Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. Since the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Ireland had been mainly under the control of the Irish Confederate Catholics, who in 1649, signed an alliance with the English Royalist party, which had been defeated in the English Civil War. Cromwell defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country - bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. He passed a very harsh series of Penal laws against Catholics and confisca ...

Including:

• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Battle of Rathmines and Cromwell’s landing in Ireland
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Siege of Drogheda
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Wexford Waterford and Duncannon
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Clonmel and the conquest of Munster
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Scarrifholis and the destruction of the Ulster Army
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Sieges of Limerick and Galway
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Guerrilla warfare famine and plague
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Cromwellian Settlement
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Long term results
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Notes
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - External links
• Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Main Sources

Read more here: » Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: Encyclopedia - Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

By the end of the period known as Confederate Ireland in 1649, the only remaining Parliamentarian outpost in Ireland was in Dublin, under the command of Colonel Michael Jones. A combined Royalist and Confederate force under James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde gathered at Rathmines, south of Dublin, in order to take the city and deprive the Parliamentarians of a port in which they could land. Jones however launched a surprise attack on the Royalists while they were deploying on August 2, putting them to flight. Around 3000 Royalist or Confedera ...

See also:

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Battle of Rathmines and Cromwell’s landing in Ireland, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Siege of Drogheda, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Wexford Waterford and Duncannon, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Clonmel and the conquest of Munster, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Scarrifholis and the destruction of the Ulster Army, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Sieges of Limerick and Galway, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Guerrilla warfare famine and plague, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Cromwellian Settlement, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Long term results, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Notes, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - External links, Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Main Sources

Read more here: » Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - The Battle of Rathmines and Cromwell’s landing in Ireland

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. The best known of these conflicts is the English Civil War. The wars were the outcome of tensions between king and subjects over religious and civil issues. Religious disputes centered on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the subject, who had a direct relationship with God. The ...

Including:

• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Background
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Religious Confrontation in Scotland
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - England
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Ireland
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - War Breaks Out
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Main events
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Aftermath

Read more here: » Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia - Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The unity of the Three Kingdoms under one monarch was quite a recent development. Since 1541, monarchs of England had also ruled the Kingdom of Ireland through a separate Irish Parliament, while Wales was made part of the Kingdom of England. With the Reformation, King Henry VIII made himself head of the Protestant Church of England and Roman Catholicism was outlawed in England and Wales, but remained the religion of most people in Ireland. In the separate Kingdom of Scotland the Protestant Reformation was a popular movement led by Joh ...

See also:

Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Background, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Religious Confrontation in Scotland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - England, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Ireland, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - War Breaks Out, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Main events, Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Aftermath

Read more here: » Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Encyclopedia II - Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Background

In July 1649, Ormonde marched his coalition forces of 11,000 men to the outskirts of Dublin, to take the city from its Parliamentary garrison, which had landed there in 1647. Ormonde took Rathfarnham Castle and camped at Palmerstown park in Rathgar, about 5 km south of the city. The area from Ormonde’s camp to the city of Dublin is now a heavily urbanised area, but in 1649, it was open countryside. Ormonde began inching his forces closer to Dublin by taking the villages around its perimeter and to this end, sent a detachment of troops to o ...

See also:

Battle of Rathmines, Battle of Rathmines - Background, Battle of Rathmines - The Battle

Read more here: » Battle of Rathmines: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Rathmines - The Battle

The Parliamentarians were outnumbered but were better trained and supplied than the Irish and had more cavalry, which was a big advantage in open country. The two sides exchanged a volley of musketry at close range and then closed hand to hand. The Irish cavalry were scattered in the first charge, leaving their infantry alone. However, the infantrymen, mostly armed with pikes, bravely charged their adversaries. Orrerry’s men were almost outflanked by the Irish pikemen, but recovered the advantage by charging the flank of the Irish line. Or ...

See also:

Battle of Knocknaclashy, Battle of Knocknaclashy - The Campaign, Battle of Knocknaclashy - The Battle

Read more here: » Battle of Knocknaclashy: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Knocknaclashy - The Battle

Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland in August 1649, to re-conquer the country on behalf of the English Parliament. Drogheda was by this time garrisoned by an English Royalist regiment under Arthur Aston about 3000 strong and also some Irish Confederate troops. Cromwell had around 18,000 men and eleven heavy, 48-pounder, siege artillery pieces. Cromwell became known in the English Civil War as an excellent soldier, particularly as a commander of cavalry, but he had little expertise in siege warfare. Rather than go through the lengthy pro ...

See also:

Siege of Drogheda, Siege of Drogheda - The first siege 1641-1642, Siege of Drogheda - Cromwell's siege 1649, Siege of Drogheda - Debate over Cromwell's actions, Siege of Drogheda - Notes, Siege of Drogheda - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Drogheda: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Drogheda - Cromwell's siege 1649

The Shannon is the longest river in the British Isles. Despite being more than 200 miles (300 km) long, it rises only 250 feet (76 m) above sea level, so the river is easily navigable, with only a few locks along its length. There is a hydroelectric generation plant at Ardnacrusha belonging to the ESB. Shipping in Shannon estuary was developed extensively during 1980's, with over £2 billion (€2.5Billion) investment. A tanker terminal at Foynes and an oil jetty at Shannon Airport were built. In 1982 a massive Alumina Extraction Plan ...

See also:

River Shannon, River Shannon - Geography, River Shannon - History, River Shannon - Economics

Read more here: » River Shannon: Encyclopedia II - River Shannon - Economics

See also Confederate Ireland King Charles I sent a large army to Ireland in 1642 to put down the rebellion, as did the Scottish Covenanters. These armies quickly drove the Irish out Ulster and from around Dublin. In self-defence, Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation, with its capital at Kilkenny and raised their own armies. The Confederates also held important port towns at Waterford and Wexford, through which they could recieve aid from Catholic powers in Europe. Almost all Irish Catholics jo ...

See also:

Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

Read more here: » Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia II - Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48

The roots of the 1641 rebellion lie in the failure of the English State in Ireland to assimilate the native Irish elite in the wake of the Elizabethan conquest of the country. The pre-Elizabethan Irish population is usually divided into the "Old (or Gaelic) Irish", and the Old English (Ireland), or descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers. These groups were historically antagonistic, with English settled areas such as the Pale around Dublin, south Wexford, and other walled towns being fortified against the rural Gaelic clans. However, b ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Causes, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Plantations, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The religious question, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Conspiracy, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Economic Factors, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - The Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Massacres, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Civil war and Confederation, Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1641: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1641 - Causes

It is thought that man had established himself in the Lough Gur area of the county as early as 3000 BC, while megalithic remains found at Duntryleague date back further to 3500 BC. The arrival of the Celts around 400 BC brought about the division of the county into petty kingdoms or tuath. Christianity came to Limerick in the 5th Century, and resulted in the establishment of important monasteries in Limerick, at Ardpatrick, Mungret and Kileedy. From this golden age in Ireland of learning and art (5th - 9th Centuries) comes one of Ireland's greatest artefacts, The Ardagh Chalice, a masterpiece of metalwork, which ...

See also:

County Limerick, County Limerick - Governance, County Limerick - History, County Limerick - Geography, County Limerick - Transportation, County Limerick - Rail, County Limerick - Bus, County Limerick - Air, County Limerick - Sport, County Limerick - Tourist Attractions in County Limerick, County Limerick - Towns and Villages

Read more here: » County Limerick: Encyclopedia II - County Limerick - History

this is a political history, for a military history of this time, see Irish Confederate Wars The Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining British armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French and a lawyer named Nich ...

See also:

Confederate Ireland, Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cessation with the royalists the Nuncio's arrival and the first Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Civil War within the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cromwell’s invasion, Confederate Ireland - Significance, Confederate Ireland - Sources, Confederate Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation

Slavery is a condition in which one person, known as a slave, is under the control of another. Slavery almost always occurs for the purpose of securing the labour of the slave. A specific form, known as chattel slavery, is defined by the absolute legal ownership of a person or persons, including the legal right to buy and sell them. Slavery - Definitions. The 1926 Slavery Convention described slavery as "...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right ...

Including:

• Slavery - Definitions
• Slavery - Unfree labour
• Slavery - How do people become slaves?
• Slavery - History
• Slavery - Europe and the Mediterranean
• Slavery - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East
• Slavery - Slavery in Africa
• Slavery - Slavery in the Americas
• Slavery - Slavery in Asia
• Slavery - Abolitionist movements
• Slavery - Apologies
• Slavery - Reparations
• Slavery - Economics of slavery
• Slavery - Potential for total abolition
• Slavery - Famous slaves and former slaves
• Slavery - Films
• Slavery - Media

Read more here: » Slavery: Encyclopedia - Slavery

By chronology Prehistoric Britain Iron Age Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval Britain Early Modern Britain Modern Britain By nation History of England History of Ireland History of Scotland History of Wales By topic Constitutional history Economic history < ...

Including:

• British military history - List of British military encounters
• British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period
• British military history - Mediæval period
• British military history - Early Colonial period
• British military history - Colonial Period
• British military history - Modern Period
• British military history - 21st century
• British military history - List of fortifications in Britain
• British military history - Roman & ancient
• British military history - Mediæval
• British military history - 1600s
• British military history - Georgian & Victorian
• British military history - World War II Stop Lines
• British military history - List of British military institutions
• British military history - List of British military alliances
• British military history - Scottish military alliances
• British military history - English military alliances
• British military history - British military alliances

Read more here: » British military history: Encyclopedia - British military history

Confederate Ireland refers to a brief period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. During this time, two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the 'Confederation of Kilkenny' (based in the city of Kilkenny). The remaining Protestant enclaves in Ulster, Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists, parliamentarians or Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Confede ...

Including:

• Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation
• Confederate Ireland - Cessation with the royalists the Nuncio's arrival and the first Ormonde peace
• Confederate Ireland - Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace
• Confederate Ireland - Civil War within the Confederation
• Confederate Ireland - Cromwell’s invasion
• Confederate Ireland - Significance
• Confederate Ireland - Sources
• Confederate Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland

The culture of the people living on the island of Ireland is far from monolithic. Many notable cultural divides exist between the rural people and city dwellers, between the Catholic and Protestant people of Ulster, between the Irish-speaking people within and without the Gaeltacht regions and the English-speaking majority population, between the settled people and the Travellers, and, increasingly, between new immigrants and the native population. Culture of Ireland - Land use and settlement patterns. ...

Including:

• Culture of Ireland - Land use and settlement patterns
• Culture of Ireland - Agriculture and rural life
• Culture of Ireland - Townslands villages parishes and counties
• Culture of Ireland - Land ownership and land hunger
• Culture of Ireland - Towns and cities
• Culture of Ireland - Family life
• Culture of Ireland - Holidays and festivals
• Culture of Ireland - Cultural institutions organizations and events
• Culture of Ireland - Institutions and organisations
• Culture of Ireland - Events
• Culture of Ireland - Religion
• Culture of Ireland - Minority cultures
• Culture of Ireland - Ulster Scots
• Culture of Ireland - The Travellers
• Culture of Ireland - New immigrants
• Culture of Ireland - Literature and the arts
• Culture of Ireland - Food and Drink
• Culture of Ireland - Food in early Ireland
• Culture of Ireland - The potato in Ireland
• Culture of Ireland - Food in Ireland today
• Culture of Ireland - Pub culture
• Culture of Ireland - Language
• Culture of Ireland - Media
• Culture of Ireland - Print
• Culture of Ireland - Radio
• Culture of Ireland - Television
• Culture of Ireland - Film
• Culture of Ireland - Sport

Read more here: » Culture of Ireland: Encyclopedia - Culture of Ireland

A United Ireland is the common demand of Irish nationalists, envisaging that the island of Ireland (currently divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) be reunited as a single political entity. Nationalists have suggested many different models for unification, including federalism, and joint sovereignty, as well as a unitary state. Although nationalists and republicans wish for the reunification of Ireland, the island of Ireland has never existed as a single sovereign political state in the modern sense. Howeve ...

Including:

• United Ireland - Kings and High Kings
• United Ireland - Confederate Ireland 1642-1649
• United Ireland - 1653-1921
• United Ireland - 1922-1998
• United Ireland - Present day

Read more here: » United Ireland: Encyclopedia - United Ireland

See also Irish Rebellion of 1641 The Irish Rebellion of 1641 was intended to be a swift and mainly bloodless seizure of power in Ireland by a small group of conspirators led by Phelim O’Neill. Small bands of the plotter’s kin and dependants were mobilised in Dublin, Wicklow and Ulster, to take strategic buildings like Dublin Castle. Since there were only a small number of English soldiers stationed in Ireland, this had a reasonable chance of succeeding. Had it done so, the remaining English garrisons could well have surrend ...

See also:

Irish Confederate Wars, Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641, Irish Confederate Wars - The Rebellion - 1641-42, Irish Confederate Wars - The Confederate’s war - 1642-48, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cromwellian War 1649-1653, Irish Confederate Wars - The Cost, Irish Confederate Wars - Sources, Irish Confederate Wars - See Also, Irish Confederate Wars - External link

Read more here: » Irish Confederate Wars: Encyclopedia II - Irish Confederate Wars - The Plot - October 1641

County Wexford (Contae Loch Garman in Irish) is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. Area: 2,352 km² (908 square miles). Largely low-lying fertile land is the characteristic landscape of the county. County Wexford takes its name from the principal town, Wexford, founded by Vikings and named by them Waesfjord, meaning "inlet of the mud-flats" in the Old Norse language. The highest point in the county is Mt Leinster (795 m, 2610 ft). The economy is chiefly agricultural; howeve ...

Including:

• County Wexford - Towns and villages in Wexford

Read more here: » County Wexford: Encyclopedia - County Wexford

County Limerick(Contae Luimnigh in Irish) is a county in the province of Munster, located in the mid-west of Ireland with County Clare to the north, County Cork to the south, County Kerry to the west and County Tipperary to the east. The River Shannon flows through the city of Limerick and into the Atlantic Ocean at the north of the county. Below the city, the waterway is known as the Shannon Estuary. Because the estuary is shallow, the county's most important port i ...

Including:

• County Limerick - Governance
• County Limerick - History
• County Limerick - Geography
• County Limerick - Transportation
• County Limerick - Rail
• County Limerick - Bus
• County Limerick - Air
• County Limerick - Sport
• County Limerick - Tourist Attractions in County Limerick
• County Limerick - Towns and Villages

Read more here: » County Limerick: Encyclopedia - County Limerick