Cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. It is a "prodrug"; it is converted in the liver to active forms that have chemotherapeutic activity. Cyclophosphamide - Uses. The main use of cyclophosphamide is together with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of lymphomas, some forms of leukemia and some solid tumors. In addition, its use is becoming more common in autoimmune dis ...

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Cyclophosphamide - Uses Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects Cyclophosphamide - History Cyclophosphamide - Reference

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

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The main effect of cyclophosphamide is due to its metabolite phosphoramide mustard. This metabolite is only formed in cells which have low levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Phosphoramide mustard forms DNA crosslinks between and within DNA strands. This leads to cell death. Cyclophosphamide has relatively little typical chemotherapy toxicity, as ALDH is present in relatively large concentrations in bone marrow stem cells, liver and intestinal epithelium, prot ...

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

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General information: Chemotherapy Cytostatics inhibit cell division. In immunotherapy, they are used in smaller doses than in the treatment of malign diseases. They affect the proliferation of both T cells and B cells. Due to their highest effectiveness, purine analogs are most frequently administered. The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide), nitrosoureas, platinum compounds and others. Cyclophosphamide is probably the most potent immunosuppressive compound. In small d ...

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Immunosuppressive drug, Immunosuppressive drug - Glucocorticoids, Immunosuppressive drug - Immunosuppressive mechanism, Immunosuppressive drug - Antiinflammatory effects, Immunosuppressive drug - Cytostatics, Immunosuppressive drug - Antibodies, Immunosuppressive drug - Polyclonal antibodies, Immunosuppressive drug - Monoclonal antibodies, Immunosuppressive drug - Drugs acting on immunophilins, Immunosuppressive drug - Cyclosporine, Immunosuppressive drug - Tacrolimus PrografTM FK506, Immunosuppressive drug - Sirolimus Rapamune Tm Rapamicin, Immunosuppressive drug - Other drugs, Immunosuppressive drug - Interferons, Immunosuppressive drug - Opioids, Immunosuppressive drug - TNF binding proteins, Immunosuppressive drug - Mycophenolate mofetil, Immunosuppressive drug - Small biological agents

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Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody rituximab, sometimes in combination with chemotherapy like chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide. Corticosteroids are also used in combination. Plasmapheresis can be used to treat the hyperviscosity syndrome. Recently, autologous bone marrow transplantation has been added to the available treatment options with good success. ...

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Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Incidence/Prevalence, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Symptoms, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Diagnosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Prognosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Treatment

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It consists of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (under its alternative name hydroxydoxorubicin), vincristine (under its brand name Oncovin®), and prednisone. This regimen can also be combined with the monoclonal antibody rituximab if the lymphoma is of B cell origin. Typically, courses are administered at an interval of three weeks. A staging CT scan is generally performed after three cycles to assess wh ...

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CHOP, CHOP - Uses and indications, CHOP - Side-effects and complications, CHOP - History

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Despite high hopes, there are no medications that directly increases the activity of the immune system. Various forms of medication that activate the immune system may indeed cause autoimmune disorders. Suppression of the immune system is often used to control autoimmune disorders or inflammation when this causes excessive tissue damage, and to prevent transplant rejection after an organ transplant. Commonly used immunosuppressants include glucocorticoids, azathioprine, methotrexate, ciclosporin, cyclophosphamide and mercaptopurine. I ...

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Immune system, Immune system - Structure, Immune system - Innate immune system, Immune system - Adaptive immune system, Immune system - Intersections between systems, Immune system - Disorders of the human immune system, Immune system - Other factors that affect immune response, Immune system - Pharmacology

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Since the early 1990s, plasmapheresis has become the treatment of choice for TTP. This is the removal of the patient's blood plasma through apheresis and replacement with donor's plasma (fresh frozen plasma or cryosupernatant); the procedure has to be repeated daily to eliminate the inhibitor and ablate the symptoms. Lactate dehydrogenase levels are generally used to monitor disease activity. Many TTP patients need additional immunosuppressive therapy, with steroids (prednisone), vincristine, cyclophosphamide, splenectomy or a combina ...

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Signs and symptoms, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Diagnosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Causes, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Idiopathic TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Secondary TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Upshaw-Shulman syndrome, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Treatment, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Epidemiology, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Prognosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - History

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SLE is a chronic disease with no cure. There are, however, some medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants which can control the disease and prevent flares. Flares are typically treated with steroids, with DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) to suppress the disease process, reduce steroid needs and prevent flares. DMARDs commonly in use are the antimalarials (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide is used for severe nephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Patients who require steroids frequently may develop obesity, diabetes and osteopor ...

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Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History

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SLE is a chronic disease with no cure. There are, however, some medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants which can control the disease and prevent flares. Flares are typically treated with steroids, with DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheutmatic drugs) to suppress the disease process, reduce steroid needs and prevent flares. DMARDs commonly in use are the antimalarials (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide is used for severe nephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Patients who require steroids frequently may develop obesity, diabetes and osteopor ...

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Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History

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Side-effects include chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), bone marrow suppression, alopecia (hair loss) and lethargy. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent complication, but this is prevented by adequate fluid intake and mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate). Mesna is a sulfhydryl donor and binds acrolein. Cyclophosphamide is itself carcinogenic, potentially causing transitional cell carc ...

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Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide - Uses, Cyclophosphamide - Pharmacokinetics, Cyclophosphamide - Mode of action, Cyclophosphamide - Side-effects, Cyclophosphamide - History, Cyclophosphamide - Reference

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