Damascus

1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). As MAD Magazine pointed out on its cover for the March issue, this was the first "upside-up" year—i.e., one that looked the same upside down—since 1881, and the last until 6009. 1961 - Events. 1961 - January. January 1 - The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom. January 3 - President Dwight Eisenhower ...

Including:

• 1961 - Events
• 1961 - January
• 1961 - February
• 1961 - March
• 1961 - April
• 1961 - May
• 1961 - June
• 1961 - July
• 1961 - August
• 1961 - September
• 1961 - October-November
• 1961 - December
• 1961 - Unknown dates
• 1961 - Births
• 1961 - January
• 1961 - February
• 1961 - March
• 1961 - April
• 1961 - May
• 1961 - June
• 1961 - July
• 1961 - August
• 1961 - September-November
• 1961 - October
• 1961 - November
• 1961 - December
• 1961 - Deaths
• 1961 - January
• 1961 - February
• 1961 - March
• 1961 - April
• 1961 - May
• 1961 - June
• 1961 - July
• 1961 - August
• 1961 - September
• 1961 - October
• 1961 - November
• 1961 - December
• 1961 - Unknown date
• 1961 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1961: Encyclopedia - 1961

This article concerns the Assyrian people. For their ancient empire, see Assyria. United States and Canada:    300,000 (est.) CIS:    64,000 (est.) Europe:    93,000 (est.) Australia, New Zealand and Others:    150,000 (est.) Assyrians are a Syriac-speaking Semitic minority inhabiting northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran, some of whom are also identified ...

Including:

• Assyrian people - Language
• Assyrian people - Neo-Aramaic Koine
• Assyrian people - Assyrians and Islam
• Assyrian people - Ottoman Assyrians
• Assyrian people - Late Ottoman massacres and other issues
• Assyrian people - Assyrian Diaspora
• Assyrian people - Assyrians in Iraq
• Assyrian people - Neo-Assyrian revival
• Assyrian people - Assyrian denominations

Read more here: » Assyrian people: Encyclopedia - Assyrian people

In Muslim history Bilal ibn Ribah (Arabic: بلال بن رباح) was an Ethiopian born in Mecca in the late 6th century, whom Muhammad chose as his muezzin. He was among the slaves freed by Abu Bakr and was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers. His name can also be spelled as, "Bilal ibn Riyah" or "ibn Rabah" and he is sometimes known as "Bilal al-Habashi" or "Bilal the Ethiopian". He died 638 - 642 when he was just over sixty years old. Bilal ibn Ribah - Early life. ...

Including:

• Bilal ibn Ribah - Early life
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Genealogy
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Life as a slave
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Living with Muhammad
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Adhan
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Migration
• Bilal ibn Ribah - After Muhammad
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Sunni view
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Shi'a view
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Death
• Bilal ibn Ribah - Legacy

Read more here: » Bilal ibn Ribah: Encyclopedia - Bilal ibn Ribah

This article describes the positions of world governments prior to the actual initiation of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and not their current positions as they may have changed since then. Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background. In 2002, the United States began to campaign for the overthrow of Iraq's dictatorial president, Saddam Hussein. The United States, under the administration of George W. Bush, argued that Saddam Hussein was a threat to global peace, a vicious tyrant, and a sponsor of i ...

Including:

• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Varying levels of support
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Countries supporting the U.S. position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Australia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Opposing U.S. Position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Americas
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Africa
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - New Zealand
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Neutral unclear
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Ireland
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Taiwan
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Solomon Islands

Read more here: » Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq: Encyclopedia - Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq

The Rosicrucian Order is a legendary and secretive Order dating from the 15th or 17th century. It generally is associated with the symbol of the Rose Cross, which is also found in certain rituals beyond "Craft" or "Blue Lodge" Freemasonry. The Rosicrucian Order is viewed among earlier and many modern Rosicrucianists as an inner worlds Order, comprised of great "Adepts." When compared to human beings, the consciousness of these Adepts is like that of demi-gods. This "College of Invisibles" is regarded as the source permanently b ...

Including:

• Rosicrucian - Origins
• Rosicrucian - History
• Rosicrucian - Influence on Freemasonry
• Rosicrucian - Rose Cross: Alchemy and Divine Sciences of Healing & of the Stars
• Rosicrucian - The Manifestos
• Rosicrucian - Modern groups
• Rosicrucian - Esoteric Christianity groups vs. Para-Masonic groups
• Rosicrucian - List of 'Para-Masonic' groups
• Rosicrucian - List of 'Esoteric Christianity' groups
• Rosicrucian - Reference literature

Read more here: » Rosicrucian: Encyclopedia - Rosicrucian

Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by a group of Iranian people speaking Indo-Iranian languages, known as the Scythians. The location and extent of Scythia varied over time, from the Altai region where Mongolia, China, Russia, and Kazakhstan come together, across South of Ukraine to the lower Danube river area, Bulgaria and Georgia. The Saka were Asian Scythians and were known as Sai (Character: ...

Including:

• Scythia - Etymology
• Scythia - Scythian society
• Scythia - History
• Scythia - Overview
• Scythia - Scythians in Classical sources
• Scythia - Scythians in the Bible
• Scythia - Peoples claimed to be Scythian
• Scythia - Pazyryk culture
• Scythia - Scythian Gelonus Belsk
• Scythia - The Ryzhanovka kurgan
• Scythia - Scythian gold
• Scythia - Sakas
• Scythia - Indo-Scythians
• Scythia - Scythians and China
• Scythia - The genetic argument
• Scythia - The idea of Scythia

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The 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on March 20, consisting primarily of United States and United Kingdom forces; 98% of the forces came from these two countries, although numerous other nations also participated. The 2003 Iraq invasion marked the beginning of what is commonly referred to as the Iraq War. Iraq's elite Republican Guard units were defeated April 2, and Baghdad fell on April 9th, 2003. On May 1, 2003, U.S. president George W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations, terminating the Ba'ath Party's rule and removing I ...

Including:

• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Political and diplomatic aspects
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Military aspects
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Prelude
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Rationale
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Weapons of mass destruction
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Sanctions
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Human Rights
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Libyan disarmament
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Purported links between the government of Iraq and terrorist organizations
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Legitimacy and legality
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Invasion legitimacy
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Countries supporting and opposing the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Legality of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Opposition view of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Opening attack
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Special Operations
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Fall of Baghdad April 2003
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Other areas
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Summary of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Security looting and war damage
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - End of major combat operations May 2003
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Deaths
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Related propaganda and phrases
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Media coverage
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Veterans Organizations

Read more here: » 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Encyclopedia - 2003 Invasion of Iraq

(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 8th century BC - Overview. 8th century BC - Events. Assyria conquers Damascus and Samaria Nineveh destroyed (789 BC) First recorded Olympic Games held in Greece (776 BC) Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang (771 BC); The Spring and Autumn Period (771-481 BC) began. According to tradition, Rome founded (753 BC, 21 April) Destruction of the Kingdom of Israel by Assyrian ...

Including:

• 8th century BC - Overview
• 8th century BC - Events
• 8th century BC - Significant persons
• 8th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

Read more here: » 8th century BC: Encyclopedia - 8th century BC

(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 9th century BC - Overview. 9th century BC - Events. Kingdom of Kush (900 BC) Battle of Karkar (853 BC) - An indecisive engagement between Assyrian king Shalmaneser II and a military alliance of the king of Damascus and lesser powers including the prince of Tyre Carthage founded by Phoenicians (813 BC) Beginning of the Iron Age in Central Europe, spread of the Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture< ...

Including:

• 9th century BC - Overview
• 9th century BC - Events
• 9th century BC - Significant persons
• 9th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

Read more here: » 9th century BC: Encyclopedia - 9th century BC

Ahaz (אחז המלך Hebrew "has held", short form of Jehoahaz: "God has held") was king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 735 BC-715 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates 732 BC-716 BC. His reign is described in 2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7-9; and 2 Chronicles 28. He is said to have given himself up to a life of wickedness, introducing many pagan and idolatrous customs (Isa. 8:19; 38:8; 2 Kings 23:12). He ignored the remonstrances and warnings of the prophets Isa ...

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The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (Hebrew: מלחמת יום הכיפורים; transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום כיפור Milkhemet Yom Kipur; Arabic: حرب أكتوبر; transliterated: Harb October or حرب تشرين transliterated: Harb Tishrin), also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, was fought from October 6 (the day of Yom Kippur) to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Egypt and Syria. The War began with a surprise joi ...

Including:

• Yom Kippur War - Background
• Yom Kippur War - Causes
• Yom Kippur War - Events leading up to the War
• Yom Kippur War - Lead up to the surprise attack
• Yom Kippur War - Lack of an Israeli pre-emptive attack
• Yom Kippur War - The War
• Yom Kippur War - In the Sinai
• Yom Kippur War - On the Golan Heights
• Yom Kippur War - At sea
• Yom Kippur War - Participation by other Arab states
• Yom Kippur War - Armaments
• Yom Kippur War - The cease-fire and immediate aftermath
• Yom Kippur War - Egypt's trapped Third Army
• Yom Kippur War - Nuclear alert
• Yom Kippur War - Northern front de-escalation
• Yom Kippur War - Post-cease-fire negotiations
• Yom Kippur War - Long-term effects of the war
• Yom Kippur War - Fallout in Israel
• Yom Kippur War - Camp David Accords
• Yom Kippur War - Commemorations
• Yom Kippur War - Notes

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Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. It has been the language of administration of empires and the language of divine worship. It is the original language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud. Aramaic is believed to have been the language spoken by Jesus, and it is still spoken today as a first language by numerous small communities. Aramaic belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Within that diverse family, it belongs to the Semitic subfamil ...

Including:

• Aramaic language - Geographic distribution
• Aramaic language - Aramaic languages and dialects
• Aramaic language - Writing system
• Aramaic language - History
• Aramaic language - Old Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Ancient Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Imperial Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Late Old Eastern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Late Old Western Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Eastern Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Western Middle Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Eastern Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Modern Western Aramaic
• Aramaic language - Sounds
• Aramaic language - Vowels
• Aramaic language - Consonants
• Aramaic language - Historical sound changes
• Aramaic language - Grammar
• Aramaic language - Background
• Aramaic language - Writing systems
• Aramaic language - Historical forms
• Aramaic language - Literature
• Aramaic language - Modern Aramaic languages

Read more here: » Aramaic language: Encyclopedia - Aramaic language

A Sramana (Sramati tapasyatiti Sramanah) is one who performs acts of mortification or austerity. According to the definition, a being is himself responsible for his own deeds. Salvation, therefore, can be achieved by anybody irrespective of caste, creed, color or culture. The Cycle of Rebirth to which every individual is subjected is viewed as the cause and substratum of misery. The goal of every person is to evolve a way to escape from the cycle of rebirth, namely by discounting ritual as a means of a emancipation and establishing fr ...

Including:

• Sramana - Etymology
• Sramana - Sramana Movement
• Sramana - Sramana Teachings and Schools
• Sramana - Sramanas in Western litterature
• Sramana - Nicolaus of Damascus c.10 CE
• Sramana - Clement of Alexandria 150-211
• Sramana - Porphyry 233-305
• Sramana - Notes

Read more here: » Sramana: Encyclopedia - Sramana

The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexander's empire. There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 60 BC. Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC. Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without adult heir. Therefore his generals ...

Including:

• Seleucid Empire - The partition of Alexander's empire 323-281 BC
• Seleucid Empire - An overextended domain
• Seleucid Empire - Greco-Bactrian secession 250 BC
• Seleucid Empire - Parthian secession 250 BC
• Seleucid Empire - Eclipse and revival
• Seleucid Empire - The power of Rome and renewed disintegration
• Seleucid Empire - Civil war and further decay
• Seleucid Empire - Collapse of the Seleucid Empire
• Seleucid Empire - Seleucid rulers
• Seleucid Empire - In modern media

Read more here: » Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia - Seleucid Empire

33°30' N 36°18' E The Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية) or Syria (Arabic: سوريا) is a country in the Middle East. It borders Lebanon to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north. Israel occupies the Golan Heights in the southwest of the country; a dispute with Turkey over the Hatay Province now seems to have subsided. Historically, Syria has often been taken to include the terri ...

Including:

• Syria - Name
• Syria - History
• Syria - French occupation
• Syria - Independence to 1970
• Syria - 1970 to 2005
• Syria - 2000 to 2005
• Syria - The events from 2005
• Syria - Politics
• Syria - Government
• Syria - Governorates
• Syria - Geography
• Syria - Economy
• Syria - Demographics
• Syria - Culture
• Syria - Holidays
• Syria - Fairs and festivals
• Syria - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Syria: Encyclopedia - Syria

1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). 1926 - Events. 1926 - January-April. January 1 - Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting. January 1, Turkey switches to the Gregorian calendar after reforms set by Kamal Ataturk January 8 - Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz January 12 - Freeman Gosden and Charles ...

Including:

• 1926 - Events
• 1926 - January-April
• 1926 - May-July
• 1926 - August-October
• 1926 - November-December
• 1926 - Unknown dates
• 1926 - Births
• 1926 - January
• 1926 - February
• 1926 - March
• 1926 - April
• 1926 - May
• 1926 - June
• 1926 - July
• 1926 - August
• 1926 - September
• 1926 - October
• 1926 - November
• 1926 - December
• 1926 - Deaths
• 1926 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1926: Encyclopedia - 1926

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War is referred to as the "War of Independence" (Hebrew: מלחמת העצמאות) or as the "War of Liberation" (Hebrew: מלחמת השחרור) by Israelis. For Palestinians, the war marked the beginning of the events referred to as "The Catastrophe" ("al Nakba," Arabic: النكبة ). It was the first in a series of wars in the Arab-Israeli conflict. It established the state of Israel as an independent state, dividing the remaining areas of the British Mandate of Palestine into areas co ...

Including:

• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Background
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The Great Arab Revolt and Its Aftermath
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Yishuv/British Security and Intelligence Collaboration
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The End of Colonial Rule
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Amin al-Husayni
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second phase: April 1 1948 - May 15 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Third phase: May 15 1948 - June 11 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First truce: June 11 1948 - July 8 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fourth phase: July 8 1948 - July 18 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second truce: July 18 1948 - October 15 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fifth phase: October 15 1948 - July 20 1949
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Aftermath
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - 1949 Armistice Agreements
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Casualties
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Demographic outcome
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Footnotes

Read more here: » 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Encyclopedia - 1948 Arab-Israeli War

The city of Acre (Hebrew עַכּוֹ, Standard Hebrew ʻAkko, Tiberian Hebrew ʻAkkô; Arabic عكّا ʻAkkā ▶ (help·info); also Accho, Acco, and St.-Jean d'Acre), is in Western Galilee in the North District, Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2003 the city had a total population of 45,600. It stands on a low promontory at the northern extremity of the Bay of Acr ...

Including:

• Acre Israel - Notable sights and places in Acre
• Acre Israel - The walls
• Acre Israel - The Great Mosque
• Acre Israel - Hamam al Basha
• Acre Israel - The citadel
• Acre Israel - The Knights' Halls
• Acre Israel - History
• Acre Israel - The Greek and Roman periods
• Acre Israel - Arab rule and the Crusades
• Acre Israel - Ottoman rule
• Acre Israel - The British Mandate
• Acre Israel - Israeli rule

Read more here: » Acre Israel: Encyclopedia - Acre Israel

Beirut (Arabic: بيروت, transliterated Bayrūt - the French name, Beyrouth, was also commonly used in English in the past) is the capital, largest city and chief seaport of Lebanon. Beirut is the home of about 1.8 million people (2.1 million if the surrounding metropolitan areas are included), and is the commercial, banking and financial center of the region. Beirut was known as "The Paris of the East" prior to the civil war because of its cosmopolitan atmosphere. Th ...

Including:

• Beirut - Religion
• Beirut - Colleges and Universities
• Beirut - Geography
• Beirut - Transportation
• Beirut - Tourism
• Beirut - History
• Beirut - Reference
• Beirut - Movies/Documentary

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Christianity and world religions appear to share some elements. In a look at Christianity's relationship with other world religions, this article investigates the differences and similiarities of Christianity to other religions. Christianity and world religions - Relationship with Judaism. See also Comparing and contrasting Judaism and Christianity and Judeo-Christian Historically, the relationship between Judaism and Christianity has been strained, to say the least. In the past, ...

Including:

• Christianity and world religions - Relationship with Judaism
• Christianity and world religions - Possible relationship with Zoroastrianism through Judaism
• Christianity and world religions - Relationship with Paganism
• Christianity and world religions - Relationship with Mithraism
• Christianity and world religions - Relationship with Islam
• Christianity and world religions - Relationship with the Bahá'í Faith
• Christianity and world religions - Relations with other faiths
• Christianity and world religions - Sociological Aspects
• Christianity and world religions - Syncretism
• Christianity and world religions - Notes

Read more here: » Christianity and world religions: Encyclopedia - Christianity and world religions

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as the largest and deadliest war in human history. The war was fought between the Axis Powers and the Allies. The Axis initially consisted of an alliance between Germany and Italy, which later expanded to include Japan and Eastern European countries such as Romania and Bulgaria. Some of the nations that Germany conquered sent military forces, particularly to the Eastern front. Among the expeditionary ...

Including:

• World War II - Causes
• World War II - Participants
• World War II - Chronology
• World War II - A debated starting date
• World War II - 1937: Second Sino-Japanese War
• World War II - 1939: War breaks out in Europe
• World War II - 1940: The war spreads
• World War II - 1941: The war becomes global
• World War II - 1942: Deadlock
• World War II - 1943: The war turns
• World War II - 1944: The beginning of the end
• World War II - 1945: The end of the war
• World War II - Resistance
• World War II - The Home fronts
• World War II - Technologies
• World War II - Civilian impact & atrocities
• World War II - Genocide
• World War II - Concentration camps labour camps and internment
• World War II - War crimes and attacks on civilians
• World War II - Aftermath
• World War II - Casualties
• World War II - A world in ruins
• World War II - United Nations
• World War II - The Cold War begins
• World War II - Main articles
• World War II - Media

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The term Circassians is term derived from the Turkic Cherkess, and is not the self-designation of any people. It has sometimes been applied indiscriminately to all the peoples of the North Caucasus. More commonly it has referred to all the peoples of the Northwest Caucasus: the Adyghe (inhabitants of Circassia), the Abkhaz, and the vanished Ubykh, to the exclusion of the eastern Chechens and the peoples of Dagestan. Various communities of Caucasian origin living in the Middle East, notably Syria, are known as Circassians, and a suburb of Damascus settled by these people is called Al-Tcharkassiyya. Most sp ...

Read more here: » Circassians: Encyclopedia - Circassians