Daniel J. Bernstein

The proprietary term RBL is sometimes erroneously used in place of the generic DNSBL. RBL is a service mark of MAPS LLC. Some pieces of mail software have configuration parameters for the use of "RBLs" or "RBL domains", used to set the DNSBLs that the software should use. This may be trademark dilution. An RHSBL or Right-Hand-Side Blackhole List is a DNSBL which lists domain names rather than IP addresses. The term comes from the "right-hand side" of an email address -- the part after the @ sign - ...

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DNSBL, DNSBL - History of DNSBLs, DNSBL - DNSBL Operation, DNSBL - DNSBL Queries, DNSBL - DNSBL Policies, DNSBL - Terminology, DNSBL - Criticisms

Read more here: » DNSBL: Encyclopedia II - DNSBL - Terminology

Domain Name System - Actors. The domain name space is a tree of domain names. Each node or leaf in the tree is associated with resource records, which hold the information associated with the domain name. The tree is divided into zones. A zone is a collection of connected nodes that are authoritatively served by an authoritative DNS nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.) When a system administrator wants to let another administrator control a part of the do ...

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Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory

Domain Name System - Registrant. No one in the world really "owns" a domain name except the Network Information Centre (NIC), or domain name registry. Most of the NICs in the world receive an annual fee from a legal user in order for the legal user to utilise the domain name (i.e. a sort of a leasing agreement exists, subject to the registry's terms and conditions). Depending on the various naming convention of the registries, legal users b ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Legal users of domains

Many investigators have voiced criticism of the methods used currently to control ownership of domains. Most commonly, critics claim abuse by monopolies or near-monopolies, such as VeriSign, Inc., and problems with assignment of top-level domains. The international body ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) oversees the domain name industry. Domain ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Politics

Various flavors of DNS software implement the DNS, including: BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) – full featured, most popular, de facto Internet standard djbdns (Daniel J. Bernstein's DNS) – composed of several small-footprint components MaraDNS – UDP only IPControl (International Network Services) VitalQIP (Lucent Technologies) Adonis DNS Management Appliance (BlueCat Networks Inc) NSD (Name Server Daemon) – small footprint, UDP only, authoritative only P ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS software

Main article: Internationalized domain name Domain names must use only a subset of ASCII characters—the Roman alphabet in upper and lower case, the digits 0 through 9, and the hyphen. This prevented the representation of names and words of many languages natively. ICANN has approved the Punycode-based IDNA system, which maps Unicode strings into the valid DNS character set, as a workaround to this issue. Some registries have adopted IDNA. ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names

Important categories of data stored in the DNS include the following: An A record or address record maps a hostname to a 32-bit IPv4 address. An AAAA record or IPv6 address record maps a hostname to a 128-bit IPv6 address. A CNAME record or canonical name record makes one domain name an alias of another. The aliased domain gets all the subdomains and DNS records of the original. An MX record or mail exchange record maps a domain name to a list of ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - Types of DNS records

In December 1994, Theo de Raadt, a co-founder and member of the NetBSD core team for two years, was asked to resign his position, and his access to the code base was revoked. The reasons for this event have never been publicly explained, although some have claimed that it was due to personality clashes within the NetBSD project and on its mailing lists[1]. In October 1995, a few months later, de Raadt decided to create OpenBSD, a fork of NetBSD 1.0. The f ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - History

OpenBSD issues new versions every six months, each of which is supported for one year after release. During this time, stable CVS trees for ports and source are updated with errata, which are listed on the OpenBSD website and provide fixes for any security and reliability problems that crop up after release. In addition, errata are made available as source patches for those who prefer them over CVS. OpenBSD's codebase is divided into three sections at any one time: -current or -beta, -stable and -release. T ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Releases

OpenBSD is available freely in various ways: the source can be retrieved by anonymous CVS or CVSup and binary releases and development snapshots can be downloaded with ftp or http. Prepackaged CD sets can be ordered online for a small fee, complete with an assortment of stickers and a copy of the release's theme song. These, with their artwork and other bonuses, are one of the project's few sources of income, funding hardware, bandwidth and other expenses. To encourage the sale of the official CDs, OpenBSD makes only a small install ISO available for download rather than provide ful ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing

On June 4, 1999, OpenBSD began the annual hackathon tradition, during which many of the developers come together for a period that usually sees rapid OpenBSD development. Attended by ten developers, the original hackathon took place in Theo de Raadt's hometown of Calgary, Alberta, Canada and was focused on cryptographic development; part of the reason for holding it in Canada was to avoid legal problems caused by United States regulations on the export of cryptographic software. The designation for each subsequent hackathon has been marked b ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Hackathons

OpenBSD contains components under a variety of different licences. The Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) licence, a simplified version of the BSD licence with wording removed that is unnecessary under the Berne convention, is preferred for new code, but the MIT or BSD licences are accepted[28]. The GPL is considered overly restrictive in comparison with these[29]See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Licensing

As with several other operating systems, OpenBSD uses ports and packages systems to allow for easy installation and management of programs which are not a part of the base operating system. Originally based on the FreeBSD ports tree, the systems are now quite distinct. Additionally, major changes have been made between the 3.6 and 3.8 releases and are still ongoing, including the replacement of the package tools by more capable versions, written in Perl by Marc Espie. The package tools are the tools available to the user to manip ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Ports and packages

OpenBSD's stances on code correctness and licensing, its security enhancements and the pf firewall suit it for use in the security industry, particularly for firewalls and intrusion-detection systems. It is also commonly used for web and other servers which need to be resistant against cracking attempts and DDOS attacks. Due to the inclusion of the spamd daemon, OpenBSD occasionally sees use in mail filtering applications. The OpenBSD project does not collect and publish usage statistics itself and there are few other sources so popul ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Uses

Political campaigning is regulated, and the regulations have become more restrictive over time (see campaign finance reform). For example, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 regulates the purchase of TV and radio advertising that identifies a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or nominating convention, or 60 days of a general election. Supporters of the regulations say that the restrictions are necessary ...

See also:

Censorship in the United States, Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship, Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns, Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security, Censorship in the United States - Pornography, Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software, Censorship in the United States - Libel, Censorship in the United States - Censorship in the past, Censorship in the United States - Rating systems and industry self-regulation, Censorship in the United States - Related techniques of suppression, Censorship in the United States - Free speech advocates

Read more here: » Censorship in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns