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Curzon line | A Wisdom Archive on Curzon line | | Curzon line A selection of articles related to Curzon line | |
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Curzon line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the east of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - Ethnography to the west of the Curzon Line, Curzon Line - History of the Curzon Line, <i>I saw Poland betrayed</i> by Arthur Bliss Lane, Western betrayal, Revision of borders of Poland (1945)
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Curzon line | | | |  Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union. Initially, the Poles were given 2 Polish Autonomous Districts, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The first one was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierżyński; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938 |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - History
Lviv - Early history.
Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century. At the dawn of history, the area became incorporated into the Empire of Great Moravia, then became an area of contention between two emerging states: Poland (during the reign of Mieszko I, ruler of the Polans) and the Kievan Rus. Mieszko is thought to have controlled the area from 960 to 980. According to Nestor's chronicle, in 981 this area was conquered by Volodymyr ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - History |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Germany More than 7 million Germans, including at least 3 million civilians, died during World War II.
After the war, the German people were often viewed with contempt because they were blamed for Nazi crimes by other Europeans. Germans visiting abroad, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, attracted insults from locals, and from foreigners who may have had their families or friends live through or perish in the attrocities. Today in Europe and worldwide (particularly in countries that fought against the Axis), Germans still might get scorned ...
See also:Consequences of German Nazism, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Germany, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Jewry, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Austria, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Poland, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Central Europe, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on the Soviet Union, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Western Europe, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Greece, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on world politics, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on international law, Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on racism Read more here: » Consequences of German Nazism: Encyclopedia II - Consequences of German Nazism - Impact on Germany |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia - Ukraine Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukraˈjina/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. The territory of present-day Ukraine was a key centre of East Slavic culture in the Middle Ages, before being divided between a variety of powers, notably Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Austrian Empire, Romania and the Ott ...
Including:
Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia - Ukraine |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Geography
Lviv - Location.
Lviv is located at geographical co-ordinates 49°50′45″N, 24°01′38″E, on the verge of the Roztocze Upland, approximately seventy kilometres from the Polish border. Lviv's altitude averages 289 metres above sea level although there are many hills located within the confines of the city. The city's highest point is Vysokyy Zamok (the High Castle), a hill ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Geography |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education L'viv is one of the most important education centres of Ukraine. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. There are 8 institutes of the National Science Academy of Ukraine, more than 40 research institutes, 3 academies and 11 state-owned colleges.
The most important are:
University of Lviv (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
Lviv Polytechnic ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Public Transportation
Lviv - Buses.
As in most Ukrainian cities, the public bus network is not well-developed and the number of lines is limited. A cheap alternative to the public transport are the "marshrutky", which are small private-run mini-vans/mini-buses cruising around the city and the suburbs. Marshrutky do not have any fixed stops nor timetables, yet their services are relatively cheap, fast and efficient. The marshrutky also run on suburban lines to most towns of the region including the line to Shehyni (Шегині) at the Polish border. ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Public Transportation |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Culture
Lviv - Museums and art galleries.
There are many museums and art galleries in Lviv, most notable are the National Gallery, Museum of Religion (formerly Museum of Atheism) and National Museum (formerly Museum of Industry).
Lviv - Sport.
Historically Lviv was one of the most important centres of sports in Central Europe. The first professional football club, Czarni Lwów, was opened in 1903, and the first stadium was opened in 1913. Currently L'viv is home to several major profes ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Culture |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Government
Lviv - Administrative division.
Lviv is divided in 6 distinct entities called raions with their own administrative bodies:
Halyts'ky (Галицький район)
Zaliznychny (Залізничний район)
Lychakivs'ky (Личаківський район)
Sykhivsky (Сихівський район)
Frankivs'ky (Франківський район)
Shevchenkivs'ky (Шевченківський район)
Notable suburbs are:
Vynnyky (місто Винники)
Brokhovychi (селище Брюховичі)
Rud ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Government |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied vast areas of eastern Poland (so called Kresy), and another 5.2-6.5 million Poles (from the total population of about 13,5 million of these territories) were added. Some claim that as many as 1.7 million of Poles were later deported to far away territories of USSR, such as Siberia. Other historians give a much lower estimation, about half a million Poles murdered and deported.
On March 30, 2004, the head of the Archival Service of Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, general Vasil ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 The Polish minority was one of the few whose numbers decreased over time, according to official statistics. They also belonged to the least educated ethnic group, which allegedly was caused by ethnic persecutions.
After 1989, Poles who survived in Kazakhstan started to emigrate due to national tensions, mainly to Russia and, supported by immigration society, to Poland. The number remaining is between 50 000 and 100 000.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the following post-Soviet countries have significant Polish m ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer - Cases of population transfer
Population transfer - United States: Native American relocations.
In the nineteenth century, the United States government removed a number of Native American nations to federally owned and designated Indian reservations. In the 1830's, the policy known as Indian Removal relocated many nations living east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in the west, a process that resulted in the "Trail of Tears" for the Cherokees. Resistance to Indian Removal led to several violent conflicts, including the Second Seminole War in Florida. Later in the century, the establishment ...
See also:Population transfer, Population transfer - Issues arising from population transfer, Population transfer - Changing legal opinions, Population transfer - Cases of population transfer, Population transfer - United States: Native American relocations, Population transfer - Expulsion of Jews and Gypsies, Population transfer - France, Population transfer - Other kinds of transfer, Population transfer - Ancient World, Population transfer - Ottomans and Turkey, Population transfer - Central Europe, Population transfer - Soviet Union, Population transfer - South East Europe, Population transfer - Caucasus, Population transfer - South Asia, Population transfer - Middle East, Population transfer - Footnotes, Population transfer - Other sources Read more here: » Population transfer: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer - Cases of population transfer |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Cold War After World War II, the Soviet Union became a world superpower with its leader Joseph Stalin. This resulted in a great rivalry between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., the Cold War. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R., communism and capitalism fought for influence and power over the world and in this struggle, numerous revolutions happened around the world, in countries as diverse as Cuba, China, Korea, Vietnam and Laos.
History of communis ...
See also:History of communism, History of communism - Early Communism, History of communism - Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto, History of communism - The October Revolution, History of communism - The Stalin Era, History of communism - The Cold War, History of communism - Eastern Europe, History of communism - China, History of communism - North Korea, History of communism - Cuba, History of communism - Vietnam, History of communism - Laos, History of communism - Ethiopia, History of communism - South Yemen, History of communism - Angola, History of communism - The collapse of the Soviet Union, History of communism - Communism Today Read more here: » History of communism: Encyclopedia II - History of communism - The Cold War |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History
Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland.
Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia
The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...
See also:Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - History Human settlement in the territory of Ukraine has been documented into distant prehistory. The late neolithic Trypillian culture flourished from ca. 4500 BC to 3000 BC.
In antiquity, the southern and eastern parts of modern Ukraine were populated by Iranian nomads called Scythians. The Scythian Kingdom existed in Ukraine between 700 BC and 200 BC. In the third century, the Goths arrived, calling their country Oium, and formed the Chernyakhov culture before moving on and defeating the Roman empire. In the 7th century Ukraine was the cor ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - History |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938 Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union. Initially, the Poles were given 2 Polish Autonomous Districts, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The first one was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierżyński; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938 |
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| | | | Curzon line: Encyclopedia II - Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Historical development
Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Germany.
After World War II many expellees (German: Heimatvertriebene) from the land east of the Oder-Neisse received refuge in both West Germany and East Germany. Some of the expellees are active in politics and belong to the political right-wing. Many others do not belong to any organizations, but they continue to maintain what they call a lawful right to their homeland. The vast majority pledged to work peacefully towards that goal while rebuilding post-war Germ ...
See also:Expulsion of Germans after World War II, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Wording of the actual agreement, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Discussion of the reasons, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - The results, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Summary of German Expellee Population, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Historical development, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Germany, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Poland, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Czechoslovakia, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Hungary, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Russia, Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Development Read more here: » Expulsion of Germans after World War II: Encyclopedia II - Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Historical development |
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