Daniel J. Bernstein

In the autumn of 2004, Bernstein began teaching one of the first formal university-level courses about computer software security, titled "UNIX Security Holes". The 16 members of the class discovered 91 new UNIX security holes. Bernstein, long a promoter of the idea that full disclosure is the best method to promote software security and founder of the securesoftware mailing list, publicly announced 44 of them with sample exploit code. This received some pre ...

See also:

Daniel J. Bernstein, Daniel J. Bernstein - Software security, Daniel J. Bernstein - Mathematics

Read more here: » Daniel J. Bernstein: Encyclopedia II - Daniel J. Bernstein - Software security

DAEMON Tools is a proprietary disk image emulator for CD/DVD-ROMs able to mount CD images in virtual drives. The program is able to emulate most copy prevention schemes. This software is available for the Microsoft Windows operating system. DAEMON Tools was originally a further development of another program, Generic Safedisc emulator and Daemon tools incorporates all of its features. DAEMON Tools is currently being developed and distributed by DAEMON's Home and is free for non-commercial purposes. T ...

Including:

• DAEMON Tools - Uses
• DAEMON Tools - Potential for copyright infringement

Read more here: » DAEMON Tools: Encyclopedia - DAEMON Tools

Cryptography List of cryptographers - Pre-computer. Charles Babbage, UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the Crimean War, secretly developed an effective attack against polyalphabetic substitution ciphers. His development was published independently a few years later by Friedrich Kasiski, a Prussian officer. Babbage also designed, and had partially built, the first programmable digital computer, the Analytical Engine. He first designed and had partially bui ...

Including:

• List of cryptographers - Pre-19th century
• List of cryptographers - Pre-computer
• List of cryptographers - Modern
• List of cryptographers - External link

Read more here: » List of cryptographers: Encyclopedia - List of cryptographers

djbdns comprises: six servers: dnscache -- the local dns resolver and cache. tinydns -- a database-driven dns server. walldns -- a "reverse DNS wall", providing IP to domain name lookup only. rbldns -- a server designed for dns blacklisting service. pickdns -- a database-driven server that chooses from matching records depending on the requester's location. (This feature is now a standard part of tinydns.) axfrdns -- a zone-transfer server. a number of cl ...

See also:

Djbdns, Djbdns - The components of djbdns, Djbdns - Copyright status

Read more here: » Djbdns: Encyclopedia II - Djbdns - The components of djbdns

Like other disk image emulators, using DAEMON Tools means a user does not have to swap discs to run different programs, which also reduces scratching of the disc. It is useful for those who purchased software, but either lost or damaged the disc, to still be able to use that program. It can also be used to access software distributed as a disk image (drivers, support files, archives, etc) without the need to burn a physical CD/DVD. This is somewhat similar to how .dmg files are used in Mac OS X. Several disk images can be loaded at once, which can be useful for installing or using software which ships on multiple discs and requir ...

See also:

DAEMON Tools, DAEMON Tools - Uses, DAEMON Tools - Potential for copyright infringement

Read more here: » DAEMON Tools: Encyclopedia II - DAEMON Tools - Uses

OpenBSD is well-known for its security focus and track record. Until June 2002, the OpenBSD website featured the slogan: "No remote hole in the default install, in nearly 6 years." In June 2002, Internet Security Systems discovered a bug in the OpenSSH code implementing challenge-response authentication[16]. This was the first and, so far, only vulnerability discovered in the OpenBSD default installation which allowed an attack ...

See also:

OpenBSD, OpenBSD - History, OpenBSD - The POSSE project, OpenBSD - Adaptec and open documentation, OpenBSD - Here and now, OpenBSD - Releases, OpenBSD - Uses, OpenBSD - Ports and packages, OpenBSD - Security, OpenBSD - API and build changes, OpenBSD - Memory protection, OpenBSD - Cryptography and randomisation, OpenBSD - Other features, OpenBSD - Licensing, OpenBSD - Audit, OpenBSD - XFree86, OpenBSD - Highlights, OpenBSD - Distribution and marketing, OpenBSD - Hackathons, OpenBSD - Books, OpenBSD - Notes and references

Read more here: » OpenBSD: Encyclopedia II - OpenBSD - Security

To operate a DNSBL requires three things: a domain to host it under, a nameserver for that domain, and a list of addresses to publish. It is possible to serve a DNSBL using BIND, the popular DNS software. However, BIND is inefficient for zones containing large numbers of addresses, particularly DNSBLs which list entire Classless Inter-Domain Routing netblocks. DNSBL-specific software—such as Michael J. Tokarev's rbldnsd or Daniel J. Bernstein's rbldns—is faster, uses less memory, and is easier to configure than the general-purpose ...

See also:

DNSBL, DNSBL - History of DNSBLs, DNSBL - DNSBL Operation, DNSBL - DNSBL Queries, DNSBL - DNSBL Policies, DNSBL - Terminology, DNSBL - Criticisms

Read more here: » DNSBL: Encyclopedia II - DNSBL - DNSBL Operation

The most well-known examples of licence-free software are various packages written by Daniel J. Bernstein (although other authors, such as William Baxter, have followed in his footsteps), notably qmail, djbdns, daemontools, and ucspi-tcp. These are all copyrighted and distributed by Bernstein. Bernstein writes on his page about software users' rights, "If you think you need a li ...

See also:

License-free software, License-free software - Examples of Licence-Free Software, License-free software - What users can do with Licence-Free Software, License-free software - Difficulties with Licence-Free Software

Read more here: » License-free software: Encyclopedia II - License-free software - Examples of Licence-Free Software

When an application (such as a web browser) tries to find the IP address of a domain name, it doesn't necessarily follow all of the steps outlined in the Theory section above. We will first look at the concept of caching, then outline the operation of DNS in "the real world". Domain Name System - Caching and time to live. Because of the huge volume of requests generated by a system like the DNS, the designers wished to provide a mechanism to reduce the load on individual DNS servers. The mechanism d ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS in practice

There is some controversy among mail system operators over whether qmail is as standards-compliant as its author claims. Critics allege a number of variations from the SMTP standards, some of which they claim make qmail more vulnerable to certain kinds of abuse than other MTAs. [1] Others counter many of these claims by pointing out that the standards are ambiguous, and in some cases are at variance with subsequent established best practice and thus unreasonable to be ...

See also:

Qmail, Qmail - Copyright status, Qmail - Controversy

Read more here: » Qmail: Encyclopedia II - Qmail - Controversy

The mbox family comprises four main different and incompatible formats, mboxo, mboxrd, mboxcl, and mboxcl2. The naming scheme was developed by Daniel J. Bernstein, Rahul Dhesi, and others in 1996. Each originated from a different versions of Unix. Whilst mboxcl and mboxcl2 originated from the file format used by Unix System V Release 4 mail tools and mboxrd was invented by Rahul Dhesi et al. as a rationalisation of mboxo and subsequently adopted by some U ...

See also:

Mbox, Mbox - File format, Mbox - Family, Mbox - Modified mbox, Mbox - File locking issue, Mbox - Limitations, Mbox - Example

Read more here: » Mbox: Encyclopedia II - Mbox - Family

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates "indecent" free-to-air broadcasting. It can issue fines if, for example, the broadcaster employs certain swear words. Radio personality Howard Stern has been a frequent target of fines. This led to his leaving broadcast radio and signing on with Sirius Satellite Radio in 2004. The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy increased the political pressure on the FCC to vigorously police the airwaves. In addition, Congress increased ...

See also:

Censorship in the United States, Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship, Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns, Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security, Censorship in the United States - Pornography, Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software, Censorship in the United States - Libel, Censorship in the United States - Censorship in the past, Censorship in the United States - Rating systems and industry self-regulation, Censorship in the United States - Related techniques of suppression, Censorship in the United States - Free speech advocates

Read more here: » Censorship in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship

The courts have ruled that the First Amendment protects "indecent" pornography from regulation, but not "obscene" pornography. Enforcement of federal obscenity laws has increased under the Bush administration. People convicted of distributing "obscene" pornography face long prison terms and asset forfeiture. In 1996, Congress passed the Communications Decency Act, with the aim of restricting Internet pornography. Court rulings have struck down much of the law, however. A widely publicized case from 1990 was that of Robert Mapplethorpe's photography at a Cincinnati arts cener. The show resulted in the ...

See also:

Censorship in the United States, Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship, Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns, Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security, Censorship in the United States - Pornography, Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software, Censorship in the United States - Libel, Censorship in the United States - Censorship in the past, Censorship in the United States - Rating systems and industry self-regulation, Censorship in the United States - Related techniques of suppression, Censorship in the United States - Free speech advocates

Read more here: » Censorship in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Censorship in the United States - Pornography

The export of cryptography software is regulated as a munition under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, although in recent years the regulations have relaxed, due in part to industry lobbying. Daniel J. Bernstein challenged the regulations (see Bernstein v. United States) on First Amendment grounds, and won his case, but some regulations remain. See also export of cryptography. ...

See also:

Censorship in the United States, Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship, Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns, Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security, Censorship in the United States - Pornography, Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software, Censorship in the United States - Libel, Censorship in the United States - Censorship in the past, Censorship in the United States - Rating systems and industry self-regulation, Censorship in the United States - Related techniques of suppression, Censorship in the United States - Free speech advocates

Read more here: » Censorship in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software

The first DNSBL was the Real-time Blackhole List (RBL), created in 1997 by Paul Vixie as part of his Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS). Vixie, an influential Internet programmer and administrator, encouraged the authors of sendmail and other mail software to implement RBL clients. These allowed the mail software to query the RBL and reject mail from listed sites. However, the purpose of the RBL was not simply to block spam—it was to educate Internet service providers and other Internet sites about spam and related problems, such as open ...

See also:

DNSBL, DNSBL - History of DNSBLs, DNSBL - DNSBL Operation, DNSBL - DNSBL Queries, DNSBL - DNSBL Policies, DNSBL - Terminology, DNSBL - Criticisms

Read more here: » DNSBL: Encyclopedia II - DNSBL - History of DNSBLs

Various flavors of DNS software implement the DNS, including: BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) – full featured, most popular, de facto Internet standard djbdns (Daniel J. Bernstein's DNS) – composed of several small-footprint components DNSone - (Infoblox) MaraDNS - small-footprint IPControl (International Network Services) VitalQIP (Lucent Technologies) Adonis DNS Management Appliance (BlueCat Networks Inc) NSD (Name Server Daemon) – small footprint, UDP o ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - DNS software

The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP, all the way back to the ARPAnet era. Originally, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from SRI (now SRI International) which mapped an address (eg. 192.0.34.166) to a name (eg. www.example.com.) The Hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems either by default or through configuration and allows users to specify an IP Address to use for a hostname without checking ...

See also:

Domain Name System, Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS, Domain Name System - How the DNS works in theory, Domain Name System - Actors, Domain Name System - Understanding the parts of a domain name, Domain Name System - An example of theoretical DNS recursion, Domain Name System - Understanding domain registration and glue records, Domain Name System - DNS in practice, Domain Name System - Caching and time to live, Domain Name System - Caching time, Domain Name System - DNS in the real world, Domain Name System - Other DNS applications, Domain Name System - Standards, Domain Name System - Types of DNS records, Domain Name System - Internationalized domain names, Domain Name System - DNS software, Domain Name System - Legal users of domains, Domain Name System - Registrant, Domain Name System - Administrative contact, Domain Name System - Technical contact, Domain Name System - Billing contact, Domain Name System - Name servers, Domain Name System - Politics, Domain Name System - Truth in Domain Names Act

Read more here: » Domain Name System: Encyclopedia II - Domain Name System - A brief history of the DNS

mbox is a generic term for a family of related file formats used for holding collections of electronic mail messages. All messages in an mbox mailbox are concatenated and stored in a single file. The beginning of each message is indicated by a line whose first five characters are "From " and a blank line is appended to the end of each message. For a while, the mbox format was popular because text processing tools can be readily used on the plain text file ...

See also:

Mbox, Mbox - File format, Mbox - Family, Mbox - Modified mbox, Mbox - File locking issue, Mbox - Limitations, Mbox - Example

Read more here: » Mbox: Encyclopedia II - Mbox - File format

On his page about software users' rights Bernstein explains his belief that under the terms of copyright law itself, software users are always allowed to modify software for their own personal use, regardless of licence agreements. He says "As long as you're not distributing the software, you have nothing to worry about.". He also says that software users are allowed to back up, to compile, and to run the software that they possess. He further says that "since it's not copyright infringement for you to apply a patch, ...

See also:

License-free software, License-free software - Examples of Licence-Free Software, License-free software - What users can do with Licence-Free Software, License-free software - Difficulties with Licence-Free Software

Read more here: » License-free software: Encyclopedia II - License-free software - What users can do with Licence-Free Software

The government heavily censored reporting during World War II, but since that time war censorship has been relatively light. One controversy was the failed attempt to prevent the publication of the Pentagon Papers during the Vietnam War. In 1979, the magazine The Progressive was sued by the U.S. government (United States v. The Progressive, Inc.) and temporarily blocked from publishing an article that purported to reveal the "secret" of the hydrogen bomb. The article was eventually published. Under the Invention Secrecy Act of 1951 and the Atomic Energ ...

See also:

Censorship in the United States, Censorship in the United States - Broadcast media censorship, Censorship in the United States - Restrictions on political campaigns, Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security, Censorship in the United States - Pornography, Censorship in the United States - Cryptography software, Censorship in the United States - Libel, Censorship in the United States - Censorship in the past, Censorship in the United States - Rating systems and industry self-regulation, Censorship in the United States - Related techniques of suppression, Censorship in the United States - Free speech advocates

Read more here: » Censorship in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Censorship in the United States - War reporting and national security