Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Cromwellian Conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia - Cromwellian Conquest Of Ireland
Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. Since the Irish Rebellion of 1641,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cromwellian Conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Cromwellian Conquest Of Ireland - The Battle Of Rathmines And Cromwell’s Landing In Ireland
By the end of the period known as Confederate Ireland in 1649, the only remaining Parliamentarian outpost in Ireland was in Dublin, under...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia Ii - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms - Background
The unity of the Three Kingdoms under one monarch was quite a recent development. Since 1541, monarchs of England had also ruled the King...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Rathmines: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Rathmines - The Battle
In July 1649, Ormonde marched his coalition forces of 11,000 men to the outskirts of Dublin, to take the city from its Parliamentary garr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Knocknaclashy: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Knocknaclashy - The Battle
The Parliamentarians were outnumbered but were better trained and supplied than the Irish and had more cavalry, which was a big advantage...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Drogheda: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Drogheda - Cromwell's Siege 1649
Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland in August 1649, to re-conquer the country on behalf of the English Parliament. Drogheda was by this tim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - River Shannon: Encyclopedia Ii - River Shannon - Economics
The Shannon is the longest river in the British Isles. Despite being more than 200 miles (300 km) long, it rises only 250 feet (76 m) abo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s War - 1642-48
See also Confederate Ireland King Charles I sent a large army to Ireland in 1642 to put down the rebellion, as did the Scottish Covenante...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Rebellion Of 1641: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Rebellion Of 1641 - Causes
The roots of the 1641 rebellion lie in the failure of the English State in Ireland to assimilate the native Irish elite in the wake of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - County Limerick: Encyclopedia Ii - County Limerick - History
It is thought that man had established himself in the Lough Gur area of the county as early as 3000 BC, while megalithic remains found at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Confederate Ireland - Rebellion And The Formation Of The Confederation
this is a political history, for a military history of this time, see Irish Confederate Wars The Catholic Confederation was formed in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia - Slavery
Slavery is a condition in which one person, known as a slave, is under the control of another. Slavery almost always occurs for the purpo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia - British Military History
By chronology Prehistoric Britain Iron Age Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval Britain Early Modern Britain Modern Britain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland
Confederate Ireland refers to a brief period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Irela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Ireland: Encyclopedia - Culture Of Ireland
The culture of the people living on the island of Ireland is far from monolithic. Many notable cultural divides exist between the rural p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Ireland: Encyclopedia - United Ireland
A United Ireland is the common demand of Irish nationalists, envisaging that the island of Ireland (currently divided into the Republic o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641
See also Irish Rebellion of 1641 The Irish Rebellion of 1641 was intended to be a swift and mainly bloodless seizure of power in Ireland ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - County Wexford: Encyclopedia - County Wexford
County Wexford (Contae Loch Garman in Irish) is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. Area: 2,352 k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - County Limerick: Encyclopedia - County Limerick
County Limerick(Contae Luimnigh in Irish) is a county in the province of Munster, located in the mid-west of Ireland with County Clare to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia - Jacobitism
This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. For deta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Williamite War In Ireland: Encyclopedia - Williamite War In Ireland
The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Rebellion Of 1641: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Rebellion Of 1641 - Massacres
The number of Protestants killed in the early months of the uprising is controversial, early Parliamentarian pamphlets claimed that over ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia Ii - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms - War Breaks Out
See Also English Civil War Irish Confederate Wars Scottish Civil War Modern historians have emphasised how the Civil Wars were not inev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia Ii - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms - Aftermath
While the Wars of the Three Kingdoms pre-figured many of the changes that would shape modern Britain, in the short term it resolved littl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - See Also
PEOPLE associated with the period include; Soldiers: Owen Roe O'Neill, Thoma Preston, Alasdair MacColla, Hugh Dubh O'Neill, Henry Ireton,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost
The death toll of the conflict was huge. William Petty, a Cromwellian who conducted the first scientific land and demographic survey of I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42
From 1641 to early 1642, the fighting in Ireland was characterised by small bands, raised by local lords or among local people, attacking...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653
Main Article Cromwellian conquest of Ireland The Confederate/Royalist coalition wasted valuable months fighting with Owen Roe O'Neill and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Drogheda: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Drogheda - The First Siege 1641-1642
After their victory over government troops at battle of Julianstown, an Irish rebel force under Phelim O'Neill laid siege to Drogheda in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Rebellion Of 1641: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Rebellion Of 1641 - Civil War And Confederation
see also Irish Confederate Wars At first, many of the Irish Catholic upper classes were reluctant to join the rebellion, especially the "...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Drogheda: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Drogheda - Debate Over Cromwell's Actions
This massacre became infamous in Ireland almost instantly and remains so today. Cromwell justified the massacre at Drogheda in two ways. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1649: Encyclopedia - 1649
1649 - Ongoing events. Fronde civil war in France (1648-1653) 1649 - Births. February 2 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730) February 8 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Fleetwood: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Fleetwood - Ireland
In 1652 he married Cromwell’s daughter, Bridget, widow of Henry Ireton, and became commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian forces in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Dungans Hill: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Dungans Hill - The Battle
From a Parliamentarian point of view, victory in this battle was presented to them by the incompetence of the Irish commander. Preston wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Act Of Settlement 1662: Encyclopedia Ii - Act Of Settlement 1662 - This Act
On the Restoration of the Monarchy, those (notably the Duke of Ormonde) who had taken the Royalist side pleaded with the King for the inj...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - History
Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean. Main article: Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean See also: Slavery in Abrahamic religions....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - English Civil War - Headline Text
English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework. Before the War, the Parliament of England was not a permanent f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Scarrifholis: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of Scarrifholis - The Battle
MacMahon’s inexperience was further exposed in how he drew up his troops for battle. He placed a small advance guard in front his army ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rathfarnham: Encyclopedia Ii - Rathfarnham - History
Rathfarnham - Military Road. Rathfarnham is the start of the infamous Military Road. This road through the Wicklow Mountains (still in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - English Civil War - Background
English Civil War - The King's aspirations. Contemporaries must have found it unthinkable that a civil war could result from the events...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flight Of The Wild Geese: Encyclopedia Ii - Flight Of The Wild Geese - Spanish Service
The first Irish troops to serve as a unit for a continental power formed an Irish regiment in the Spanish army of Flanders in the Eighty ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felim O'neill Of Kinard: Encyclopedia Ii - Felim O'neill Of Kinard - Rebellion
However, in common with many Irish Catholics, and especially Gaelic Irishmen, O'Neill felt threatened by the Protestant English governmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Drogheda: Encyclopedia Ii - Drogheda - Arts
Drogheda has a thriving arts scene, it hosts the annual Samba festival every summer, where Samba bands from around the world converge on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - English Civil War - The Eleven Years' Tyranny And A Rebellion In Scotland
Charles I managed to avoid calling a Parliament for a decade. Depending upon one's political affiliation, this time was known either as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Nationalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Nationalism - History
Irish nationalism - Roots. Ireland has been subject to varying degrees of rule from England since the late 12th century. (See Norman Ir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galway: Encyclopedia Ii - Galway - Politics
Galway - City Council. Main article: Galway City Council Services such as rubbish collection, recycling, traffic control, parks and h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Nationalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Nationalism - History
Irish nationalism - Roots. Ireland has been subject to varying degrees of rule from England since the late 12th century. (See Norman Ir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Limerick: Encyclopedia Ii - Limerick - Governance
Limerick City Council has responsibility for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, collection o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - King Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - King Of Ireland - History
King of Ireland - Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1801. The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament in 1541, to r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691: Encyclopedia Ii - Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 - Civil Wars Land Confiscations And Penal Laws 1641-1691
The fifty years from 1641 to 1691 saw two catastrophic periods of civil war in Ireland 1641-53 and 1689-91, which killed hundreds of thou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Williamite War In Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Williamite War In Ireland - The Glorious Revolution
The War in Ireland began as a direct consequence of the Glorious Revolution in England. James, who was a Roman Catholic attempted to intr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Penal Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Penal Law - In Irish History
In Ireland these laws were also put into force from the early 1600s. They had a pronounced effect, disenfranchising the majority of the I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oliver Cromwell: Encyclopedia Ii - Oliver Cromwell - Ireland And Scotland
See also: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Irish Confederate Wars, and Scottish Civil War. Cromwell's actions made him very unpopular in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - Early Plantations
The early Plantations of Ireland occurred in the context of the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland. This hoped to pacify and Anglicise Ireland ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Military Campaigns And Jacobitism
This section focusses on the political context. For military aspects of these campaigns see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite Ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - United Ireland - Kings And High Kings
Before the coming of the Normans there existed the title of Ard Rí (High King), usually held by the Uí Néill but this was more of a ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Dublin: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Dublin - Colonial Dublin
Dublin and its inhabitants were transformed by the upheavals of the 16th and 17th centuries in Ireland. These saw the first thorough Engl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galway: Encyclopedia Ii - Galway - Politics
Galway - City Council. Services such as rubbish collection, recycling, traffic control, parks and housing are controlled by a fifteen m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Waterford: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Waterford - Anglo Norman Invasion And Medieval Waterford
The next phase in the life of Waterford began on August 25th, 1170 when the city was taken by the Normans under Strongbow. The Normans ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Model Army: Encyclopedia Ii - New Model Army - Civil War Campaigns
The New Model Army won important victories at Naseby (14 June 1645, its baptism of fire) and Preston (August 1648). After the end of majo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland - Ireland In 1500
Ireland in 1500 was shaped by the unfinished Anglo-Norman conquest, initiated by Norman barons from Wales in the 12th century and carried...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parliament Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Parliament Of Ireland - Early History
The Irish Parliament was originially founded in the 13th century to represent the English community in the Lordship of Ireland. The nativ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - History
Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean. See also: Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean; Slavery in Abrahamic religions. Slavery in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Overview
"The English Civil War" (1642–51), is a generic name for the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the rai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roger Boyle 1st Earl Of Orrery: Encyclopedia Ii - Roger Boyle 1st Earl Of Orrery - Rebellion And Civil War
He travelled in France and Italy, and coming home took part in the Bishops Wars against the Scots. He returned to Ireland on the outbreak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rathmines: Encyclopedia Ii - Rathmines - Rathmines Township
One of Rathmines' most prominent buildings is the Town Hall and its clock tower. This building, now occupied by Rathmines Senior College,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Richard Bellings: Encyclopedia Ii - Richard Bellings - The Confederate Politician
Belling was one of the chief movers behind the creation of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland which sought to bring the anarchic rebell...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sieges Of Limerick: Encyclopedia Ii - Sieges Of Limerick - The Cromwellian Siege 1650-51
By 1650, The Irish Confederates and their English Royalist allies had been driven out of eastern Ireland by the Cromwellian conquest of I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rapparee: Encyclopedia Ii - Rapparee - Wood Kerne And Tories
There was a long tradition of irregular warfare in Ireland before the 1690s. Irish guerrilla fighters in the 16th century were known as "...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - History
Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean. Main article: Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean See also: Slavery in Abrahamic religions....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Third English Civil War - Overview
The Preston campaign of the Second Civil War was undertaken under the direction of the Scottish Parliament, not the Church, and it needed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Ireland - Land Use And Settlement Patterns
Culture of Ireland - Agriculture and rural life. As archaeological evidence from sites such as the Céide Fields in County Mayo and Lou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Military History: Encyclopedia Ii - British Military History - List Of British Military Encounters
British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval perio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Confederate Ireland - Cessation With The Royalists, The Nuncio's Arrival And The First Ormonde Peace
In 1643, the Confederates negotiated a ceasefire or cessation of hostilities, with the royalists in Ireland and opened negotiations with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Jacobite Community, Ideology And Policy
From its religious roots, Jacobite ideology was passed on through committed families of the nobility and gentry who would have pictures o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - County Limerick: Encyclopedia Ii - County Limerick - Geography
County Limerick is the green heartland of Munster and its Irish name Luimneach (the flat area) certainly makes sense when compared with t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Ireland - Cultural Institutions, Organizations And Events
Ireland is well supplied with museums and art galleries and offers, especially during the summer months, a wide range of cultural events....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Religion, Politics And Adventurers
While Jacobitism was closely linked with Roman Catholicism from the outset particularly in Ireland, elsewhere in Britain Catholics were i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants To The Thrones Of England, Scotland, France, And Ireland
Since Henry's death, none of the Jacobite heirs has actually claimed the throne. They are as follows (given with their Jacobite regnal ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - How Do People Become Slaves?
Historically, slaves were often those humans of a different ethnicity, nationality, religion, sex or race than the dominant or aspiration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - Abolitionist Movements
Slavery's origins are prehistoric. So, too, are movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. Moses led Israelite slaves from anc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - Definitions
The 1926 Slavery Convention described slavery as "...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland - Results
The first and most important result of the conquest was the disarmament of the native Irish lordships and the establishment of central go...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland - Solutions
Under Queens Mary I and Elizabeth I, the English in Ireland tried a number of solutions to pacify the country. The first such initiative ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland - Difficulties
After the king's death, successive lord deputies of Ireland found that actually establishing the rule of the central government was far m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Tudor Re-conquest Of Ireland - Henry Viii
By 1500, English monarchs had delegated government of Ireland to the most powerful of the Anglo-Norman dynasties (the Fitzgeralds of Kild...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Third English Civil War - Cromwell In Ireland
Ireland had been at war since the rebellion of 1641, with most of the island being controlled by the Irish Confederates. In 1648, in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - The Cromwellian Plantation
See also Cromwellian conquest of Ireland The Irish Confederates had pinned their hopes on a Royalist victory in the Wars of the Three Kin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - Long-term Results
The Plantations had a profound impact on Ireland in several ways. The first was the destruction of the native ruling classes and their re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacobitism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacobitism - Religion Politics And Adventurers
While Jacobitism was closely linked with Roman Catholicism from the outset particularly in Ireland, elsewhere in Britain Catholics were i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - The 1641 Rebellion And The Plantations
See also Irish Rebellion of 1641 and Irish Confederate Wars In 1641, after a bad harvest and in a threatening political climate, the rese...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - Plantations Under The Stuart Kings 1610–1641
In addition to the Ulster plantation, several other small plantations occurred under the reign of the Stuart kings — James I and Charle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - The Munster Plantation
The Munster Plantation of the 1580s was the first mass plantation in Ireland . It was instituted as punishment for the Desmond Rebellions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plantations Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Plantations Of Ireland - The Ulster Plantation
Main Article:Plantation of Ulster Prior to its conquest in the Nine Years War of the 1590s, Ulster was the most Gaelic part of Ireland an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Williamite War In Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Williamite War In Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign In Ulster
James' Lord Deputy, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell took action to ensure that all strong points in Ireland were held by garrisons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Williamite War In Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - Williamite War In Ireland - William Arrives - Battle Of The Boyne
On August 13th 1689 William's army under Marshal Frederic Schomberg landed at Ballyholme Bay in County Down and after capturing Carrickfe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Third English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Third English Civil War - The Invasion Of Scotland
This important step had been resolved upon as soon as it was clear that Charles II. would come to terms with the Covenanters. From this p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Slavery: Encyclopedia Ii - Slavery - Apologies
In June 1997, Tony Hall, a Democratic representative for Dayton, Ohio proposed a national apology by the U.S. government for slavery. Thi...   » Read the article