as King of Anshan. He apparently also soon managed to succeed Arsames to the throne of Persia though the latter was still living. Arsames was father of Hystaspes and would live to see his grandson become King Darius I of Persia. However, Cyrus was not yet an independent ruler. Like his predecessors before him, Cyrus had to recognize Median overlordship. In his Histories, Herodotus gives a detailed description of the rise to power of Cyrus according to the best sources ava ...

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Cyrus the Great, Cyrus the Great - Background, Cyrus the Great - The king of Persia, Cyrus the Great - Cyrus' wars, Cyrus the Great - Administration of the Empire, Cyrus the Great - The Cyrus Cylinder, Cyrus the Great - Death of Cyrus, Cyrus the Great - Legacy, Cyrus the Great - Sources

Read more here: » Cyrus the Great: Encyclopedia II - Cyrus the Great - The king of Persia

Histories Herodotus - Book I Clio. The rulers of Lydia (on the west coast of modern Turkey): Candaules, Gyges, Alyattes, Crœsus How Gyges took the kingdom from Candaules The singer Arion's ride on the dolphin Solon's answer to Crœsus's question that Tellus was the happiest person in the world Crœsus's efforts to protect his son Atys, his son's accidental death by Adrastus Crœsus's test of the oracles The answer from the Oracle of Delphi concerning wh ...

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Histories Herodotus, Histories Herodotus - Storyline, Histories Herodotus - Book I Clio, Histories Herodotus - Book II Euterpe, Histories Herodotus - Book III Thalia, Histories Herodotus - Book IV Melpomene, Histories Herodotus - Book V Terpsichore, Histories Herodotus - Book VI Erato, Histories Herodotus - Book VII Polymnia, Histories Herodotus - Book VIII Urania, Histories Herodotus - Book IX Calliope

Read more here: » Histories Herodotus: Encyclopedia II - Histories Herodotus - Storyline

In 502 BC, the people of Naxos, an island in the Aegean Sea controlled by the Persian Empire, revolted. The former rulers of Naxos appealed to Aristagoras, the Greek tyrant of the Ionian city-state of Miletus, for aid. Aristagoras agreed, hoping to annex Naxos for himself once the conflict was resolved. In order to prosecute the campaign, Aristagoras, in turn, sought out the aid of Artaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia. Artaphernes agreed to supply Aristagoras with a fleet of ships under the command of the ...

See also:

Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt of Naxos, Ionian Revolt - The Ionian Revolt, Ionian Revolt - The Sack of Sardis, Ionian Revolt - The Revolt Spreads, Ionian Revolt - The End of the Revolt

Read more here: » Ionian Revolt: Encyclopedia II - Ionian Revolt - The Revolt of Naxos

The province comprises of two sections, Sistan in the north and Baluchestan in the south. The combined Sistan & Baluchestan province today accounts for one of the driest regions of Iran with a slight increase in rainfall from east to west, and an obvious rise in humidity in the coastal regions. The province is subject to seasonal winds from different directions, the most important of which are, the 120-day wind of Sistan known as Levar, the Qousse wind, the seventh (Gav-kosh) wind, the Nambi or s ...

See also:

Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Sistan and Baluchistan Province - Geography and culture, Sistan and Baluchistan Province - History, Sistan and Baluchistan Province - Sistan va Baluchestan today, Sistan and Baluchistan Province - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Encyclopedia II - Sistan and Baluchistan Province - Geography and culture

After the return from captivity, under Zerubbabel and the high priest Jeshua, arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the desolated Kingdom of Judah after its demise seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360 including children, having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem, were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals kn ...

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Second Temple, Second Temple - Nation reorganized, Second Temple - Samaritans offer, Second Temple - Monarchs, Second Temple - Missing articles, Second Temple - Completion, Second Temple - Christian views, Second Temple - Renovation Under Herod, Second Temple - Destruction

Read more here: » Second Temple: Encyclopedia II - Second Temple - Nation reorganized

The inscription was noted by an Arab traveller, Ibn Hauqal, in the mid-900s, who interpreted the figures as a teacher punishing his pupils. It was not until 1598, when the Englishman Robert Sherley saw the inscription during a diplomatic mission to Persia on behalf of Austria, that the inscription first came to the attention of western European scholars. His party came to the conclusion that it was ...

See also:

Behistun Inscription, Behistun Inscription - The inscription, Behistun Inscription - In ancient history, Behistun Inscription - Discovery and translation, Behistun Inscription - After Rawlinson

Read more here: » Behistun Inscription: Encyclopedia II - Behistun Inscription - Discovery and translation

Isaccea - Ancient history. The land where the city is now was inhabited since ancient times. Daco-Getic and Celtic peoples populated the area in classical times. In 514 BC, Darius I of Persia fought here a decisive battle against the Scythians. A trade post was also built in this town by the Greeks. After it was taken by the Romans, the city was fortified and became the most important military and commercial city in the area. In Noviodunum was located the base of the lower Danube Roman fleet named "Clasis ...

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Isaccea, Isaccea - Geography, Isaccea - Name, Isaccea - History, Isaccea - Ancient history, Isaccea - Mediaeval history, Isaccea - Modern history, Isaccea - Population, Isaccea - Ethnic structure, Isaccea - Religion, Isaccea - Economy, Isaccea - Local attractions, Isaccea - External link

Read more here: » Isaccea: Encyclopedia II - Isaccea - History

Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language. Rigvedic. The Rigveda is by far the most archaic of the Vedic texts preserved, and it retains many common Indo-Iranian elements, both in language and in content, that are not present in any other Vedic texts. Its creation must have taken place over several centuries, and apart from the youngest books (1 and 10), it must have been essentially complete by 1500 BC. Mantra language. This period includes both the mantra and prose language of th ...

See also:

Vedic Sanskrit, Vedic Sanskrit - History, Vedic Sanskrit - Phonology, Vedic Sanskrit - Grammar

Read more here: » Vedic Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Vedic Sanskrit - History

Modern mail is usually organised by national services (that in recent times are increasingly being replaced by privately owned companies), reciprocally interconnected by international regulations (some of which still in their original 18th-century form, many others of which are set out by the Universal Postal Union), organisations and agreements. Mail - Organization. The world-wide postal system comprising the individual national postal systems of the world's self-governing states is co-ordinated by the Un ...

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Mail, Mail - Early postal systems, Mail - Persia, Mail - China, Mail - Rome, Mail - Other systems, Mail - Modern mail, Mail - Organization, Mail - Payment, Mail - Rules and etiquette, Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence, Mail - Collecting, Mail - Deregulation, Mail - Types of mail, Mail - Letters, Mail - Postal cards and postcards, Mail - Other, Mail - Famous letters, Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Modern mail

Hippias, tyrant of Athens, had been expelled in 510 BC by his people, with the assistance of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta. He fled to the court of Darius to seek assistance. With the failure of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC - 494 BC), Darius was intent on subjugating the Greeks and punishing them for their part in the revolt. In 492 BC Darius dispatched an army under his son-in-law, Mardonius. This army reduced Thrace and compelled Alexander I of Macedon to submit again to Persia. However, in attempting to advance into Greece much of the fleet was wrecked in a s ...

See also:

Battle of Marathon, Battle of Marathon - Background, Battle of Marathon - Battle, Battle of Marathon - Aftermath, Battle of Marathon - Conclusion, Battle of Marathon - Date of the battle, Battle of Marathon - Marathon run

Read more here: » Battle of Marathon: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Marathon - Background

Primary, Babylonian Sources The Cyrus Cylinder The Nabonudus Chronicle, or Babylonian Chronicle 7 The Verse Account Nabonidus Hebrew Sources The biblical books of Isaiah, Daniel (very unreliable), Ezra and Nehemiah Flavius Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews) The Prayer of Nabonidus (one of the Dead Sea scrolls) Greek Sources Herodotus (Histories) Ctesias (Persica), very unreliable Xenophon ...

See also:

Cyrus the Great, Cyrus the Great - Background, Cyrus the Great - The king of Persia, Cyrus the Great - Cyrus' wars, Cyrus the Great - Administration of the Empire, Cyrus the Great - The Cyrus Cylinder, Cyrus the Great - Death of Cyrus, Cyrus the Great - Legacy, Cyrus the Great - Sources

Read more here: » Cyrus the Great: Encyclopedia II - Cyrus the Great - Sources