Częstochowa

Częstochowa (pronounced: [ʧε̃stɔ:xɔva]) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodship (1975-1998). The town is known for the famous Paulite monastery of Jasna Góra that is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. Ther ...

Including:

• Częstochowa - City name
• Częstochowa - History
• Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s
• Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s
• Częstochowa - 1800s
• Częstochowa - 1900s
• Częstochowa - Tourism
• Częstochowa - Education
• Częstochowa - Sports
• Częstochowa - Politics
• Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

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Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s. The village of Częstochowa was founded in 11th century. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from 1220. In 1382 the Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded. Two years later the monastery received its famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary and in subsequent years became a center of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Before 1377 Częstochowa received a town charter, which was later changed to the Magdeburg Law in 1502. See also:

Częstochowa, Częstochowa - City name, Częstochowa - History, Częstochowa - 1200s-1500s, Częstochowa - 1600s-1700s, Częstochowa - 1800s, Częstochowa - 1900s, Częstochowa - Tourism, Częstochowa - Education, Częstochowa - Sports, Częstochowa - Politics, Częstochowa - Częstochowa constituency

Read more here: » Częstochowa: Encyclopedia II - Częstochowa - History

Kraków (pronounced: ['krakuf]; variant English spelling Cracow; in full Royal Capital City of Kraków, Polish: Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków, see also Names of European cities in different languages) is one of the oldest and largest cities of Poland, with a 2004 population of 760,000 (1.2 million, counting adjacent communities). This historic city is situated on the Vistula (Wisła) River at the foot of Wawel Hill in the southerly region of Little Poland (Małopolska). It is the capital of ...

Including:

• Kraków - Modern landmarks
• Kraków - Historic districts
• Kraków - Administrative districts
• Kraków - History
• Kraków - Medieval
• Kraków - Renaissance
• Kraków - Decline
• Kraków - After the partition of Poland
• Kraków - 20th century
• Kraków - Politics
• Kraków - Kraków constituency
• Kraków - Education
• Kraków - Culture
• Kraków - Kraków by Night
• Kraków - Sports
• Kraków - Sons and daughters of the city

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Wrocław, ([:vrɔʦwaf], German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). As of 2004, the city's population was estimated to be 638,000. It is the principal city of the Lower Silesia region and the administrative seat of the Lower Silesian Voivodship (since 1999), previously of Wrocław Voivo ...

Including:

• Wrocław - City's name
• Wrocław - History
• Wrocław - Significant events in the 20th century
• Wrocław - Historical population
• Wrocław - Administrative division
• Wrocław - Prominent people from Wrocław
• Wrocław - Nobel Prize laureates from Wrocław
• Wrocław - Education
• Wrocław - Economy and transportation
• Wrocław - Economy
• Wrocław - Major corporations
• Wrocław - Politics
• Wrocław - Wrocław constituency
• Wrocław - Municipal politics
• Wrocław - Sports
• Wrocław - Men's professional teams
• Wrocław - Women's professional teams
• Wrocław - Amateur teams
• Wrocław - Notable places and buildings
• Wrocław - Books

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A Black Madonna (also, Black Virgin) is a statue or painting of Mary in which she is depicted as having black skin. Hundreds of them exist in southern France alone. Black Madonna - Theories about the Black Madonnas. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Madonnas were not meant to represent a black-skinned Mary, but rather they are black simply because of the wood or stone they were carved from, or that smoke from candles and incense have turned them black. In many European languages, espec ...

Including:

• Black Madonna - Theories about the Black Madonnas
• Black Madonna - Specific Black Madonnas
• Black Madonna - The Black Madonna of Częstochowa
• Black Madonna - Other examples of Black Madonnas

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Warta (Latin: Varta, German: Warthe) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometers it is the country's third longest river. Warta has a basin area of 54,529. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski). It flows out of Upper Silesia (the Silesian Voivodship) near Zawiercie, flows through Lodz Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land where it empties into river Oder near Kostrzyn. It is connected ...

Including:

• Warta River - Cities
• Warta River - Right tributaries
• Warta River - Left tributaries

Read more here: » Warta River: Encyclopedia - Warta River

A pilgrimage is a term primarily used in religion and spirituality of a long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim. Secular and civic pilgrimages are also practiced, without regard for religion but rather of importance to a particular society. For example, many people throughout the world travel to the City of Wa ...

Including:

• Pilgrimage - Antiquity
• Pilgrimage - Bahá'í Faith
• Pilgrimage - Buddhism
• Pilgrimage - Christianity
• Pilgrimage - Hinduism
• Pilgrimage - Islam
• Pilgrimage - Hajj
• Pilgrimage - Ziarah
• Pilgrimage - Jainism
• Pilgrimage - Judaism

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On May 1, 1944, the Szare Szeregi had 8 359 members. Initially only the elder scouts (Senior Scouts, Senior Guides, Rovers and Rangers) 17 and up were admitted. However, soon the number of younger children admitted grew and in 1942 the new structure was adopted, based mostly on the pre-war structure of the ZHP. Szare Szeregi - Zawisza - ages 12-14. The troops organised for children between 12 and 14 years of age were code-named after Zawisza Czarny, a famous Polish mediæval knight and diplomat. The troops ...

See also:

Szare Szeregi, Szare Szeregi - Code-name, Szare Szeregi - Principles, Szare Szeregi - Structure, Szare Szeregi - Internal structure, Szare Szeregi - Zawisza - ages 12-14, Szare Szeregi - Bojowe Szkoły - ages 15-17, Szare Szeregi - Grupy Szturmowe - ages 17 and up, Szare Szeregi - External link

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Bielsko-Biała - Bielsko-Biała constituency. Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Bielsko-Biała constituency Falfus Jacek, PiS Kobielusz Antoni, SLD-UP Płonka Edward, PO Smolana Piotr, Samoobrona Sztwiertnia Jan, SLD-UP Szwarc Jan, SLD-UP Tomczykiewicz Tomasz, PO Zadora Stanisław, LPR ...

See also:

Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biała - Education, Bielsko-Biała - Politics, Bielsko-Biała - Bielsko-Biała constituency, Bielsko-Biała - Famous people from Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biała - Sports, Bielsko-Biała - History

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Battle of Mokra - Eve of the Battle. According to the Polish mobilization scheme, the main task of the Łódź Army was to secure the connection between the Kraków Army operating in Silesia and Lesser Poland and the Poznań Army defending Greater Poland. It was also to cover the mobilization of a reserve Prusy Army behind the Polish lines. Because of that, the main purpose of the army was to gain time and offer delaying actions and harsh resistance i ...

See also:

Battle of Mokra, Battle of Mokra - Details, Battle of Mokra - Eve of the Battle, Battle of Mokra - Battle, Battle of Mokra - Assault, Battle of Mokra - Counter-attack and the Charge, Battle of Mokra - Final struggles, Battle of Mokra - Aftermath, Battle of Mokra - Casualties, Battle of Mokra - Reference, Battle of Mokra - External link

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History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572

List of cathedrals - Hong Kong. St John's Cathedral (聖約翰座堂) (The Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (香港聖公會) (Hong Kong Anglican Church (Episcopalian)) Immaculate Conception Cathedral, (聖母無原罪主教座堂) (Catholic) Roman Catholic Cathedral The Cathedral of St Luke the Evangelist (Russian Orthodox) List of cathedrals - Macau. A Sé Catedral (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Esperança de São Lázaro) (Catholic) See also:

List of cathedrals, List of cathedrals - Argentina, List of cathedrals - Armenia, List of cathedrals - Australia, List of cathedrals - Austria, List of cathedrals - Bangladesh, List of cathedrals - Belarus, List of cathedrals - Belgium, List of cathedrals - Brazil, List of cathedrals - Bulgaria, List of cathedrals - Canada, List of cathedrals - China People's Republic of, List of cathedrals - Hong Kong, List of cathedrals - Macau, List of cathedrals - Croatia, List of cathedrals - Czech Republic, List of cathedrals - Denmark, List of cathedrals - Finland, List of cathedrals - France, List of cathedrals - Germany, List of cathedrals - Gibraltar, List of cathedrals - Iran, List of cathedrals - India, List of cathedrals - Indonesia, List of cathedrals - Ireland Republic and Northern, List of cathedrals - Italy, List of cathedrals - Lithuania, List of cathedrals - Malaysia, List of cathedrals - Mexico, List of cathedrals - Monaco, List of cathedrals - The Netherlands, List of cathedrals - Norway, List of cathedrals - Papua New Guinea, List of cathedrals - Philippines, List of cathedrals - Poland, List of cathedrals - Portugal, List of cathedrals - Russia, List of cathedrals - Singapore, List of cathedrals - Slovakia, List of cathedrals - South Korea, List of cathedrals - Spain, List of cathedrals - Sweden, List of cathedrals - Switzerland, List of cathedrals - Thailand, List of cathedrals - Turkey, List of cathedrals - Ukraine, List of cathedrals - United Kingdom, List of cathedrals - United States, List of cathedrals - Venezuela

Read more here: » List of cathedrals: Encyclopedia II - List of cathedrals - China People's Republic of

woj. warmińsko-mazurskie Niedzica woj. małopolskie Niemcza woj. dolnośląskie Nowy Sącz - Zamek królewski w Nowym Sączu woj. małopolskie Nowy Wiśnicz woj. Małopolskie ...

See also:

List of castles of Poland, List of castles of Poland - B, List of castles of Poland - C, List of castles of Poland - Ć, List of castles of Poland - D, List of castles of Poland - F, List of castles of Poland - G, List of castles of Poland - H, List of castles of Poland - I, List of castles of Poland - J, List of castles of Poland - K, List of castles of Poland - L, List of castles of Poland - Ł, List of castles of Poland - M, List of castles of Poland - N, List of castles of Poland - O, List of castles of Poland - P, List of castles of Poland - R, List of castles of Poland - S, List of castles of Poland - Ś, List of castles of Poland - T, List of castles of Poland - U, List of castles of Poland - W, List of castles of Poland - Z, List of castles of Poland - Ż

Read more here: » List of castles of Poland: Encyclopedia II - List of castles of Poland - N

There are some common types of city nicknames. List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals. Many cities have nicknames which claim that the international or, less commonly, the national or regional capital of a particular industry, hobby or other phenomenon, especially the agricultural production of a certain plant. These include: Almond Capital of the World - Sacramento, California, Chico, California, both in the USA Apple Capital of the World - Wenatch ...

See also:

List of city nicknames, List of city nicknames - Patterns, List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals, List of city nicknames - Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World, List of city nicknames - Birthplace, List of city nicknames - Comparative nicknames, List of city nicknames - 'Venice of ...', List of city nicknames - Folk heroes, List of city nicknames - Complete list, List of city nicknames - Cities in Argentina, List of city nicknames - Cities in Australia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Brazil, List of city nicknames - Cities in Canada, List of city nicknames - Cities in China, List of city nicknames - Cities in Colombia, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Czech Republic, List of city nicknames - Cities in Denmark, List of city nicknames - Cities in Egypt, List of city nicknames - Cities in Finland, List of city nicknames - Cities in France, List of city nicknames - Cities in Germany, List of city nicknames - Cities in Guatemala, List of city nicknames - Cities in Hungary, List of city nicknames - Cities in India, List of city nicknames - Cities in Iran, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Republic of Ireland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Israel, List of city nicknames - Cities in Italy, List of city nicknames - Cities in Japan, List of city nicknames - Cities in Lebanon, List of city nicknames - Cities in Malaysia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Mexico, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Netherlands, List of city nicknames - Cities in New Zealand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Peru, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Philippines, List of city nicknames - Cities in Poland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Portugal, List of city nicknames - Cities in Puerto Rico, List of city nicknames - Cities in Romania, List of city nicknames - Cities in Russia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Serbia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Slovakia, List of city nicknames - Cities in South Africa, List of city nicknames - Cities in Spain, List of city nicknames - Cities in Sweden, List of city nicknames - Cities in Switzerland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Thailand, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United Kingdom, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United States, List of city nicknames - Cities in Venezuela

Read more here: » List of city nicknames: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns

List of light-rail transit systems - People's Republic of China. Anshan Changchun Dalian Hong Kong - Hong Kong Tramways, KCR Light Rail List of light-rail transit systems - India. Kolkata - CTC List of light-rail transit systems - Japan. Sapporo - Sapporo City Transportation Bureau (tramway) Hakodate - Hakodate City Transportation Bureau (tra ...

See also:

List of light-rail transit systems, List of light-rail transit systems - Asia, List of light-rail transit systems - People's Republic of China, List of light-rail transit systems - India, List of light-rail transit systems - Japan, List of light-rail transit systems - Malaysia, List of light-rail transit systems - Philippines, List of light-rail transit systems - Singapore, List of light-rail transit systems - Turkey, List of light-rail transit systems - Africa, List of light-rail transit systems - Egypt, List of light-rail transit systems - Tunisia, List of light-rail transit systems - Europe, List of light-rail transit systems - Austria, List of light-rail transit systems - Belarus, List of light-rail transit systems - Belgium, List of light-rail transit systems - Bosnia-Herzegovina, List of light-rail transit systems - Bulgaria, List of light-rail transit systems - Croatia, List of light-rail transit systems - Czech Republic, List of light-rail transit systems - Estonia, List of light-rail transit systems - Finland, List of light-rail transit systems - France, List of light-rail transit systems - Germany, List of light-rail transit systems - Hungary, List of light-rail transit systems - Ireland, List of light-rail transit systems - Italy, List of light-rail transit systems - Latvia, List of light-rail transit systems - Netherlands, List of light-rail transit systems - Norway, List of light-rail transit systems - Poland, List of light-rail transit systems - Portugal, List of light-rail transit systems - Romania, List of light-rail transit systems - Russia, List of light-rail transit systems - Serbia, List of light-rail transit systems - Spain, List of light-rail transit systems - Slovakia, List of light-rail transit systems - Sweden, List of light-rail transit systems - Switzerland, List of light-rail transit systems - Ukraine, List of light-rail transit systems - United Kingdom, List of light-rail transit systems - Oceania, List of light-rail transit systems - Australia, List of light-rail transit systems - New Zealand, List of light-rail transit systems - North America, List of light-rail transit systems - Canada, List of light-rail transit systems - Mexico, List of light-rail transit systems - United States, List of light-rail transit systems - Notes, List of light-rail transit systems - South America, List of light-rail transit systems - Argentina, List of light-rail transit systems - Brazil, List of light-rail transit systems - Colombia, List of light-rail transit systems - Chile, List of light-rail transit systems - Peru, List of light-rail transit systems - Venezuela

Read more here: » List of light-rail transit systems: Encyclopedia II - List of light-rail transit systems - Asia

Originally a fishers' settlement called Bydgoszcz (spelled "Bydgostia" in Latin), the city became a stronghold for the Vistula trade routes. In the 13th century it was the site of a castellany, first mentioned in 1238. Bydgoszcz was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1331-1337, and was recovered by the king Casimir the Great, who granted the city municipal rights in 1346/1349. In the 15th-16th centuries Bydgoszcz was a significant site of corn trade. In 1657 the ...

See also:

Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz - History, Bydgoszcz - Economy, Bydgoszcz - Major corporations, Bydgoszcz - Education, Bydgoszcz - Sports, Bydgoszcz - Politics, Bydgoszcz - Bydgoszcz constituency, Bydgoszcz - Famous people from Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz - External link

Read more here: » Bydgoszcz: Encyclopedia II - Bydgoszcz - History

Gliwice - Late Middle Ages. Gliwice was first mentioned as a town in 1276 and was ruled during the Middle Ages by the Silesian Piast dukes. It became a possession of the Bohemia crown in 1335, passing with that crown to the Austrian Habsburgs in 1526. Gliwice - Early Modern Age. Because of the vast expenses incurred by the Habsburg Monarchy during their 16th century wars against the Ottoman Empire, Gliwice was leased to Friedrich Zettritz for the meager amount of 14,000 thalers. Although the original lease was for a duration of 18 years, it was renewed in 1580 for 10 years and ...

See also:

Gliwice, Gliwice - History, Gliwice - Late Middle Ages, Gliwice - Early Modern Age, Gliwice - Industrialization, Gliwice - 20th century, Gliwice - Education, Gliwice - Sports, Gliwice - Famous people, Gliwice - Politics, Gliwice - Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency, Gliwice - Municipal politics, Gliwice - Buildings, Gliwice - Sister cities, Gliwice - Literature

Read more here: » Gliwice: Encyclopedia II - Gliwice - History

Rzeszów was founded in 1354 by king Kazimierz Wielki. For a long time it was just a domain of the noble family of Lubomirski, one of most important in Poland. Besides having a famous annual market, Rzeszow remained only another city on the trade route to Hungary. In 1658 Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski established the Piarist school, the second secondary school in Poland. During the XIX century Rzeszów began to lose significance in favour of Przemysl. Development of Rzeszów started when in 1937 military industry was located in the city: Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze, producing aircraft engines, and a ...

See also:

Rzeszów, Rzeszów - Location, Rzeszów - History, Rzeszów - Education, Rzeszów - Transport, Rzeszów - Transit, Rzeszów - Airport, Rzeszów - Buses, Rzeszów - Railway, Rzeszów - Culture, Rzeszów - Theaters, Rzeszów - Museums, Rzeszów - Economy, Rzeszów - Industry, Rzeszów - Tourist attractions, Rzeszów - Sports, Rzeszów - Media, Rzeszów - Radio, Rzeszów - Press, Rzeszów - Television, Rzeszów - External link

Read more here: » Rzeszów: Encyclopedia II - Rzeszów - History

DB - Wałbrzych (former Wałbrzych town) DBA - Wałbrzych (former Wałbrzych district) DBL - Bolesławiec DDZ - Dzierżoniów DGL - Głogów DGR - Góra DJ - Jelenia Góra (town) DJA - Jawor DJE - Jelenia Góra (district) DKA - Kamienna Góra DKL - Kłodzko DL - Legnica (town) DLB - Lubań DLE - Legnica (district) DLU - Lubin DLW - See also:

Polish car number plates, Polish car number plates - Polish car number plates since May 1 2000, Polish car number plates - District indicators, Polish car number plates - 1976 - 2000 series

Read more here: » Polish car number plates: Encyclopedia II - Polish car number plates - District indicators

The party's views are populist and isolationist. The party wants state-funded agriculture, an increase in government social programs, an end to repayments of the foreign debt, introduction of an additional transaction tax and the use of financial reserves to obtain funding. The party is hostile towards foreign investments. Poland's June 2003 referendum on membership of the European Union was an uncomfortable experience for Samoobrona. On the one hand, the party's traditional isolationism and euroscepticism led it to call officially fo ...

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Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - Political program, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - History, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - Leaders, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - Members of European Parliament

Read more here: » Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland - Political program