Crusader states

The Crusader states were the feudal territories created by Catholic Western Europeans during Holy Wars, called crusades because they carried cross-markings as symbols of their goal, to establish the Christian faith in territories under the sway of Islam or paganism. It is mainly said of the states founded by crusaders in the Orthodox and Muslim Eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. However it can also apply to the other territorial gains (often small and short-lived) elsewhere against Muslim ...

Including:

• Crusader states - Facing Islam
• Crusader states - In the Levant
• Crusader states - Cyprus
• Crusader states - In Greece
• Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs
• Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism
• Crusader states - Prussia

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia - Crusader states

While the Reconquista, the centuries long fight to reconquer the Iberian peninsula on the Arabo-Barbaresque Moors (who called it al-Andalus), fills all the criteria for crusades, it is not customary to call the resulting Catholic principalities crusader states. The term is usually reseved for the more aggressive crusades: Crusader states - In the Levant. The first four Crusader states were created in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade: The first Crusader state, the County of ...

See also:

Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism, Crusader states - Prussia

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Facing Islam

While the Reconquista, the centuries long fight to reconquer the Iberian peninsula on the Arabo-Barbaresque Moors (who called it al-Andalus), fills all the criteria for crusades, it is not customary to call the resulting Catholic principalities crusader states. The term is usually reseved for the more aggressive crusades: Crusader states - In the Levant. The first four Crusader states were created in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade: The first Crusader state, the County of ...

See also:

Crusader states, Crusader states - Facing Islam, Crusader states - In the Levant, Crusader states - Cyprus, Crusader states - In Greece, Crusader states - Minor Mediterranean fiefs, Crusader states - Exterminating Paganism in Europe, Crusader states - Prussia, Crusader states - Diverted crusaders, Crusader states - Sources and References

Read more here: » Crusader states: Encyclopedia II - Crusader states - Facing Islam

The Prussian junkers and generals dominated the conduct of World War I, so when it ended in defeat in 1918 they had to accept responsibility. The Prussian monarchy was overthrown along with all other German monarchies, and Germany became a republic. The Great Poland Uprising, and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, recreated the Polish state and forced Germany to return territories annexed by Prussia during the Partitions of Poland, as well as parts of Upper Silesia inhabited by Poles. East Prussia found itself again cut off fr ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - The end of Prussia

The beginnings of the County came in 1102, when Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, began a lengthy war with the Banu Ammar Emirs of Tripoli (theoretically vassals of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo), gradually seizing much of their territory and besieging them within Tripoli itself. Raymond died in 1105, leaving his infant son Alfonso-Jordan as his heir, with a cousin, William-Jordan of Cerdagne, as regent. William-Jordan continued the siege of Tripoli for the next four years, when a bastard son of Raymond, B ...

See also:

County of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - History, County of Tripoli - Vassals of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - Lordship of Gibelet, County of Tripoli - Lordship of Botron, County of Tripoli - Counts of Tripoli 1102-1289, County of Tripoli - Titular Counts of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - Great Officers of Tripoli

Read more here: » County of Tripoli: Encyclopedia II - County of Tripoli - History

For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. 1265 - Events. 1265 - Europe. January 20 - In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (De Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament. Before August - Future King Edward I of England escapes captivity in the hands of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. August 4 - The Battle of Evesham of the Sec ...

Including:

• 1265 - Events
• 1265 - Europe
• 1265 - Africa and Asia
• 1265 - Births
• 1265 - Deaths

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In 1862 Prussian King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and the conservatives, by creating a strong united Germany but under the domination of the Prussian ruling class and bureaucracy, not the western German liberals. He achieved this by provoking three successive wars, with Denmark in 1864 (second war of Schleswig), which gave Prussia Schleswig-Holstein, with Austria in 1866 (Austro-Prussian War), which allowed Prussia to annex Hanover and most other nort ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Imperial Prussia

In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the Prussian tribes on his borders. However, after struggling against more than a century of resistance from the Prussians they created a semi-independent state, which came to control most of what are now Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as parts of northern Poland. Eventually defeated, the Knights had to acknowledge the sovereignty of the King of Poland and Lithuania from 1466. In 1525 the Master of the Order became a Protestant, and converted part of the Order's territories into the Duch ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early History, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Early History

The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity (see Edessa). The County of Edessa was different from the other Crusader states in that it was landlocked; it was remote from the other states and was not on particularly good terms with its closest neighbor, the Principality of Antioch; and half of the county, including its capital, was located to the east of the Euphrates and hence far to the east of the others. The part west of ...

Including:

• County of Edessa - Foundation
• County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours
• County of Edessa - Fall of the county
• County of Edessa - Population and demographics
• County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa
• County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel
• County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia - County of Edessa

The County of Tripoli was the last of the four major Crusader states in the Levant to be created. Some prominent cities that were part of the County include Safita, Tartous, and Tripoli. County of Tripoli - History. The beginnings of the County came in 1102, when Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, began a lengthy war with the Banu Ammar Emirs of Tripoli (theoretically vassals of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo), gradually seizing much of their territory and besieging them wi ...

Including:

• County of Tripoli - History
• County of Tripoli - Vassals of Tripoli
• County of Tripoli - Lordship of Gibelet
• County of Tripoli - Lordship of Botron
• County of Tripoli - Counts of Tripoli 1102-1289
• County of Tripoli - Titular Counts of Tripoli
• County of Tripoli - Great Officers of Tripoli

Read more here: » County of Tripoli: Encyclopedia - County of Tripoli

The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars ...

Including:

• Crusade - Historical background
• Crusade - Historical context
• Crusade - The major crusades
• Crusade - First Crusade
• Crusade - Second Crusade
• Crusade - Third Crusade
• Crusade - Fourth Crusade
• Crusade - Albigensian Crusade
• Crusade - Children's Crusade
• Crusade - Fifth Crusade
• Crusade - Sixth Crusade
• Crusade - Seventh Crusade
• Crusade - Eighth Crusade
• Crusade - Ninth Crusade
• Crusade - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• Crusade - Crusade legacy
• Crusade - Europe
• Crusade - Islamic world
• Crusade - Jewish community
• Crusade - The Caucasus
• Crusade - Usage of the term crusade
• Crusade - Popular reputation
• Crusade - Eastern Orthodoxy
• Crusade - References and further reading

Read more here: » Crusade: Encyclopedia - Crusade

The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Ca ...

Including:

• The Crusades - Historical background
• The Crusades - Historical context
• The Crusades - The major crusades
• The Crusades - First Crusade
• The Crusades - Second Crusade
• The Crusades - Third Crusade
• The Crusades - Fourth Crusade
• The Crusades - Albigensian Crusade
• The Crusades - Children's Crusade
• The Crusades - Fifth Crusade
• The Crusades - Sixth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusade versus the Stedingers
• The Crusades - Seventh Crusade
• The Crusades - Eighth Crusade
• The Crusades - Ninth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• The Crusades - Crusade legacy
• The Crusades - Europe
• The Crusades - Islamic world
• The Crusades - Jewish community
• The Crusades - The Caucasus
• The Crusades - Usage of the term crusade
• The Crusades - Popular reputation
• The Crusades - Eastern Orthodoxy
• The Crusades - References and further reading

Read more here: » The Crusades: Encyclopedia - The Crusades

In 1226 Conrad of Mazovia invited a German order of crusading knights, the Order of the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to conquer the Prussian tribes on his borders. However, after struggling against more than a century of resistance from the Prussians they created a semi-independent state, which came to control most of what are now Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as parts of northern Poland. Eventually defeated, the Knights had to acknowledge the sovereignty of the King of Poland and Lithuania from 1466. In 1525 the Master of the Order became a Protestant, and converted part of the Order's territories into the Duch ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Early history

In 1701 Brandenburg-Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick I, with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor and Polish King. Under Frederick II (Frederick the Great), Prussia seized the province of Silesia from Austria, and defended it through the Seven Years War which ended in 1763 with Prussia as the dominant state of eastern Germany. Prussia also acquired various territories in other parts of Germany through marriage or inherit ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia

Prussia began its existence as a small territory in what is now northern Poland and the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia. The region was sparsely populated by Prussians. The area later became subject to German colonization. By the time of its abolition it stretched across the North German Plain from the French, Belgian and Dutch borders on the west to the Lithuanian border and to territories which are now in eastern Poland. At its greatest extent before 1918 it included much of western Poland as well. For a period between 1795 and 1807 Prussia also controlled most ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - Geography

The Battle of Harran took place on May 7, 1104 between the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, and the Seljuk Turks. It was the first major battle against the newfound Crusader states in the aftermath of the First Crusade. In 1104, while the Seljuks were harassing the borders of the County of Edessa, count Baldwin II sought help from Bohemond I of Antioch and Tancred, Prince of Galilee. Bohemond and Tancred marched north from Antioch to Edessa to join with Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtenay, ...

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The Chanson d'Antioche is a chanson de geste in 9000 lines of poetry in stanzas called laisses, composed about 1180 for a courtly French audience. It was one of two quasi-historical cycles of epic poems inspired by the events of 1097 – 1099, the climax of the First Crusade: the conquest of Antioch and of Jerusalem and the origins of the Crusader states. A second cycle, of the 14th century, was far more fabulous and embroidered, more distinctly romance than epic. The subject is the preaching of the First Crusade, the preparations for departure, the tearful goodbyes, the arriv ...

Including:

• Chanson d'Antioche - External link

Read more here: » Chanson d'Antioche: Encyclopedia - Chanson d'Antioche

The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultante المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to them ruling from al-Manyal island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) off Cairo. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks owned by sultan killed his owner's heir, and the Mamluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250 - 1257) married Shajar al-Dur ...

Including:

• Bahri dynasty - List of Bahri Sultans

Read more here: » Bahri dynasty: Encyclopedia - Bahri dynasty

He was born on 5 March 1133 at Le Mans to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Count of Anjou. Brought up in Anjou, he visited England in 1149 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne. Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine on 18 May 1152 added her holdings to his, including Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He thus effectively became more powerful than the king of France — with an empire (the Ang ...

See also:

Henry II of England, Henry II of England - Biography, Henry II of England - Appearance, Henry II of England - Fiction, Henry II of England - Coat of arms

Read more here: » Henry II of England: Encyclopedia II - Henry II of England - Biography

First Crusade - The Council of Clermont. Main article: Council of Clermont In March of 1095 Alexius I sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza to ask Urban for aid against the Turks. The emperor's request met with a favourable response from Urban, who hoped to heal the Great Schism of 40 years prior and re-unite the Church under papal supremacy as "chief bishop and prelate over the whole world" (as he referred to himself at ...

See also:

First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

Read more here: » First Crusade: Encyclopedia II - First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade