cyclophosphamide

In medicine (rheumatology), Wegener's granulomatosis is a form of vasculitis that affects the lungs, kidneys and other organs. Due to its end-organ damage, it can be a serious disease that requires long-term immune suppression. It is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes that all feature positivity for ANCAs (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) and affect small and medium-sized blood vessels. Apart from Wegener's, it includes Churg-Strauss syndrome and microscopic polyangiitis. Wegener's granulomatosis ...

Including:

• Wegener's granulomatosis - Signs and symptoms
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Diagnosis
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Criteria
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Pathophysiology
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Treatment
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Epidemiology
• Wegener's granulomatosis - Prognosis
• Wegener's granulomatosis - History

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In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels. Its main causes are autoimmune disorders and (occasionally) infections. Treatment depends on the cause. While most vasculitides are rare diseases, they generally affect several organ systems and can cause severe disability. Vasculitis - Diagnosis. The types of vasculitis are distinguished by the type of blood vessel affected (aorta, large arteries, arterioles, capillaries and vei ...

Including:

• Vasculitis - Diagnosis
• Vasculitis - Treatment
• Vasculitis - Causes and types
• Vasculitis - Source

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Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough, or any, new cells to replenish the blood cells. The term 'aplastic' refers to the inability of the marrow to function properly. Anemia is the condition of having fewer blood cells than normal, or fewer than needed to function properly. Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts on all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Aplastic anemia - Cau ...

Including:

• Aplastic anemia - Causes
• Aplastic anemia - Signs and symptoms
• Aplastic anemia - Diagnosis
• Aplastic anemia - Treatment
• Aplastic anemia - Follow-up

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The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. (Though in a broad sense, almost every organ has a protective function - for example, the tight seal of the skin or the acidic environment of the stomach.) When the immune system is functioning properly, it protects the body against bacteria and viral infections, destroying cancer cells and foreign substances. If the immune system weakens, its ability to defend the body also weakens, allowing pathogens, includin ...

Including:

• Immune system - Structure
• Immune system - Innate immune system
• Immune system - Adaptive immune system
• Immune system - Intersections between systems
• Immune system - Disorders of the human immune system
• Immune system - Other factors that affect immune response
• Immune system - Pharmacology

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Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. Worldwide,it is the most common form of cancer in females, affecting approximately 10% of all women at some stage of their life in the Western world. Although significant efforts are made to achieve early detection and effective treatment, about 20% of all women with breast cancer will die from the disease, and it is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women. Breast cancer - Epidemiology. Breast cancer - Age. The risk of get ...

Including:

• Breast cancer - Epidemiology
• Breast cancer - Age
• Breast cancer - Genes
• Breast cancer - Alcohol
• Breast cancer - Hormones
• Breast cancer - Other
• Breast cancer - Etiology
• Breast cancer - Screening
• Breast cancer - Diagnosis
• Breast cancer - Staging
• Breast cancer - Treatment
• Breast cancer - Surgery
• Breast cancer - Adjuvant therapy
• Breast cancer - Prognosis
• Breast cancer - Breast cancer awareness

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Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure in the field of hematology and oncology that involves transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). It is most often performed for people with diseases of the blood or bone marrow, or certain types of cancer. Bone marrow transplantation was pioneered in the 1970's by E. Donnall Thomas whose work was later recognized with a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Dr. Thomas' work showed that bone marrow cells infused i ...

Including:

• Bone marrow transplant - Principles
• Bone marrow transplant - Stem cell collection
• Bone marrow transplant - Types of donors
• Bone marrow transplant - Donor selection
• Bone marrow transplant - Sources of HSC
• Bone marrow transplant - Storage of HSC
• Bone marrow transplant - Conditioning regimens
• Bone marrow transplant - Transplantation and engraftment
• Bone marrow transplant - Side effects and complications
• Bone marrow transplant - Regimen-related toxicity
• Bone marrow transplant - Infection
• Bone marrow transplant - Graft versus host disease
• Bone marrow transplant - Conditions treated with BMT

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One known cause is an autoimmune disorder, where the white blood cells attack the bone marrow. In many cases, the etiology is impossible to determine, but aplastic anemia is sometimes associated with exposure to substances such as benzene or to the use of certain drugs, including chloramphenicol and phenylbutazone. ...

See also:

Aplastic anemia, Aplastic anemia - Causes, Aplastic anemia - Signs and symptoms, Aplastic anemia - Diagnosis, Aplastic anemia - Treatment, Aplastic anemia - Follow-up

Read more here: » Aplastic anemia: Encyclopedia II - Aplastic anemia - Causes

Nephrotoxicity - Cardiovascular. General: diuretics, β-blockers, vasodilator agents Local: ACE inhibitors, cyclosporin A Nephrotoxicity - Direct tubular effect. Proximal convoluted tubule: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. gentamicin), amphotericin B, cisplatin, radiocontrast media, immunoglobulins, mannitol Distal tubule: NSAIDs (eg aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac), ACE inhibitors, cyclosporin A, lithium salts, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B Tubular obstruction: sulphonamides, ...

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Nephrotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity - Types of toxicity, Nephrotoxicity - Cardiovascular, Nephrotoxicity - Direct tubular effect, Nephrotoxicity - Acute interstitial nephritis, Nephrotoxicity - Acute glomerulonephritis, Nephrotoxicity - Causes of diabetes insipidus

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The combination of the symptoms and a routine blood film often lead to the detection of schistocytes (fragmented red cells) and "helmet cells" on the blood film. This is indicative of breakdown of red blood cells through factors in the small blood vessels. Other tests to be performed are reticulocyte counts, lactate dehydrogenase, direct antiglobulin test (DAT/Coombs' test), renal function (creatinine), electrolytes and liver enzymes. Very high LDH levels may be present; these mainly originate from ...

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Signs and symptoms, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Diagnosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Causes, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Idiopathic TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Secondary TTP, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Upshaw-Shulman syndrome, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Treatment, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Epidemiology, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - Prognosis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - History

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Symptoms include: opsoclonus: myoclonus ataxia intention tremor dysphasia dysarthria mutism hypotonia lethargy irritability or malaise drooling strabismus vomiting Sleep problems ("night rages"). About half of all OMS cases occur in association with neuroblastoma. ...

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Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Nomenclature, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Diagnosis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Cause, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Disease course and clinical subtypes, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Factors triggering a relapse, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Prognosis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome - Treatment

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Treatment for prostate cancer may involve watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, or some combination. Which option is best depends on the stage of the disease, the Gleason score, and the PSA level. Other important factors are the man's age, his general health, and his feelings about potential treatments and their possible side effects. Because all treatments can have significant side effects, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence, treatment discussions often focus on balancing the goals of the ...

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Prostate cancer, Prostate cancer - The prostate, Prostate cancer - Symptoms, Prostate cancer - Pathophysiology, Prostate cancer - Epidemiology, Prostate cancer - Screening, Prostate cancer - Digital rectal examination, Prostate cancer - Prostate specific antigen, Prostate cancer - Confirming the diagnosis, Prostate cancer - Staging, Prostate cancer - Treatment, Prostate cancer - Watchful waiting, Prostate cancer - Surgery, Prostate cancer - Radiation therapy, Prostate cancer - Cryosurgery, Prostate cancer - Hormonal therapy, Prostate cancer - Palliative care, Prostate cancer - Prognosis, Prostate cancer - Prevention, Prostate cancer - History

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Vasculitis such as Wegener's granulomatosis is usually only suspected when a patient has had unexplained symptoms for a longer period of time. Determination of ANCAs can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive, and neither are negative ANCAs enough to reject the diagnosis. Cytoplasmic staining ANCAs that react with proteinase 3 (cANCA) are associated with Wegener's. If the patient has renal failure or cutaneous vasculitis, these are the most logical organs to obtain a biopsy from. Rarely, thoracoscopic lung biopsy is re ...

See also:

Wegener's granulomatosis, Wegener's granulomatosis - Signs and symptoms, Wegener's granulomatosis - Diagnosis, Wegener's granulomatosis - Criteria, Wegener's granulomatosis - Pathophysiology, Wegener's granulomatosis - Treatment, Wegener's granulomatosis - Epidemiology, Wegener's granulomatosis - Prognosis, Wegener's granulomatosis - History

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Myelodysplastic syndrome - French-American-British FAB classification. In 1974 and 1975 a group of pathologists from France, the United States, and Britain met and deliberated and derived the first widely used classification of these diseases. This French-American-British (FAB) classification was published in 1976 and revised in 1982. Cases were classified into 5 categories: (ICD-O codes are provided where available) (M9980/3) Refractory anemia (RA) - characterized by less than 5% primitive bl ...

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Myelodysplastic syndrome, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Diagnosis, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Pathophysiology, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Types and classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - French-American-British FAB classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - WHO classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Diagnosis, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Epidemiology, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Therapy, Myelodysplastic syndrome - History, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Notes

Read more here: » Myelodysplastic syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Myelodysplastic syndrome - Types and classification

The types of vasculitis are distinguished by the type of blood vessel affected (aorta, large arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins), the appearance of biopsy tissue of affected organs on light microscopy, and if necessary, with the help of immunohistochemistry (use of monoclonal antibodies against specific inflammatory protein markers). Other diagnostic tools are the detection of circulating antibodies that are associated with forms of vasculitis. While these measurements have a low positive and negative predictive value (due to the high rates of both false positives and false negatives), they can direct the clin ...

See also:

Vasculitis, Vasculitis - Diagnosis, Vasculitis - Treatment, Vasculitis - Causes and types, Vasculitis - Source

Read more here: » Vasculitis: Encyclopedia II - Vasculitis - Diagnosis

It is important to have a model of causation of a disease in order to distinguish epidemiological risk factors or associations with disease, from the biological etiology and primary cause, secondary co-factors, and simple promoters of the disease given the underlying cause. By analogy in peptic ulcer disease, the cause is Helicobacter pylori, a co-factor is stomach acidity, a promoter may be aspirin which altogether produce a stomach ulcer. Each is a risk factor associated with disease, and one is the primary cause. The cause of breast cancer is ...

See also:

Breast cancer, Breast cancer - Epidemiologic risk factors, Breast cancer - Age, Breast cancer - Genes, Breast cancer - Alcohol, Breast cancer - Hormones, Breast cancer - Other, Breast cancer - Etiology, Breast cancer - Screening, Breast cancer - Diagnosis, Breast cancer - Staging, Breast cancer - Treatment, Breast cancer - Surgery, Breast cancer - Adjuvant therapy, Breast cancer - Prognosis, Breast cancer - Breast cancer awareness

Read more here: » Breast cancer: Encyclopedia II - Breast cancer - Epidemiologic risk factors

When a thymic pass is identified, the diagnosis is achieved with histology (obtaining a tissue sample of the mass). When a thymoma is suspected, a CT/CAT scan is generally performed to estimate the size of the tumor, and can be biopsied with a CT-guided needle. Although there is a risk of pneumomediastinum, mediastinitis and the risk of damaging the heart or large blood vessels. The tumor is generally located inside the thymus, and can be calcified. Increased vascular enhancement can be indicative of ma ...

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Thymoma, Thymoma - Signs and symptoms, Thymoma - Diagnosis, Thymoma - Pathophysiology, Thymoma - Epidemiology, Thymoma - Treatment, Thymoma - Source, Thymoma - External link

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In this disease, symptoms result from damage to affected organs, often the skin, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Generalized symptoms include fever, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Muscle and joint aches are common. The skin may show rashes, swelling, ulcers, and lumps. Nerve involvement may cause sensory changes with numbness, pain, burning, and weakness. Central nervous system involvement may cause strokes or seizures. Kidney involvem ...

See also:

Polyarteritis nodosa, Polyarteritis nodosa - Causes and risk factors, Polyarteritis nodosa - Incidence, Polyarteritis nodosa - Symptoms, Polyarteritis nodosa - Signs and tests, Polyarteritis nodosa - Treatment, Polyarteritis nodosa - Expectations prognosis, Polyarteritis nodosa - Complications, Polyarteritis nodosa - Prevention

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Breast cancer - Age. The risk of getting breast cancer increases with age. For a woman who lives to the age of 90 the chances of getting breast cancer her entire lifetime is about 12.5% or 1 in 8. Men can also develop breast cancer, but their risk is less than 1 in 1000 (see sex and illness). This risk is modified by many different factors. In a very small (~ 5%) proportion of breast cancer cases, there is a strong inherited familial risk. [1] Some racial groups have a higher risk of developing breast cancer - no ...

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Breast cancer, Breast cancer - Epidemiology, Breast cancer - Age, Breast cancer - Genes, Breast cancer - Alcohol, Breast cancer - Hormones, Breast cancer - Other, Breast cancer - Etiology, Breast cancer - Screening, Breast cancer - Diagnosis, Breast cancer - Staging, Breast cancer - Treatment, Breast cancer - Surgery, Breast cancer - Adjuvant therapy, Breast cancer - Prognosis, Breast cancer - Breast cancer awareness

Read more here: » Breast cancer: Encyclopedia II - Breast cancer - Epidemiology

The ideal treatment for IgAN would remove IgA from the glomerulus and prevent further IgA deposition. This goal still remains a remote prospect. There are a few additional caveats that have to be considered while treating IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy has a very variable course, ranging from a benign recurrent hematuria up to a rapid progression to chronic renal failure. Hence the decision on which patients to treat should be based on the prognostic factors and the risk of progression. Also, IgA nephropathy recurs in transplants despite t ...

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IgA nephropathy, IgA nephropathy - Signs and symptoms, IgA nephropathy - Diagnosis, IgA nephropathy - Pathophysiology, IgA nephropathy - Natural History, IgA nephropathy - Therapy, IgA nephropathy - Genetics, IgA nephropathy - Prognosis, IgA nephropathy - Epidemiology, IgA nephropathy - History

Read more here: » IgA nephropathy: Encyclopedia II - IgA nephropathy - Therapy

The purpura that are mentioned in the name of the disease are present in all patients. They are located on the legs and arms, and progress to the trunk. As purpura are small haemorrhages, they are non-blanching (i.e. they do not disappear on pressure), which can lead to confusion with the petechiae of meningococcal sepsis. Often, the symptoms are preceded by a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Other symptoms are: arthritis (75%, non-erosive, often present before all other symptoms), abdominal pain (65%), intestinal bleed ...

See also:

Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Signs and symptoms, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Diagnosis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Pathophysiology, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Treatment, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Epidemiology, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - History, Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Source

Read more here: » Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Encyclopedia II - Henoch-Schönlein purpura - Signs and symptoms