Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. For details of the attendant wars, see: Jacobite Rising. It is not about Jacobinism or the Jacobite Orthodox Church. Jacobitism was the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland (and after 1707, Great Britain). The movement took its name from the Latin form ...

Including:

• Jacobitism - Political background
• Jacobitism - Religion politics and adventurers
• Jacobitism - Ireland
• Jacobitism - England and Scotland
• Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands
• Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers
• Jacobitism - Jacobite community ideology and policy
• Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism
• Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland
• Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee
• Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion
• Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians
• Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen
• Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England
• Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion
• Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot
• Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland
• Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot
• Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt
• Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five'
• Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism
• Jacobitism - The Elibank plot
• Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans
• Jacobitism - Henry IX
• Jacobitism - Outcome
• Jacobitism - Romantic revival
• Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England Scotland France and Ireland
• Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria
• Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

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The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings, was the opening conflict following the deposition of King James II in 1688 when he attempted to regain the throne of his Three Kingdoms from his daughter Mary II who replaced him jointly with her husband William of Orange. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland led by "Bonnie Dundee" which started at about the same time. While William successfu ...

Including:

• Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution
• Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster
• Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne
• Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War
• Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects
• Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

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The number of Protestants killed in the early months of the uprising is controversial, early Parliamentarian pamphlets claimed that over 100,000 settlers had lost their lives. In fact, recent research has shown that the number is far more modest, in the region of 4000 or so killed, though many thousands were expelled from their homes. It is estimated that up to 12,000 Protestants may have lost their lives in total, the majority dying of cold or disease after being expelled from their homes in the depths of winter. The general pattern around ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Causes, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Plantations, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The religious question, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Conspiracy, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Economic Factors, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Massacres, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Civil war and Confederation, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Sources

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See Also English Civil War Irish Confederate Wars Scottish Civil War Modern historians have emphasised how the Civil Wars were not inevitable, but that all sides resorted to violence in a situation marked by mutual distrust and paranoia. Charles' initial failure to bring the Bishops Wars to a quick end also made other discontented groups feel that force could be used successfully to get what they wanted. Alienated by British Protestant domination and frightened by the rhetoric of the Englis ...

See also:

Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Background, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Religious Confrontation in Scotland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - England, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Ireland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - War Breaks Out, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Main events, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Aftermath

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While the Wars of the Three Kingdoms pre-figured many of the changes that would shape modern Britain, in the short term it resolved little. The English Commonwealth was neither a monarchy nor a real republic. In practise Oliver Cromwell exercised power rather informally, and without a written constitution. There was religious freedom under this regime, but not for Roman Catholics. The Church of England was abolished, as was the House of Lords, but power was never given to the House of Commons and there were no fresh elections. Nor did Cromwe ...

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Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Background, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Religious Confrontation in Scotland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - England, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Ireland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - War Breaks Out, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Main events, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Aftermath

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PEOPLE associated with the period include; Soldiers: Owen Roe O'Neill, Thoma Preston, Alasdair MacColla, Hugh Dubh O'Neill, Henry Ireton, George Monck, Oliver Cromwell, Garret Barry, Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Murrough O'Brien, Earl Inchiquinn, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel. Political figures: Phelim O'Neill, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Patrick Darcy, Richard Martin fitz Oliver, Ulick de Burgh, 5th Earl of Clanricarde, Richard Bellings, Nicholas French, Nicholas Plunkett, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Char ...

See also:

Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

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The death toll of the conflict was huge. William Petty, a Cromwellian who conducted the first scientific land and demographic survey of Ireland in the 1650s, concluded that at least 400,000 people and maybe as many as 620,000 had died in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. The true figure may be lower, but the lowest suggested is about 200,000. And this in a country of only around 1.5 million inhabitants. It is estimated that about two thirds of the deaths were civilian. The Irish defeat led to the mass confiscation of Catholic owned land and the British Prote ...

See also:

Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

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From 1641 to early 1642, the fighting in Ireland was characterised by small bands, raised by local lords or among local people, attacking civilians of opposing ethnic and religious groups. At first, Irish Catholic bands, particularly from Ulster, took the opportunity given them by the collapse of law and order to settle scores with Protestant settlers who had occupied Irish land in the plantations of Ireland. Initially, the Irish Catholic gentry raised militia forces to try and contain the violence, but afterwards, when it was clear that the ...

See also:

Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

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Main Article Cromwellian conquest of Ireland The Confederate/Royalist coalition wasted valuable months fighting with Owen Roe O'Neill and other former Confederates when they should have been preparing to resist the impending Parliamentarian invasion of Ireland. O'Neill later re-joined the Confederate side. Belatedly, in August 1649, Ormonde tried to take Dublin from the Parliamentarians, but was routed by Michael Jones at the battle of Rathmines. Oliver Cromwell landed shortly afterwards with the New Model Army. Whereas the Con ...

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Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

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After their victory over government troops at battle of Julianstown, an Irish rebel force under Phelim O'Neill laid siege to Drogheda in December 1641. The rebels, who were mostly from Ulster and about 6000 strong, did not have siege artillery (or indeed any artillery) to breach the walls of Drogheda and so blockaded the town, hoping to starve it into surrender. Drogheda was garrisoned by about 2000 English soldiers under Colonel Tichborne. The rebels tried three assaults on the town. On the first occasion they simply tried to rush th ...

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Siege of Drogheda, Siege of Drogheda - The first siege 1641-1642, Siege of Drogheda - Cromwell's siege 1649, Siege of Drogheda - Debate over Cromwell's actions, Siege of Drogheda - Notes, Siege of Drogheda - Sources

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see also Irish Confederate Wars At first, many of the Irish Catholic upper classes were reluctant to join the rebellion, especially the "Old English" community. However, within six months almost all of them had joined the rebellion. There were three main reasons for this. First, local lords and landowners raised armed units of their dependants to control the violence that was engulfing the country, fearing that after the settlers were gone, the Irish peasantry would turn on them as well. Secondly, the English Parliament and the ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Causes, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Plantations, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The religious question, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Conspiracy, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Economic Factors, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Massacres, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Civil war and Confederation, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1641: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Civil war and Confederation

This massacre became infamous in Ireland almost instantly and remains so today. Cromwell justified the massacre at Drogheda in two ways. Firstly, he argued that it was, "the righteous judgement of God on these barbarous wretches, who have imbued their hands with so much innocent blood". In other words, his actions were justified in reprisal for the Irish massacre of English and Scottish Protestants in 1641. Secondly, he argued that such severity would discourage future resistance and save further loss of life. In addition, he did not a ...

See also:

Siege of Drogheda, Siege of Drogheda - The first siege 1641-1642, Siege of Drogheda - Cromwell's siege 1649, Siege of Drogheda - Debate over Cromwell's actions, Siege of Drogheda - Notes, Siege of Drogheda - Sources

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1649 - Ongoing events. Fronde civil war in France (1648-1653) 1649 - Births. February 2 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730) February 8 - Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian (d. 1728) February 11 - William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715) April 5 - Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721) April 9 - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1685)< ...

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• 1649 - Events
• 1649 - Ongoing events
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• 1649 - Deaths

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British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval period. Viking invasions (793–1066) Raid on Lindisfarne (793) Campaign of Alfred the Great (871–899) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of Cannington (878) Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) Norman Conquest of England (1066) - last successful invasion of Engl ...

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British military history, British military history - List of British military encounters, British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period, British military history - Mediæval period, British military history - Early Colonial period, British military history - Colonial Period, British military history - Modern Period, British military history - 21st century, British military history - List of fortifications in Britain, British military history - Roman & ancient, British military history - Mediæval, British military history - 1600s, British military history - Georgian & Victorian, British military history - World War II Stop Lines, British military history - List of British military institutions, British military history - List of British military alliances, British military history - Scottish military alliances, British military history - English military alliances, British military history - British military alliances

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In 1652 he married Cromwell’s daughter, Bridget, widow of Henry Ireton, and became commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian forces in Ireland, to which title that of Lord Deputy of Ireland was added. The first year of his tenure saw the mopping up of the last Catholic Irish guerrilla resistance to the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Fleetwood negotiated with the remaining guerrilla bands (known as "tories") to either surrender or to leave the country for service in the army of a country not at war with the Commonwealth of England. The l ...

See also:

Charles Fleetwood, Charles Fleetwood - English Civil War, Charles Fleetwood - Ireland, Charles Fleetwood - Career under the Protectorate, Charles Fleetwood - Collpase ofthe Protectorate and Restoration of the Monarchy

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From a Parliamentarian point of view, victory in this battle was presented to them by the incompetence of the Irish commander. Preston was a veteran of the Thirty Years War where he had been a commander of the Spanish garrison at Leuven, but had no experience of open warfare or handling cavalry (Jones by contrast had been a cavalry officer in the English Civil War). As a result, he tried to move his cavalry along a narrow covered lane (site of the present day main road), where they trapped and subjected to enemy fire without being able to respond. The demoralised Irish cavalr ...

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Battle of Dungans Hill, Battle of Dungans Hill - Background, Battle of Dungans Hill - The Battle

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On the Restoration of the Monarchy, those (notably the Duke of Ormonde) who had taken the Royalist side pleaded with the King for the injustice to be undone. Accordingly, the Parliament of Ireland (in Dublin) passed a new Act of Settlement in 1662 which ordered that the Cromwellian settlers give up a portion of their allotted land to "Old English" and "innocent Catholics", as would be determined by Commissioners. However, the Irish Parliament was now Protestant only, as Catholics had been barred from voting or standing for elec ...

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Act of Settlement 1662, Act of Settlement 1662 - Context - the Act of 1652, Act of Settlement 1662 - This Act, Act of Settlement 1662 - Footnotes

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Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean. Main article: Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean See also: Slavery in Abrahamic religions. Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece and Rome, and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, and the birth of slave children to slaves. Main article: Slavery in medieval Europe For Christian views on sla ...

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Slavery, Slavery - Definitions, Slavery - Unfree labour, Slavery - How do people become slaves?, Slavery - History, Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean, Slavery - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, Slavery - Slavery in Africa, Slavery - Slavery in the Americas, Slavery - Slavery in Asia, Slavery - Abolitionist movements, Slavery - Apologies, Slavery - Reparations, Slavery - Economics of slavery, Slavery - Potential for total abolition, Slavery - Famous slaves and former slaves, Slavery - Films, Slavery - Media

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English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework. Before the War, the Parliament of England was not a permanent feature of English government, instead functioning as a temporary advisory committee—summoned by the monarch whenever additional tax revenue was required, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time. Because responsibility for collecting taxes lay in the hands of the gentry, the English kings needed the help of that stratum of society in order to ensure that revenue was ...

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English Civil War, English Civil War - Introduction, English Civil War - Background, English Civil War - The King's aspirations, English Civil War - Headline text, English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework, English Civil War - Mounting concerns, English Civil War - Petition of Right, English Civil War - The Eleven Years' Tyranny and a rebellion in Scotland, English Civil War - Local grievances, English Civil War - Recall of Parliament, English Civil War - The Long Parliament, English Civil War - The First English Civil War, English Civil War - Capture of Charles, English Civil War - The Second English Civil War, English Civil War - Trial of Charles I for treason, English Civil War - The Third English Civil War, English Civil War - Ireland, English Civil War - Scotland, English Civil War - England, English Civil War - Political control, English Civil War - Aftermath, English Civil War - Theories relating to the English Civil War, English Civil War - Re-enactments

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MacMahon’s inexperience was further exposed in how he drew up his troops for battle. He placed a small advance guard in front his army and positioned the rest of his troops in a huge solid mass, which meant that it would be very difficult to manoeuvre and very few units could actually engage the enemy, being stuck within the ranks of their own men. Coote, meanwhile, who had been fighting since 1641 and whose father had been a professional soldier, drew up his men in small flexible units – able to rein ...

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Battle of Scarrifholis, Battle of Scarrifholis - Background, Battle of Scarrifholis - The campaign, Battle of Scarrifholis - The Battle, Battle of Scarrifholis - Aftermath, Battle of Scarrifholis - Sources

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British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval period. Viking invasions (793–1066) Raid on Lindisfarne (793) Campaign of Alfred the Great (871–899) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of Cannington (878) Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) Norman Conquest of England (1066) - last successful invasion of the ...

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British military history, British military history - List of British military encounters, British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period, British military history - Mediæval period, British military history - Early Colonial period, British military history - Colonial Period, British military history - Modern Period, British military history - 21st century, British military history - List of fortifications in Britain, British military history - Roman & ancient, British military history - Mediæval, British military history - 1600s, British military history - Georgian & Victorian, British military history - World War II Stop Lines, British military history - List of British military institutions, British military history - List of British military alliances, British military history - Scottish military alliances, British military history - English military alliances, British military history - British military alliances

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