cyclophosphamide - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis
In medicine (rheumatology), Wegener's granulomatosis is a form of vasculitis that affects the lungs, kidneys and other organs. Due to its...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasculitis: Encyclopedia - Vasculitis
In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels. Its main cause...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aplastic Anemia: Encyclopedia - Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough, or any, new cells to replenish the blood cells. The term 'a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia - Immune System
The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. Worldwide,it is the most common form of cancer in females, affecting approximately 10% of all w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bone Marrow Transplant: Encyclopedia - Bone Marrow Transplant
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure in the field of hematology and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aplastic Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Aplastic Anemia - Causes
One known cause is an autoimmune disorder, where the white blood cells attack the bone marrow. In many cases, the etiology is impossible ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nephrotoxicity: Encyclopedia Ii - Nephrotoxicity - Types Of Toxicity
Nephrotoxicity - Cardiovascular. General: diuretics, β-blockers, vasodilator agents Local: ACE inhibitors, cyclosporin A Nephrotoxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Diagnosis
The combination of the symptoms and a routine blood film often lead to the detection of schistocytes (fragmented red cells) and "helmet c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome - Signs And Symptoms
Symptoms include: opsoclonus: myoclonus ataxia intention tremor dysphasia dysarthria mutism hypotonia lethargy irritability or malaise d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Treatment
Treatment for prostate cancer may involve watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, or s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Wegener's Granulomatosis - Diagnosis
Vasculitis such as Wegener's granulomatosis is usually only suspected when a patient has had unexplained symptoms for a longer period of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Types And Classification
Myelodysplastic syndrome - French-American-British FAB classification. In 1974 and 1975 a group of pathologists from France, the United...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vasculitis: Encyclopedia Ii - Vasculitis - Diagnosis
The types of vasculitis are distinguished by the type of blood vessel affected (aorta, large arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Epidemiologic Risk Factors
It is important to have a model of causation of a disease in order to distinguish epidemiological risk factors or associations with disea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thymoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Thymoma - Diagnosis
When a thymic pass is identified, the diagnosis is achieved with histology (obtaining a tissue sample of the mass). When a thymoma is sus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polyarteritis Nodosa: Encyclopedia Ii - Polyarteritis Nodosa - Symptoms
In this disease, symptoms result from damage to affected organs, often the skin, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Generalized symptoms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Epidemiology
Breast cancer - Age. The risk of getting breast cancer increases with age. For a woman who lives to the age of 90 the chances of gettin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iga Nephropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Iga Nephropathy - Therapy
The ideal treatment for IgAN would remove IgA from the glomerulus and prevent further IgA deposition. This goal still remains a remote pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henoch-schönlein Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Henoch-schönlein Purpura - Signs And Symptoms
The purpura that are mentioned in the name of the disease are present in all patients. They are located on the legs and arms, and progres...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bone Marrow Transplant: Encyclopedia Ii - Bone Marrow Transplant - Stem Cell Collection
Bone marrow transplant - Types of donors. There are two major types of bone marrow transplantation. Autologous bone marrow transplantat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldenström Macroglobulinemia - Symptoms
Symptoms of WM include weakness, fatigue, weight loss and chronic oozing of blood from the nose and gums. Peripheral neuropathy can occur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Structure
Most multicellular organisms possess an "innate immune system", generally comprising a set of germ-line encoded receptors to pathogens, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Wegener's Granulomatosis - Prognosis
25 to 40% of patients suffer from flare-ups, but a majority responds well to treatment. Anatomical problems (sinusitis, tracheal stenosis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iga Nephropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Iga Nephropathy - Natural History
Since IgA nephropathy commonly presents without symptoms through abnormal findings on urinalysis, there is considerable possibility for v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Waldenström Macroglobulinemia - Treatment
Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody rituximab, sometimes in combination with chemotherapy like chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide. C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thymoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Thymoma - Treatment
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. If the tumor was benign and was removed in its entirety, no further therapy is necessary. Malignant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iga Nephropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Iga Nephropathy - Pathophysiology
The disease derives its name from deposits of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in a blotchy pattern in the mesangium (on immunofluorescence), the h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Causes
TTP (as with other MAHAs) is caused by spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels. Pla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Wegener's Granulomatosis - Treatment
Initial treatment is generally with corticosteroids and oral cyclophosphamide (CYC), 1 mg/kg/day and 2 mg/kg/day respectively. Occasional...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Etiology
Breast cancer, like other forms of cancer, is considered to be a result of damage to DNA. How this mechanism may occur comes from several...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Screening
Due to the high incidence of breast cancer among older women, screening is now recommended in many countries. Screening methods suggested...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Diagnosis
Many breast cancers are diagnosed now by mammography before they are large enough to be palpated, but despite screening efforts, many wom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aplastic Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Aplastic Anemia - Follow-up
Regular full blood counts are required to determine whether the patient is still in a state of remission. 10-33% of all patients develop ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Prognosis
There are several prognostic factors associated with breast cancer. Stage is the single most important prognostic factor in breast cancer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Treatment
Since the early 1990s, plasmapheresis has become the treatment of choice for TTP. This is the removal of the patient's blood plasma throu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iga Nephropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Iga Nephropathy - Diagnosis
For an adult patient with isolated hematuria, tests such as ultrasound of the kidney and cystoscopy are usually done first to pinpoint th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iga Nephropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Iga Nephropathy - Signs And Symptoms
The classic presentation (in 40-50% of the cases) is episodic frank hematuria which usually starts within a day of an upper respiratory t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Prognosis
The mortality rate is approximately 95% for untreated cases, but the prognosis is reasonably favorable (80-90%) for patients with idiopat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Treatment
The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery when the tumor is localized, with possible adjuvant hormonal therapy (with tamoxifen o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Prognosis
Prostate cancer rates are higher and prognosis poorer in Western societies than the rest of the world. Many of the risk factors for prost...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Treatment
The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery when the tumor is localized, with possible adjuvant hormonal therapy (with tamoxifen o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Diagnosis
Many breast cancers are diagnosed now by mammography before they are large enough to be palpated, but despite screening efforts, many wom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Prognosis
There are several prognostic factors associated with breast cancer. Stage is the single most important prognostic factor in breast cancer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henoch-schönlein Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Henoch-schönlein Purpura - Diagnosis
There is no definitive test for HSP, but blood tests are commonly performed. These include: full blood count, electrolytes, renal functio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henoch-schönlein Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Henoch-schönlein Purpura - Pathophysiology
HSP is a form of vasculitis that is mediated by antibodies of the subclass IgA1. These are found in the cutaneous lesions, as well as oth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Screening
Due to the high incidence of breast cancer among older women, screening is now recommended in many countries. Screening methods suggested...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Breast Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Breast Cancer - Etiology
Breast cancer, like other forms of cancer, is considered to be a result of damage to DNA. How this mechanism may occur comes from several...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Disorders Of The Human Immune System
The most important function of the human immune system occurs at the cellular level of the blood and tissues. The lymphatic and blood cir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aplastic Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Aplastic Anemia - Treatment
Treating aplastic anemia involves suppression of the immune system, an effect achieved by daily medicine intake, or, in more severe cases...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bone Marrow Transplant: Encyclopedia Ii - Bone Marrow Transplant - Conditioning Regimens
The chemotherapy or irradiation given immediately prior to a transplant is called the conditioning or preparative regimen. The purpose is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bone Marrow Transplant: Encyclopedia Ii - Bone Marrow Transplant - Side Effects And Complications
Bone marrow transplantation is associated with a fairly high mortality (10% or higher), which limits its use in conditions that are thems...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henoch-schönlein Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Henoch-schönlein Purpura - Treatment
Many cases are self-limiting and don't require any therapeutic intervention. Steroids suppress the joint pain and the abdominal pain, but...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henoch-schönlein Purpura: Encyclopedia Ii - Henoch-schönlein Purpura - History
The disease carries the name of Eduard Heinrich Henoch (1820-1910), a German pediatrician, and his teacher Johann Lukas Schönlein (1793-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Screening
Prostate cancer screening is an attempt to find unsuspected cancers. Screening tests may lead to more specific follow-up tests such as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Epidemiology
A man's risk of developing prostate cancer is related to his age, genetics, race, diet, lifestyle, medications, and other factors. The pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Confirming The Diagnosis
When a man has symptoms of prostate cancer, or a screening test indicates an increased risk for cancer, more invasive evaluation is offer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Staging
An important part of evaluating prostate cancer is determining the stage, or how far the cancer has spread. Knowing the stage helps defin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Wegener's Granulomatosis - Criteria
In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology accepted classification criteria for Wegener's (Leavitt et al 1990). They were not intended...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prostate Cancer: Encyclopedia Ii - Prostate Cancer - Symptoms
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Often it is diagnosed during the workup for an elevated PSA noticed during a routine ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome - Prognosis
Currently there are no clinically established laboratory investigations available to predict prognosis or therapeutic response. One study...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Signs And Symptoms
Abnormalities include: neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia (low cell counts of white & red blood cells and platelets, respectiv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Immune System: Encyclopedia Ii - Immune System - Pharmacology
Despite high hopes, there are no medications that directly increases the activity of the immune system. Various forms of medication that ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Pathophysiology
MDS is due to genetic defects in the multi-potent blood stem cell of the bone marrow. Most of these are not yet described. Differentiatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Diagnosis
The average age at diagnosis for MDS is about 65 years, but pediatric cases have been reported. Some patients have a history of exposure ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Therapy
The goals of therapy are to control symptoms, improve quality of life, improve overall survival, and decrease progression to acute myelog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wegener's Granulomatosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Wegener's Granulomatosis - Pathophysiology
Inflammation with granuloma formation against a nonspecific inflammatory background is the classical tissue abnormality in all organs aff...   » Read the article