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List Of Roman Emperors: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Roman Emperors - Crisis Of The Third Century
List of Roman Emperors - Emperors during the height of the Crisis.
List of Roman Emperors - Gallic Empire 260 to 274.
List of Roman ...
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Crisis Of The Third Century: Encyclopedia - Crisis Of The Third Century
Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling...
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Crisis Of The Third Century: Encyclopedia Ii - Crisis Of The Third Century - Economic Impact
Internally the empire faced runaway hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation. This had started earlier under the Severan emp...
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Praetorian Guard: Encyclopedia Ii - Praetorian Guard - History
The term "Praetorian" came from the tent of the commanding general or praetor of a Roman army in the field—the praetorium. It was a hab...
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa: Encyclopedia - Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 BC-12 BC) was a Roman statesman and general. He was close friend, son-in-law and minister to Octavian, the f...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia - Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of the city-state of Rome, founded on the Italian peninsula in the 8th century BCE. During ...
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3rd Century: Encyclopedia - 3rd Century
3rd century - Overview.
3rd century - Events.
The Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman ea...
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235: Encyclopedia - 235
235 - Events.
Maximinus Thrax becomes Roman Emperor. Having a Gothic father and an Alan mother, he is the first foreigner to hold the ...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia - Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire is the name given to the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian in 286 AD. It would e...
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Victorinus: Encyclopedia - Victorinus
Marcus Piav(v)onius Victorinus was emperor of the successionist Gallic Empire from 268 to 270 or 271, following the brief reign of Marius...
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Barracks Emperor: Encyclopedia - Barracks Emperor
A Barracks Emperor is a Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of Imperial military forces (a barracks is a building use...
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Aurelian: Encyclopedia - Aurelian
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several h...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire
Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
Roman (Byzantine) Empire
Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων
Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόν...
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250s: Encyclopedia - 250s
Centuries: 2nd century - 3rd century - 4th century
Decades: 200s - 210s - 220s - 230s - 240s - 250s - 260s - 270s - 280s - 290s - 300s
Ye...
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Tetrarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetrarchy - Tetrarchic Regions And Capitals
The four Tetrarchs based themselves not at Rome but in other cities closer to the frontiers, mainly intended as headquarters for the def...
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Diocletian: Encyclopedia Ii - Diocletian - Diocletian's Reforms
His position secure, a remarkable feat after over fifty years of internal instability that nearly saw the collapse of the Roman Empire (w...
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Aurelian: Encyclopedia Ii - Aurelian - Rise To Power
Born to an obscure provincial family in Sirmium (city in Pannonia), his career began during the reign of emperor Valerian, when he earned...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...
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List Of Roman Emperors: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Roman Emperors - The Principate
List of Roman Emperors - Julio-Claudian dynasty.
List of Roman Emperors - Year of the four emperors.
List of Roman Emperors - Flavia...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Catalonia Aragon And Castile
History of Catalonia - Union with Aragon.
Until the middle of the 12th century, the successive counts of Barcelona tried to expand thei...
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Roman Emperor Crisis Of The Third Century: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor Crisis Of The Third Century - The Crisis Begins
The accession to the purple of Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax" ("the Thracian") marks the rise of the first "Barracks Emperor" par e...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Age Of Justinian I
The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in gree...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Early Cultural Differences And Divisions Between East And West
As the Roman Republic expanded, it gradually reached a point in which the central goverment in Rome could not expect to rule effectively ...
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Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Emperor - Overview
There was no constitutional office of "Roman Emperor" (the first person actually to bear that title was Michael I Rhangabes in the early ...
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Fourrée: Encyclopedia Ii - Fourrée - Production
Production of fourrées began almost as early as the production of the first coins in Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. These coins were ...
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Pretender: Encyclopedia Ii - Pretender - Mexican House Of Iturbide
Agustín de Iturbide, liberator and subsequently Emperor of Mexico, originated from a noble family that has its roots in Navarre. The Itu...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - From Roman To Byzantine In The East
Roman Empire - Under Constantine 330–337 and his sons 337–361.
Constantinople would serve as the capital of Constantine the Great f...
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Military History Of Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of Ancient Rome - Institutions
See also Roman military structure.
Military history of ancient Rome - Roman army.
"The Roman Army" is the name given by English-speake...
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History Of West Eurasia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of West Eurasia - Roman Dominance
Magnesia secured Roman dominance in the Mediterranean region. The destruction of Carthage and Corinth in 146 BCE merely confirmed this. D...
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Gallienus Usurpers: Encyclopedia Ii - Gallienus Usurpers - Uprisings After The Defeat Of Valerian
After Valerian's defeat by the Persians in 253, his son Gallienus become the only emperor. However, many uprisings happened, both in the ...
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Gallienus: Encyclopedia Ii - Gallienus - Reign
One of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperiu...
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Gallo-roman Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Gallo-roman Culture - Gallo-roman Sites
At Périgueux, France, a luxurious Roman villa called the Domus of Vesunna, built round a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded per...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Early Cultural Differences And Divisions Between East And West
As the Roman Republic expanded, it gradually reached a point in which the central goverment in Rome could not expect to rule effectively ...
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Coin Die: Encyclopedia Ii - Coin Die - Modern Die Production
The process of making dies to strike coins in today's mint has quite a few steps. First, an artist creates a large plaster model of the c...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - The Empire After Constantine 337–395
Roman Empire - The sons of Constantine 337–361.
The Empire was parted again among his three surviving sons. The Western Roman Empire ...
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Barracks Emperor: Encyclopedia Ii - Barracks Emperor - Style Of The 3rd Century Barracks Emperors
Unlike previous Emperors who had seized power in military coups d'état (Vespasian and Septimius Severus, both from middle-class plebeian...
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Roman Usurper: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Usurper - All Usurpers Are Equal But Some Are More Equal Than Others
Commodus, the last member of the Antoninian dynasty and remembered by contemporaneous chronicles as an unpopular ruler notorious for his ...
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Aurelian: Encyclopedia Ii - Aurelian - Conqueror And Reformer
Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire.
Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern part of Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and ...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - Society
Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like t...
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa: Encyclopedia Ii - Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa - Early Life
Agrippa was of humble birth, being born in the countryside outside of Rome. He was of the same age as Octavian and the two were close chi...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity, Continuity, And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - History
Ancient Rome - Monarchy.
The city of Rome grew from settlements around a ford on the river Tiber, a crossroads of traffic and trade. Ac...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Decline And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Althoug...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Term Byzantine Empire
Main article: Names of the Greeks
The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the original Greek name for Constantinople, Byzantium. The na...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Underlying Reasons For Decline
Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of...
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Diocletian: Encyclopedia Ii - Diocletian - Background
An Illyrian of low birth (from the province of Dalmatia, today's western Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Western Montenegro and Northern Alb...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Golden Era
The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these ye...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Roman Times
Romanization brought a second, distinct stage in the ancient history of Catalonia. Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus arrived in Ampurias, wi...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - From Late Antiquity To Feudalism
History of Catalonia - Visigothic and Muslim rule.
The Crisis of the Third Century affected the whole Roman Empire, and gravely affecte...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - Military
The early Roman army was, like those of other contemporary city-states, a citizen force in which the bulk of the troops fought as hoplite...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Identity Continuity And Consciousness
"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East a...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - History
Ancient Rome - Monarchy.
Main article: Roman Kingdom
The city of Rome grew from settlements around a ford on the river Tiber, a cross...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - The Rise Of Iberian Culture
During the period of Iberian civilization, the Catalan territory was home to several distinct tribes: The Indiketes in Empordà, the Cere...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Decline And Fall Of The Byzantine Empire
Of all the turbulent events that occurred during its long life, The Fourth Crusade had the most devastating effect on the empire. Althoug...
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Fourrée: Encyclopedia Ii - Fourrée - Detection
The easiest way to spot a fourrée is by weight, since a fourrée with a copper core would weigh noticeably less than a solid silver coin...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Fight For Survival
The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heracli...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Early History
The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) i...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - The Comneni And The Crusaders
After Manzikert, a partial recovery was made possible due to the efforts of the Comnenian dynasty. The first emperor of this royal line, ...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Legacy And Importance
Byzantium was arguably the only stable state in Europe during the Middle Ages. Its expert military and diplomatic power ensured inadverte...
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Ancient Rome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Rome - Culture
Ancient Rome - Language.
Main article: Latin
The native language of the Romans was Latin, an Italic language that relies little on wo...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Prehistory In Catalonia
The first known human settlements in what is now Catalonia were at the beginning of the Middle Palaeolithic. The oldest known traces of h...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Origin
Caracalla's decree in 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Two Military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings And Political Consequences
It was relativly easy to rule the Roman Empire, from the central capital of Rome, during peacetime. An eventual rebellion was expected an...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - The End Of The Western Empire 395–476
The year 476 AD is generally accepted as the end of the Western Roman Empire. In that year, Odoacer deposed his puppet Romulus Augustus (...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Legacy Of The Roman Empire
Several states claiming to be the Roman Empire's successor arose, before as well as after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Two Military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings And Political Consequences
It was relativly easy to rule the empire, from its capital-city Rome, during peacetime. An eventual rebellion was expected and would happ...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Tetrarchy 285–324 And Constantine The Great 324-337
The transition from a single united empire to the later divided Western and Eastern empires was a gradual transformation. In July, 285, D...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Crisis Of The 3rd Century 235–284
The Crisis of the is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the between . It is also called the period of the "mi...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Five Good Emperors - The Antonine Dynasty 96 – 180
The next century came is known as the period of the "Five Good Emperors", in which the succession was peaceful though not dynastic and th...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Severan Dynasty 193–235
The Severan dynasty includes the increasingly troubled reigns of Septimius Severus (193–211), Caracalla (211–217), Macrinus (217–21...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Crisis Of The 3rd Century
Starting on the 18th of March 235 AD with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus, the Roman Empire fell into a period of fift...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies And The Constantine Dynasty
Main article: Tetrarchy
The external borders were largely quiet for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century, although between th...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - The Legacy And The Final Conquest Of Rome
As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the barbarian warlords who had conquered the provinces felt compelled to uphold many Roman laws and...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - List Of Western Roman Emperors
Gallic Emperors (259 to 273):
Postumus: 259 to 268
Laelianus: 268 Usurper
Marcus Aurelius Marius: 268
Victorinus: 268 to 271
Domitianus:...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Byzantine Reconquest
Several times throughout the middle ages, the eastern Byzantine Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the West which had been occupi...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern Focus And Re-division
The Roman Empire was ruled by a single Emperor, but with the death of Constantine in 337 AD, civil war erupted among his three sons, divi...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Constantine The Great
Main article: Constantine The Great
The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground as the Western Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Origins Of The Theological Great East-west Schism
Main article: East-West Schism
At the beginning of Christianity the status and the office of the Bishop of Rome (who would latter become ...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Flavian Dynasty
The Flavians, although a relatively short lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although there are criticism...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Two Military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings And Political Consequences
It was relativly easy to rule the Roman Empire, from the central capital of Rome, during peacetime. An eventual rebellion was expected an...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Republic And Civil War
After the fall of Primo de Rivera, the Catalan left made great efforts to create a united front under Francesc Macià. The Esquerra Repub...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Franco's Dictatorship
As in the rest of Spain, the Franco era (1939–1975) in Catalonia saw the annulment of democratic liberties, the prohibition and persecu...
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History Of West Eurasia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of West Eurasia - Early Classical
Cyrus the Great after having successfully rebelled and overthrown the Median King, invaded Lydia in 546 BCE and conquered it. In 538 BCE ...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - Catalan Nationalism And The Workers Movement
In 1874, a coup by General Martínez Campos in Sagunto led to a restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in the person of Alfonso XII. A period...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - The Carlist Wars
The reign of Ferdinand VII (reigned 1808–1833) saw several Catalan uprisings and after his death the conflict over the succession betwe...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - War Of The Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession (1705–1714) resulted in the revocation of Catalonia's traditional autonomy and privileges. Afterwards...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - The Napoleonic Wars
In the 1790s, new conflicts arose on the French border, due to the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1808, during t...
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History Of West Eurasia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of West Eurasia - The Fall Of Rome
In 376 the Huns attacked the Ostrogothic kingdom. The Ostrogoths were defeated and the defeated Germans were soon on the banks of the Dan...
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History Of West Eurasia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of West Eurasia - A Multipolar Subcontinent
The Eastern Empire survived in part because its main rival the Sassanids had troubles of their own fending off attacks from the steppes b...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Age Of Augustus 31 Bc–ad 14
Roman Empire - Political developments.
As a matter of convenience, the Roman Empire is said to have begun with the constitutional settl...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Julio-claudian Dynasty: Augustus' Heirs
Augustus, leaving no sons, was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius, the son of his wife Livia from her first marriage. Augustus was a scion...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Historians' Viewpoints On The Evolution Of Imperial Rome
Because the empire of Rome lasted for such a long period of time (31 BC– 1453 AD), there are certain alternative names used by historia...
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Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Empire - Flavian Dynasty
The Flavians, although a relatively short lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although there are criticism...
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Praetorian Guard: Encyclopedia Ii - Praetorian Guard - Organization And Conditions Of Service
Although the Praetorians have similarities, they are unlike any of the regular Legions of the Roman Empire. Their nine cohorts (one less ...
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Aurelian: Encyclopedia Ii - Aurelian - Rise To Power
Aurelian was born in Sirmium, Pannonia, to an obscure provincial family; his father was tenant to a senator named Aurelius, who gave his ...
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History Of Catalonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Catalonia - The Reapers' War
The Reapers' War or Guerra dels Segadors (1640–1652), also known as the War for Catalan Independence, started as an uprising of peasant...
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Western Roman Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Roman Empire - Byzantine Reconquest
Several times throughout the middle ages, the eastern Byzantine Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the west which had been occupi...
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Diocletian: Encyclopedia Ii - Diocletian - Dioceses Of Diocletian
Achaea, Dardania
Mauretania
Tarraconensis
Maritimae
Inferior, Belgica
Dalmatia
...
See also:Diocletian, Diocletian - Background, Diocle...
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Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Byzantine Empire - Golden Era
The Eastern Roman Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. During these ye...
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Diocletian: Encyclopedia Ii - Diocletian - Retirement And Death
In 305, at the age of fifty-nine, after almost dying from a sickness, Diocletian retired to his palace near the administrative center of ...
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Diocletian: Encyclopedia Ii - Diocletian - Background
An Illyrian of low birth (from the province of Dalmatia, today's western Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Western Serbia-Montenegro and North...
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