Cushing's syndrome or hypercortisolism is an endocrine disorder caused by excessive levels of the endogenous corticosteroid hormone cortisol. It may also be induced iatrogenically by treatment with exogenous corticosteroids for other medical conditions. It was discovered by American physician, surgeon and endocrinologist Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) and reported by him in 1932. Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms. Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing o ...

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Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference

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When Cushing's is suspected, a dexamethasone suppression test (administration of dexamethasone and frequent determination of cortisol and ACTH levels) and 24-hour urinary measurement for cortisol have equal detection rates (Raff & Findling 2003). A novel approach is sampling cortisol in saliva over 24 hours, which may be equally sensitive. Other pituitary hormones may need to be determined, and performing physical examination directed for any visual field defect may be necessary if a pituitary lesion is suspected (which may compress the opti ...

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Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference

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Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity), "moon face", excess sweating, telangiectasia (dilation of capillaries), atrophy of the skin (which gets thin and bruises easily) and other mucous membranes, purple or red striae on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth). A common sign is the growth of fat pads along the collar bone and on the back of the neck (known as a buffalo hum ...

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Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference

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In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospholipid release, decreasing eosinophil action and a number of o ...

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Corticosteroid - Uses Corticosteroid - History

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Synthetic drugs with corticosteroid-like effect are used in a variety of conditions, ranging from brain tumors to skin diseases. Dexamethasone and its derivatives are almost pure glucocorticoids, while prednisone and its derivatives have some mineralocorticoid action in addition to the glucocorticoid effect. Fludrocortisone (Florinef®) is a synthetic mineralocorticoid. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) is available for replacement therapy, e.g. in adrenal insufficie ...

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Corticosteroid, Corticosteroid - Uses, Corticosteroid - History

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Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppresses the immune system. Synthetic cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is used as a drug mainly to fight allergies and inflammation. Cortisol - Synthesis. Cortisol is synthesized from progesterone, the precursor of all steroid hormones. The conversion involves hydroxylation of C-11, C-17 and C-21. The s ...

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Addison's disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism) is a rare endocrine disorder, first described by British physician Thomas Addison. It is estimated that it affects about 1 to 2 in 100,000 people. It occurs when the adrenal glands, seated above the kidneys, fail to produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, sometimes, the hormone aldosterone. Addison's disease refers specifically to primary adrenal insufficiency, in which the adrenal glands themselves malfunc ...

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Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms
Addison's disease - Early signs Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis
Addison's disease - Diagnosis Addison's disease - Pathophysiology Addison's disease - Treatment Addison's disease - Famous patients Addison's disease - In animals Addison's disease - Reference

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A Cushing ulcer is a gastric ulcer produced by elevated intracranial pressure. it is also called as von Rokitansky-Cushing syndrome. Apart from in the stomach, it may also develop in the proximal part of the duodenum and the distal esophagus. Other related archivesduodenum, esophagus, gastric ulcer, intracranial pressure, stomach

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Tadeus Reichstein together with Edward Calvin Kendall and Philip Showalter Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950 for their work on hormones of the adrenal cortex which culminated in the isolation of cortisone. Corticosteroids have been used as a drug treatment for some time. Lewis Sarett of Merck & Co. was the first to synthesize cortisone, using a complicated 36-step process that started with desoxycholic acid, which was extracted from ox bile. The low efficiency of converting deoxycholic acid int ...

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Corticosteroid, Corticosteroid - Uses, Corticosteroid - History

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Cortisol is synthesized from progesterone, the precursor of all steroid hormones. The conversion involves hydroxylation of C-11, C-17 and C-21. The synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the cortex of the adrenal glands. While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticulosa), cortisol is its main secretion. (The name c ...

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Cortisol, Cortisol - Synthesis, Cortisol - Physiology, Cortisol - Pharmacology, Cortisol - Diseases

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The amount of cortisol present in the serum undergoes diurnal variation, with the highest levels present in the early morning, and lower levels in the evening, several hours after the onset of sleep. Information about the light/dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus. Changed patterns of the serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels, clinical depression, psychological stress, and such physiological stressors as hypoglycemia, illness, fever, trau ...

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Cortisol, Cortisol - Synthesis, Cortisol - Physiology, Cortisol - Pharmacology, Cortisol - Diseases

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CSR is a fluid detachment of macula layers from their supporting tissue. This allows choroidal fluid to leak into the subretinal space. The buildup of fluid seems to occur because of small breaks in the retinal pigment epithelium. CSR is sometimes called idiopathic CSR which means that its cause is unknown. Nevertheless, stress appears to play an important role. Persons in stressful occupations, such as airplane pilots, have a higher incidence of CSR. The "type A ...

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Central serous retinopathy, Central serous retinopathy - Diagnosis, Central serous retinopathy - Causes, Central serous retinopathy - Prognosis, Central serous retinopathy - Treatment

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Addison's disease - Early signs. Addison's disease progresses slowly, and symptoms may not present or be noticed until some stressful illness or situation occurs. Common symptoms are: chronic fatigue that gradually worsens muscle weakness loss of appetite weight loss nausea/vomiting diarrhea low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension) areas of hyperpigmentation (darkened skin), known as melasma suprarenal ...

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Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference

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As an oral or injectable drug, cortisol is also known as hydrocortisone. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and peri-operatively in patients on long-term steroid treatment to prevent an Addisonian crisis. It is given by topical application for its anti-inflammatory effect in allergic rashes, eczema and certain other inflammatory conditions. It may also be injected into inflamed joi ...

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Cortisol, Cortisol - Synthesis, Cortisol - Physiology, Cortisol - Pharmacology, Cortisol - Diseases

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There is no known effective treatment for the disease. Laser photocoagulation, which effectively burns the leak area shut, is sometimes suggested. In many cases the leak is very near the central macula, where photocoagulation would leave a blind spot. Additionally, a better long term outcome has not been demonstrated with photocoagulation. So more often than not the condition goes untreated. Transpupillary thermotherapy has been suggested as a lower-risk alternative to laser photocoagulati ...

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Central serous retinopathy, Central serous retinopathy - Diagnosis, Central serous retinopathy - Causes, Central serous retinopathy - Prognosis, Central serous retinopathy - Treatment

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In suspected cases of Addison's disease, one needs to demonstrate that adrenal hormone levels are low after appropriate stimulation with synthetic pituitary hormone. Once demonstrated, the cause of adrenal failure needs to be elucidated. The most common cause is autoimmune, and can be tested for with an assay for 21-hydroxylase antibodies. If there are no antibodies present, infectious or genetic causes should be sought. This may include imaging of the adrenal glands, tests for tuberculosis or HIV ...

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Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference

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Eighty to ninety percent of cases of Addison's disease are said to be due to autoantibodies directed against adrenal cells containing 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the production of cortisol and aldosterone. The remainder of cases are due to tuberculosis, HIV, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, metastatic cancer to the adrenal glands, adrenal haemorrhage and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Addison's disease can be an expression of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome when autoimmune reactions against other organs are also present. In APS type 1, 70% suf ...

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Addison's disease, Addison's disease - Signs and symptoms, Addison's disease - Early signs, Addison's disease - Addisonian crisis, Addison's disease - Diagnosis, Addison's disease - Pathophysiology, Addison's disease - Treatment, Addison's disease - Famous patients, Addison's disease - In animals, Addison's disease - Reference

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Adrenal cortex: Hypoadrenalism (e.g. due to Addison's disease) Cushing's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Conn's syndrome Adrenal medulla: Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. ...

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Adrenal gland, Adrenal gland - Overview, Adrenal gland - Adrenal medulla, Adrenal gland - Adrenal cortex, Adrenal gland - Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal gland - Zona fasciculata, Adrenal gland - Zona reticularis, Adrenal gland - Pathology, Adrenal gland - Blood supply, Adrenal gland - Related topics

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List of diseases starting with C - Cul-Cus. Culler Jones syndrome Curly hair ankyloblepharon nail dysplasia syndrome Currarino triad Curry Hall syndrome Curth-Macklin type ichthyosis hystrix Curtis Rogers Stevenson syndrome Cushing syndrome, familial Cushing's symphalangism Cushing's syndrome List of diseases starting with C - Cut. Cutaneous anthrax Cutaneous larva migrans < ...

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List of diseases starting with C, List of diseases starting with C - C, List of diseases starting with C - Ca, List of diseases starting with C - Cac-Cal, List of diseases starting with C - Cam-Can, List of diseases starting with C - Cap, List of diseases starting with C - Car, List of diseases starting with C - Cas, List of diseases starting with C - Cat, List of diseases starting with C - Cau-Cay, List of diseases starting with C - Cc-Cd, List of diseases starting with C - Ce, List of diseases starting with C - Cec-Cep, List of diseases starting with C - Cer, List of diseases starting with C - Ch, List of diseases starting with C - Cha, List of diseases starting with C - Che, List of diseases starting with C - Chi-Chl, List of diseases starting with C - Cho, List of diseases starting with C - Chr, List of diseases starting with C - Chu-Chy, List of diseases starting with C - Ci, List of diseases starting with C - Cl, List of diseases starting with C - Cla, List of diseases starting with C - Cle, List of diseases starting with C - Cli-Clu, List of diseases starting with C - Cm, List of diseases starting with C - Co, List of diseases starting with C - Coa-Cof, List of diseases starting with C - Cog-Coh, List of diseases starting with C - Col, List of diseases starting with C - Com, List of diseases starting with C - Con, List of diseases starting with C - Coo-Cop, List of diseases starting with C - Cor, List of diseases starting with C - Cos-Cox, List of diseases starting with C - Cr, List of diseases starting with C - Cra, List of diseases starting with C - Cre-Cro, List of diseases starting with C - Cry, List of diseases starting with C - Cu, List of diseases starting with C - Cul-Cus, List of diseases starting with C - Cut, List of diseases starting with C - Cy-Cz

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