cyclopropane

Chloroform (also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride) is a chemical compound with formula CHCl3. It does not support combustion in air, although it will burn when mixed with more flammable substances. It is a member of a subset of environmental pollutants known as trihalomethanes, a by-product of chlorination of drinking water and a long-standing health concern. Chloroform - History. Chloroform was discovered in July, 1831 by American physician Samuel Guthrie (17 ...

Including:

• Chloroform - History
• Chloroform - Production
• Chloroform - Uses
• Chloroform - Safety
• Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

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Curare is a substance containing the alkaloid D-tubocurarine. It is obtained from one of several plants, the purified products of which are used as skeletal muscle relaxants. Curare has been superseded by a number of curare-like agents that have a similar pharmacodynamic profile but with fewer side effects. Curare is an example of a non-depolarising muscle relaxant which blocks the acetylcholine receptors on the post syn ...

Including:

• Curare - Curare and anaesthesia
• Curare - Plants from which curare can be extracted

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Cycloalkanes are chemical compounds with a one or more rings of carbons to which hydrogens are attached according to the formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes with a single ring are named analogously to their normal alkane counterpart of the same carbon count: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc. The larger cycloalkanes, with greater than 20 carbon atoms are typically called cycloparaffins. Cycloalkanes are classified into small, normal and bigger cycloalkanes, where cyclopropane and cyclobutane are the small ones, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane are ...

Including:

• Cycloalkane - Nomenclature
• Cycloalkane - Reactions

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The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. The o-, m- and p- isomers specify to which carbon atoms (of the main benzene ring) the two methyl groups are attached. Counting the carbon atoms from one of the ring carbons bonded to a methyl group, and counting towards the second ring carbon bonded to a methyl group, the o- isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,2-dimethylbenzene. The m- isomer has the IUPAC name of 1,3-dimethylbenzene. And p- isom ...

Including:

• Xylene - Structure
• Xylene - Health effects

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An alkene in organic chemistry is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond. The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, form a homologous series, the alkenes with general formula CnH2n. The simplest alkene is C2H4, which has the common name "ethylene" and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name "ethene". Alkenes are also called olefins and vinyl compounds. Alkene - Structure of AlkenesIncluding:

• Alkene - Structure of Alkenes
• Alkene - Shape of Alkenes
• Alkene - Molecular Geometry
• Alkene - Physical properties
• Alkene - Chemical properties
• Alkene - Synthesis
• Alkene - Reactions
• Alkene - Addition reactions
• Alkene - Oxidation
• Alkene - Polymerisation
• Alkene - Nomenclature of Alkenes
• Alkene - IUPAC Names
• Alkene - Common Names

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Aziridines can be prepared in organic synthesis in several ways. Aziridine - Cyclization of haloamines. An amine functional group displaces the adjacent halide in an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction to generate an aziridine. Amino alcohols have the same reactivity but it is required to convert the hydroxy group into a good leaving group first. < ...

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Aziridine, Aziridine - Structure, Aziridine - Synthesis, Aziridine - Cyclization of haloamines, Aziridine - Nitrene addition, Aziridine - Triazoline decomposition, Aziridine - Reactions, Aziridine - Nucleophilic ring opening

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Chloroform was discovered in July, 1831 by American physician Samuel Guthrie (1782-1848), and independently a few months later by French chemist Eugène Soubeiran (1797-1859) and Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) in Germany. Soubeiran, who produced chloroform through the action of chlorine bleach powder (calcium hypochlorite) upon acetone (propanone) or ethanol (an application of the generic process known as the haloform reaction). Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884). Its anaesthetic properties were noted early in 1847 by M ...

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Chloroform, Chloroform - History, Chloroform - Production, Chloroform - Uses, Chloroform - Safety, Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

Read more here: » Chloroform: Encyclopedia II - Chloroform - History

Because the failure of a mechanical ventilation system may result in death, it is classed as a life-critical system, and precautions must be taken to ensure that mechanical ventilation systems are highly reliable. This includes their power-supply provision. Mechanical ventilators are therefore carefully designed so that no single point of failure can endanger the patient. They usually have manual backup mechanisms to enable hand-driven respiration in the absence of power. Some systems are also equipped with compressed-gas tanks and ba ...

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Medical ventilator, Medical ventilator - Life-critical system, Medical ventilator - Ventilators historical

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Background: Hydrocarbons can be divided into two main groups, aliphatics and aromatics. Aliphatics are further subdivided into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloaliphatics. Cycloaliphatics are further subdivided into cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes. The difference between them is that cycloalkanes have all single bonds, cycloalkenes have one or more double bonds and cycloalkynes have one or more triple bonds. When speaking of hybridization I will speak of it relative to most of the molecule, considering that most of the carbons ...

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Xylene, Xylene - Structure, Xylene - Health effects

Read more here: » Xylene: Encyclopedia II - Xylene - Structure

Alkene - Shape of Alkenes. As predicted by the VSEPR model of electron pair replusion, in the molecular geometry of alkenes the bond angles about each carbon in a double bond are about 120°, although the angle may be larger because of steric strain introduced by nonbonded interactions created by functional groups attached to the carbons of the double bond. For example, the C-C-C bond angle in propene is 123.9°. The alkene double bond is stronger than a single covalent bond and also shorter with an average bond length of 133 picometre.

Alkene, Alkene - Structure of Alkenes, Alkene - Shape of Alkenes, Alkene - Molecular Geometry, Alkene - Physical properties, Alkene - Chemical properties, Alkene - Synthesis, Alkene - Reactions, Alkene - Addition reactions, Alkene - Oxidation, Alkene - Polymerisation, Alkene - Nomenclature of Alkenes, Alkene - IUPAC Names, Alkene - Common Names

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Most commonly, photolytic, thermal, or transition metal catalyzed decomposition of diazoalkanes is used to create carbene molecules. A variation on catalyzed decomposition of diazoalkanes is the Bamford-Stevens reaction, which gives carbenes in aprotic solvents and carbenium ions in protic solvents. Another method is induced elimination of halogen from gem-dihalides or HX from CHX3 moiety, employing organolithium reagents (or another strong base). It is not certain that in these reactions actual free carbenes are formed. In some c ...

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Carbene, Carbene - Generation of Carbenes, Carbene - Persistent carbenes

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Muscle relaxants are used in modern anaesthesia for many reasons, such as providing optimal operating conditions and facilitating intubation of the trachea. Before muscle relaxants, anaesthesiologists needed to use larger doses of the anaesthetic agent, such as ether or cyclopropane to achieve these aims. Such deep anaesthesia risked killing patients that were elderly or had heart conditions. On January 23, 1942, Dr. Harold Griffith and Dr. Enid Johnson gave a synthetic preparation of curare (Intracostin) to a patient undergoing an ap ...

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Curare, Curare - Curare and anaesthesia, Curare - Plants from which curare can be extracted

Read more here: » Curare: Encyclopedia II - Curare - Curare and anaesthesia

See azole for further examples containing at least one nitrogen and at least two total heteroatoms. With heterocycles containing five atoms, the unsaturated compounds are frequently more stable because of aromaticity. One N: Pyrrole and dihydro- and tetrahydro-analogues. One O: Furan One S: Thiophene Two N: Pyrazole and Imidazole. Dihydro is pyrazoline, tetrahydro is pyrazolidine, etc. One N and one O: Oxazole and Isoxazole ...

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Heterocyclic compound, Heterocyclic compound - 3-membered rings, Heterocyclic compound - 4-membered rings, Heterocyclic compound - 5-membered rings, Heterocyclic compound - 6-membered rings

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Historically, ether (the first volatile agent) was first used by John Snow's inhaler (1847) but was superseded by the use of chloroform (1848). Ether then slowly made a revival (1862–1872) with regular use via Curt Schimmelbusch's "mask", a narcosis mask for dripping liquid ether. Now obsolete, it was a mask constructed of wire, and covered with cloth. Pressure and demand from dental surgeons for a more reliable method of administrating ether helped modernise its delivery. In 1877, Clover invented a ether inhaler with a water jacket ...

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Anaesthetic vaporiser, Anaesthetic vaporiser - Historical vaporisers, Anaesthetic vaporiser - Modern vaporisers

Read more here: » Anaesthetic vaporiser: Encyclopedia II - Anaesthetic vaporiser - Historical vaporisers

Industrially, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either chloromethane or methane to 400-500°C. At this temperature, a series of chemical reactions occur, converting the methane or chloromethane to progressively more chlorinated compounds. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 +Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl_{See also:}

Chloroform, Chloroform - History, Chloroform - Production, Chloroform - Uses, Chloroform - Safety, Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

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As might be expected from its use as an anesthetic, inhaling chloroform vapors depresses the central nervous system. Breathing about 900 parts of chloroform per million parts air (900 parts per million) for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache. Chronic chloroform exposure may cause liver (in the liver, chloroform is metabolized to phosgene) and kidney damage, and some people develop sores when the skin is immersed in chloroform. Approximately 10% of the population has an allergic reaction to chloroform that produces a fever of ...

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Chloroform, Chloroform - History, Chloroform - Production, Chloroform - Uses, Chloroform - Safety, Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

Read more here: » Chloroform: Encyclopedia II - Chloroform - Safety

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, chloroform was used as an inhaled anesthetic during surgery. However, safer, more flexible drugs have entirely replaced it in this role. The major use of chloroform today is in the production of the freon refrigerant R-22. However, as the Montreal Protocol takes effect, this use can be expected to decline as R-22 is replaced by refrigerants that are less liable to result in ozone depletion. Smaller amounts of chloroform are used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for producing dyes and pesticides. As a solv ...

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Chloroform, Chloroform - History, Chloroform - Production, Chloroform - Uses, Chloroform - Safety, Chloroform - Chloroform in popular culture

Read more here: » Chloroform: Encyclopedia II - Chloroform - Uses

Alkene - IUPAC Names. To form the root of the IUPAC names for alkenes, simply change the -an- infix of the parent to -en-. For example, CH3-CH3 is the alkane ethANe. The name of CH2=CH2 is therefore ethENe. In higher alkenes, where isomers exist that differ in location of the double bond, the following numbering system is used: Number the longest carbon chain that contains the double bond in the direction that gives the ca ...

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Alkene, Alkene - Structure of Alkenes, Alkene - Shape of Alkenes, Alkene - Molecular Geometry, Alkene - Physical properties, Alkene - Chemical properties, Alkene - Synthesis, Alkene - Reactions, Alkene - Addition reactions, Alkene - Oxidation, Alkene - Polymerisation, Alkene - Nomenclature of Alkenes, Alkene - IUPAC Names, Alkene - Common Names

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Alkene - Addition reactions. Alkenes reacts in many addition reactions. Catalytic addition of hydrogen: Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes produce the corresponding alkanes. The reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a metallic catalyst. Common industrial catalysts are based on platinum, nickel or palladium, for laboratory syntheses, Raney's nickel is often employed. This is an alloy of nickel and aluminium. This is the catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene to yield ethane: CH ...

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Alkene, Alkene - Structure of Alkenes, Alkene - Shape of Alkenes, Alkene - Molecular Geometry, Alkene - Physical properties, Alkene - Chemical properties, Alkene - Synthesis, Alkene - Reactions, Alkene - Addition reactions, Alkene - Oxidation, Alkene - Polymerisation, Alkene - Nomenclature of Alkenes, Alkene - IUPAC Names, Alkene - Common Names

Read more here: » Alkene: Encyclopedia II - Alkene - Reactions