Crimean Tatars

The discrimination of the separate stems included under the name is still far from complete. The following subdivisions, however, may be regarded as established: Tatars - Tatarlar or Татарлар. In modern English only Tatar is used to refer to Eurasian Tatars; Tartar has an offensive connotation, corrupted from Tatar from associations with the Tartarus of Greek mythology. In Europe the term Tartar is generally only used in the historical context for Mongolian people who appeared in the 13th century (the Mongol invasion) and assimilated into the local population later. See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

Read more here: » Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Tatars - European Tatars

Nomadic East Turkic people, known in Russian as Polovtsi, coming from the region of the River Irtysh, conquered southern Russia in the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). They invaded Moldavia, Wallachia and part of Transylvania in the 11th century, and from there they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Russian Prince Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century, and finally crushed by the Tatars in 1241. The Kipchaks joi ...

See also:

Kipchaks, Kipchaks - History, Kipchaks - Modern Times, Kipchaks - Other, Kipchaks - Sources

Read more here: » Kipchaks: Encyclopedia II - Kipchaks - History

Crimean War - Beginning of the war. In the 1840s, Palmerston and other British leaders expressed fears of Russian encroachment upon India and Afghanistan, and advocated finding an opportunity to weaken this threat. In the 1850s, a pretext was found in the cause of protecting Catholic holy places in Palestine. Under treaties negotiated during the eighteenth century, France was the guardian of Roman Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, while Russia was the protector of Orthodox Christians. For several years, however, C ...

See also:

Crimean War, Crimean War - The War, Crimean War - Beginning of the war, Crimean War - Peace attempts, Crimean War - The Siege of Sevastopol, Crimean War - Baltic Theatre, Crimean War - Final phase and the peace, Crimean War - Characteristics of the war, Crimean War - Major events of the war, Crimean War - Prominent military commanders, Crimean War - From the Ottoman point of view, Crimean War - Berwick-Upon-Tweed, Crimean War - Additional works

Read more here: » Crimean War: Encyclopedia II - Crimean War - The War

Crimean War - Beginning of the war. A new conflict was ostensibly provoked during the 1850s by an obscure religious dispute. Under treaties negotiated during the eighteenth century, France was the guardian of Roman Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, whilst Russia was the protector of Orthodox Christians. For several years, however, Catholic and Orthodox monks had disputed possession of the Church of the Nativity and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Palestine. During the early 1850s, the two sides made demands wh ...

See also:

Crimean War, Crimean War - The War, Crimean War - Beginning of the war, Crimean War - Peace attempts, Crimean War - The Siege of Sevastopol, Crimean War - Baltic Theatre, Crimean War - Final phase and the peace, Crimean War - Characteristics of the war, Crimean War - Major events of the war, Crimean War - Prominent military commanders, Crimean War - From the Ottoman point of view, Crimean War - Berwick-Upon-Tweed, Crimean War - Additional works

Read more here: » Crimean War: Encyclopedia II - Crimean War - The War

Various modern Turkic peoples use it in political or administrative sense, as a synonym for parliament, congress, council, assembly, convention, gathering. Examples are: "World Qorıltay of Bashkirs", "Fourth Qurultay of Crimean Tatars", "National Kurultai of Kyrgyzstan". Also spelled as: kurultay, qurultay, kuriltai, qoriltay. ...

See also:

Kurultai, Kurultai - Old usage, Kurultai - Modern usage, Kurultai - External link

Read more here: » Kurultai: Encyclopedia II - Kurultai - Modern usage

The casus belli was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Ukraine in the end of 1735 and the Crimean khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea. On May 20, 1736, the Russian Dnieper army (62,000 men) under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Munnich took by storm the Turkish fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchisaray on June 17. However, lack of supplies coupled with the outbreak of an epidemic forced Munnich to retreat to Ukraine. On Ju ...

See also:

Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - Russian diplomacy before the war, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The course of the war in 1735-1738, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The final stage of the war

Read more here: » Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739: Encyclopedia II - Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The course of the war in 1735-1738

List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action. These figures include deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, and atrocities as well as deaths of soldiers in battle. 62,000,000 - World War II (1937–1945), (see World War II casualties) 36,000,000 - An Lushan Rebellion (756–763) 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) 25,000,000 - Manchu Conquest of Ming China (1616–1644) 20,000,000–50,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (1851 ...

See also:

List of wars and disasters by death toll, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans, List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Genocide and democide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Murder by individuals other than through terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Human sacrifice and mass suicide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Riot or political demonstration, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by natural disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Earthquake, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Volcanic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Tsunami, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Limnic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Extreme weather, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Hurricane typhoon and tropical cyclone, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Floods, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Blizzards, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Contractible disease, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Famine, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Death from other causes, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Fire, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Explosion, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Coal mine disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Aviation, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Maritime, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Space travel, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Sporting events, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Industrial accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Stampedes and Panics, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Other accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Nuclear accidents

Read more here: » List of wars and disasters by death toll: Encyclopedia II - List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans

Various pre-Islamic Turkic civilizations of the 6th century were Shamanist and Tengriist. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tenghriism in turn involved belief in the god Tenghri as the god who ruled over the skies.They were also bearers of the Zoroastrian religion, especially in Azerbaijan, Buddhism, Judaism and above all Islam. Today, most Turks are Sunni Muslims. They include the majority of Balkan Turks, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Malkar, Nogay, Tatars (Kaza ...

See also:

Turkic peoples, Turkic peoples - Geographical Distribution, Turkic peoples - Turkic Roots, Turkic peoples - Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - Traditions About Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - History, Turkic peoples - Language, Turkic peoples - Religion, Turkic peoples - Geographical distribution and ethnic division, Turkic peoples - Physical appearance, Turkic peoples - Turkish world and Pan-Turkism, Turkic peoples - Translations for Turk

Read more here: » Turkic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Turkic peoples - Religion

Beria was born, the son of a peasant, in Merkheuli, near Sukhumi in the Abkhazian region of Georgia. He was educated at a technical school in Sukhumi, and is recorded as having joined the Bolshevik Party in March 1917 while an engineering student in Baku. (Some sources say that the Baku Party records are forgeries and that Beria actually joined the Party in 1919. It is also alleged that Beria joined and then deserted from the Red Army a ...

See also:

Lavrenty Beria, Lavrenty Beria - Rise to power, Lavrenty Beria - Beria at the NKVD, Lavrenty Beria - Postwar politics, Lavrenty Beria - After Stalin, Lavrenty Beria - Beria's fall, Lavrenty Beria - Allegations against Beria

Read more here: » Lavrenty Beria: Encyclopedia II - Lavrenty Beria - Rise to power

Battle of Vaslui - The Ottomans. Mehmed ordered his great general, Suleiman Pasha, to end the siege of Iskenderiye fortress (Shkodër), now in Albania - back then under Venetian control -, to assemble his troops in Sofia, and from there to advance with additional troops towards Moldavia. According to Długosz, Suleiman was also ordered that after inflicting defeat on Ştefan, to advance towards Poland, set camp for the winter, and in spring invade Hungary and unite his forces with the army of the Sultan. The Otto ...

See also:

Battle of Vaslui, Battle of Vaslui - Background, Battle of Vaslui - Preparations for the war, Battle of Vaslui - The Ottomans, Battle of Vaslui - The Moldavians, Battle of Vaslui - The battle, Battle of Vaslui - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Vaslui: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Vaslui - Preparations for the war

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million): 3.83 % Tatars (5,554,601) 2.03% Ukrainians (2,942,961) 1.15% Bashkirs (1,673,389) 1.13% Chuvashs (1,637,094) 0.94% Chechens ...

See also:

Demographics of Russia, Demographics of Russia - Population, Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups, Demographics of Russia - Gradient, Demographics of Russia - Languages, Demographics of Russia - Religion, Demographics of Russia - Education, Demographics of Russia - Labor force, Demographics of Russia - Health, Demographics of Russia - Main cities

Read more here: » Demographics of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups

Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome, where the Roman Senate had the power to exile individuals, entire families or countries (which amounted to a declaration of war). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of law could sentence a noble to exile (banicja). As long as the exile (banita) remained in the Commonwealth he had a price on his head and anybody who killed him could expect a monetary reward from the state (usually a starosta of given region). Special forms of ...

See also:

Exile, Exile - History, Exile - Personal exile, Exile - Government in exile, Exile - Nation in exile, Exile - Tax exile, Exile - Famous people who have been in exile

Read more here: » Exile: Encyclopedia II - Exile - History

The wholesale removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin during his career: Poles (1934), Koreans (1937), Ukrainians, Jews, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians (1940-1941 and 1945-1949), Volga Germans (1941), Balkars, Chechens, Ingushs (1944), Kalmyks (1944), Meskhetian Turks (1944), Crimean Tatars (18 May 1944). Large numbers of kulaks regardless their nationality were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia. Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, Stalin condu ...

See also:

Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Deportations of social categories, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Transfers of ethnicities, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Labor force transfer, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Timeline, Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Wikisource

Read more here: » Population transfer in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer in the Soviet Union - Transfers of ethnicities

Prince Vasily Vasilievich (1643-1714) was probably the greatest Russian statesman of the 17th century. He spent his early days at the court of Tsar Alexius where he gradually rose to the rank of boyar. In 1676 he was sent to Ukraine to keep in order the Crimean Tatars and took part in the Chigirin campaign. Personal experience of the inconveniences and dangers of the prevailing system of preferment; the so-called mestnichestvo, or rank priority, which had paralysed the Russian armies for centuries, induced him to propose its abo ...

See also:

Galitzine, Galitzine - Origins, Galitzine - Vasily Vasilievich Galitzine, Galitzine - Boris Alexeevich Galitzine, Galitzine - Dmitriy Mikhailovich Galitzine, Galitzine - Other notable Galitzines, Galitzine - Reference

Read more here: » Galitzine: Encyclopedia II - Galitzine - Vasily Vasilievich Galitzine

It was a continuation of the series of meetings begun at the Casablanca Conference (January 14 to 24, 1943) although the meetings can be tracked back to prior U.S. involvement in the War, between both Britain's PM and the President of the U.S. at sea in the waters off Newfoundland (see Atlantic Charter). The Yalta conference was then followed by the Potsdam Conference. The meeting took place in the former Imperial palace at Yalta in ...

See also:

Yalta Conference, Yalta Conference - Conference, Yalta Conference - Controversies over Yalta

Read more here: » Yalta Conference: Encyclopedia II - Yalta Conference - Conference

1944 - World War II. January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk. January 14 - The Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod. January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 17 - Meat Rationing ends in Australia. January 20 - The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin. The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido R ...

See also:

1944, 1944 - Events, 1944 - World War II, 1944 - Other events, 1944 - Unknown dates, 1944 - Ongoing events, 1944 - Births, 1944 - January, 1944 - February, 1944 - March, 1944 - April, 1944 - May, 1944 - June-October, 1944 - November-December, 1944 - Deaths, 1944 - January-May, 1944 - July-August, 1944 - September-December, 1944 - Date unknown, 1944 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1944: Encyclopedia II - 1944 - Events

Since coming to power in 1917, the Soviet regime has failed to develop and apply a consistent and lasting policy toward nationalities and religions. Official policies and practices have not only varied with time but also have differed in their application from one nationality to another and from one religion to another. Although all Soviet leaders had the same long-range goal of developing a cohesive Soviet people, they pursued different policies to achieve it. For the Soviet regime, the questions of nationality and religion were always clos ...

See also:

Religion in the Soviet Union, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodox, Religion in the Soviet Union - Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Georgian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Armenian Apostolic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Roman Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Greko-Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Protestant, Religion in the Soviet Union - Muslim, Religion in the Soviet Union - Policy toward religions in practice, Religion in the Soviet Union - Nationalities and religion, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodoxy, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholicism and Protestantism, Religion in the Soviet Union - Islam, Religion in the Soviet Union - Judaism

Read more here: » Religion in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Religion in the Soviet Union - Policy toward religions in practice

The spoken language of the Crimean Tatars has existed since the 13th century, and consists of three main dialects: "Kypchak-Tatar" from the Crimean mountains, "Kypchak-Nogay" from the northern steppes, and the coastal "Crimea-Osman". The Chagatai language also served the Crimean Tatar as a Dachsprache. After Islamification, these people wrote with a Persian-Arab script. In 1876 different Turkish Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language, with a preference given to the more southern dialect in order ...

See also:

Crimean Tatar language, Crimean Tatar language - Number of speakers, Crimean Tatar language - History dialects and alphabet, Crimean Tatar language - Current Situation

Read more here: » Crimean Tatar language: Encyclopedia II - Crimean Tatar language - History dialects and alphabet

The war became infamously known for military and logistical incompetence, epitomised by the Charge of the Light Brigade which was immortalised in Tennyson's poem. Cholera undercut French preparations for the siege of Sevastopol, and a violent storm on the night of 14 November 1854 wrecked nearly thirty vessels with their precious cargoes of medical supplies, food, clothing and other necessaries. The scandalous treatment of wounded soldiers in the desperate winter that followed was reported by war correspondents for newspapers, prompting the work of Florence Nightingale and introducing modern nursing methods. The Crime ...

See also:

Crimean War, Crimean War - The War, Crimean War - Beginning of the war, Crimean War - Peace attempts, Crimean War - The Siege of Sevastopol, Crimean War - Baltic Theatre, Crimean War - Final phase and the peace, Crimean War - Characteristics of the war, Crimean War - Major events of the war, Crimean War - Prominent military commanders, Crimean War - From the Ottoman point of view, Crimean War - Berwick-Upon-Tweed, Crimean War - Additional works

Read more here: » Crimean War: Encyclopedia II - Crimean War - Characteristics of the war

The invading army entered Moldavia in December 1474. Ştefan had instituted a scorched earth policy in order to inflict fatigue on the Ottomans, while harassing their advance with troops specialised in setting ambushes. The population, and animals, were evacuated to the north of the country. Ottoman scouts reported to Suleiman that there were untouched villages near Vaslui, and the Ottomans headed for that region. The winter made it difficult to set camp, which forced the Ottomans to move quickly and head for the Moldavian capital, Suceava. ...

See also:

Battle of Vaslui, Battle of Vaslui - Background, Battle of Vaslui - Preparations for the war, Battle of Vaslui - The Ottomans, Battle of Vaslui - The Moldavians, Battle of Vaslui - The battle, Battle of Vaslui - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Vaslui: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Vaslui - The battle

Catholics accounted for a substantial and active religious body in the Soviet Union. Their number increased dramatically with the annexation of western Ukraine in 1939 and the Baltic republics in 1940. Catholics in the Soviet Union were divided between those belonging to the Roman Catholic Church, recognized by the government, and those remaining loyal to the Ukrainian Catholic Church, banned since 1946. Rel ...

See also:

Religion in the Soviet Union, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodox, Religion in the Soviet Union - Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Georgian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Armenian Apostolic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Roman Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Greko-Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Protestant, Religion in the Soviet Union - Muslim, Religion in the Soviet Union - Policy toward religions in practice, Religion in the Soviet Union - Nationalities and religion, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodoxy, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholicism and Protestantism, Religion in the Soviet Union - Islam, Religion in the Soviet Union - Judaism

Read more here: » Religion in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholic

Various Protestant religious groups, according to Western sources, collectively had as many as 5 million followers in the 1980s. Evangelical Christian Baptists constituted the largest Protestant group. Located throughout the Soviet Union, some congregations were registered with the government and functioned with official approval. Many other unregistered congregations carried on religious activity without such approval. Lutherans, making up the second largest Protestant group, lived for the most part in the Latvian and Estonian republ ...

See also:

Religion in the Soviet Union, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodox, Religion in the Soviet Union - Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Georgian Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Armenian Apostolic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholic, Religion in the Soviet Union - Roman Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Ukrainian Greko-Catholic Church, Religion in the Soviet Union - Protestant, Religion in the Soviet Union - Muslim, Religion in the Soviet Union - Policy toward religions in practice, Religion in the Soviet Union - Nationalities and religion, Religion in the Soviet Union - Orthodoxy, Religion in the Soviet Union - Catholicism and Protestantism, Religion in the Soviet Union - Islam, Religion in the Soviet Union - Judaism

Read more here: » Religion in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Religion in the Soviet Union - Protestant