Anthropologists and Biologists will refer to "Evolutionists" in the 19th century as those who believe that the cultures or life forms being studied are evolving to a particular form. (see Platonic Form). Very few scientists today, if any, believe that evolution in culture or biology works that way, and serious discussions generally take caution to distance themselves from that perspective. Since evolutionary biology explains changes in terms of internal processes and gradual development as natural (unplanned) outgrowths of what ...

See also:

Evolutionism, Evolutionism - Development of usage, Evolutionism - Evolutionary thought before Darwin, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875, Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present, Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology, Evolutionism - Sociology, Evolutionism - History of ideas, Evolutionism - Marxist thought, Evolutionism - Secular Judaism, Evolutionism - Modern controversies

Read more here: » Evolutionism: Encyclopedia II - Evolutionism - Development of usage

Charles Darwin wrote his entire 1859 First Edition of Origin of Species without using the word evolution in it. [2] (Nor did he use the word evolve, though he used evolved once, at the end of the last sentence in the book: "There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most be ...

See also:

Evolutionism, Evolutionism - Development of usage, Evolutionism - Evolutionary thought before Darwin, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875, Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present, Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology, Evolutionism - Sociology, Evolutionism - History of ideas, Evolutionism - Marxist thought, Evolutionism - Secular Judaism, Evolutionism - Modern controversies

Read more here: » Evolutionism: Encyclopedia II - Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869

For the main article on this section, see Ars Goetia. The Ars Goetia ("the art of goetia), often simply called the Goetia, is the first section of the 17th century grimoire Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or The Lesser Key of Solomon. Much of the text appeared earlier, with some material dating to the 14th century or earlier. It contains descriptions of the seventy-two demons that King Solomon is said to have evoked and confined in a bronze vessel sealed ...

See also:

The Lesser Key of Solomon, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Theurgia Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Paulina, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Almadel, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Notoria, The Lesser Key of Solomon - External link

Read more here: » The Lesser Key of Solomon: Encyclopedia II - The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Goetia

The stem nskh occurs four times within the Qur'ān: at Q.7:154, Q.45:29, Q.22:52, and Q.2:106. The first two occurrences come in the context of texts and scribal activity: "in the writing [nuskhah] thereon" (Q.7:154) and "For We were wont to put on Record [nastansikh] all that ye did" (Q.45:29). These uses, combined with the secular Arabic usage nasakha al-kitāb- "he copied the book"- led some to equate naskh with transfer (nql)- as in the transfer of an activity from one legal category (e.g. allowed) to another (forbidden). Overall, though, these verses were of margin ...

See also:

Naskh exegesis, Naskh exegesis - Theory, Naskh exegesis - Between sources, Naskh exegesis - Modes, Naskh exegesis - In the Canon, Naskh exegesis - Evolution, Naskh exegesis - Theology, Naskh exegesis - Literature, Naskh exegesis - Instances, Naskh exegesis - See Also

Read more here: » Naskh exegesis: Encyclopedia II - Naskh exegesis - In the Canon

The Ars Theurgia Goetia ("the art of goetic theurgy") is the second section of The Lesser Key of Solomon. It explains the names, characteristics and seals of the 31 aerial spirits (called chiefs, emperors, kings and princes) that King Solomon invoked and confined, the protections against them, the names of their servant spirits, called dukes, the conjurations to invoke them, and their nature, that is both good and evil. Their sole objective is to discover and show hidden things, the secrets of any person, and obtain, car ...

See also:

The Lesser Key of Solomon, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Theurgia Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Paulina, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Almadel, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Notoria, The Lesser Key of Solomon - External link

Read more here: » The Lesser Key of Solomon: Encyclopedia II - The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Theurgia Goetia

There are several islands and villages in Greece named Panagia. Many of these take their name from the churches and monasteries there, which are dedicated to Mary. For example, see Panagia Village on Thassos and the nearby Panagia Island. See also Panagia, Cyprus. The Greek given names Panagiotis (male) and Panagiota (female) also derive from this title of the Virgin Mary. ...

See also:

Panagia, Panagia - Iconography, Panagia - Vestment, Panagia - Blessed bread, Panagia - Place name, Panagia - Reference

Read more here: » Panagia: Encyclopedia II - Panagia - Place name

Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology. Lewis Henry Morgan. Human civilizations develop linearly in a "sequence of progress" from savagery, through barbarism, to finally civilization; see Linear progress (Lewis Henry Morgan, Ancient Society, 1877) Neo-evolutionism Evolutionism - Sociology. Main articles: Social Darwinism, and See also:

Evolutionism, Evolutionism - Development of usage, Evolutionism - Evolutionary thought before Darwin, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875, Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present, Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology, Evolutionism - Sociology, Evolutionism - History of ideas, Evolutionism - Marxist thought, Evolutionism - Secular Judaism, Evolutionism - Modern controversies

Read more here: » Evolutionism: Encyclopedia II - Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present

The Ars Almadel (The Art of the Almadel) is the fourth part of The Lesser Key of Solomon. It tells how to make the almadel, which is a wax tablet with protective symbols drawn on it. On it are placed four candles. This chapter has the instructions concerning the colours, materials and rituals necessary for the construction of the almadel and the candles. The Ars Almadel also tells about the angels that are to be invoked, and explains that only reasonable and just things that are needed must be asked to them, and h ...

See also:

The Lesser Key of Solomon, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Theurgia Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Paulina, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Almadel, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Notoria, The Lesser Key of Solomon - External link

Read more here: » The Lesser Key of Solomon: Encyclopedia II - The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Almadel

In 1869, Thomas Huxley used the term evolutionism to refer to gradual geological processes when he wrote of the "three schools of geological speculation which I have termed Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism." (Scientific Opinion, Apr. 28, 1869, p. 487/1) By 1872, in some scientific circles, the term evolutionism was used only to refer to life-form processes such as natural selection. Under this emerging usage, the term evolutionism specifically did not apply to either geological processes o ...

See also:

Evolutionism, Evolutionism - Development of usage, Evolutionism - Evolutionary thought before Darwin, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875, Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present, Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology, Evolutionism - Sociology, Evolutionism - History of ideas, Evolutionism - Marxist thought, Evolutionism - Secular Judaism, Evolutionism - Modern controversies

Read more here: » Evolutionism: Encyclopedia II - Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875

By extension of this last sense, a panagia can also be an engolpion with an icon of the Theotokos, worn by an Orthodox bishop. They can be very simple [3] or extremely elaborate [4], depending on the personal taste of the particular bishop. When an Orthodox bishop is vested for the Divine Liturgy or another service, he wears a panagia and a pectoral cross over his other vestments [5]. The primate of an autocephalous church, when fully vested, wears a panagia, a pectoral cross, and an engolpion of Jesus [6]. Bishops of all ranks ...

See also:

Panagia, Panagia - Iconography, Panagia - Vestment, Panagia - Blessed bread, Panagia - Place name, Panagia - Reference

Read more here: » Panagia: Encyclopedia II - Panagia - Vestment

The Ars Paulina (The Art of Paul) is the third part of The Lesser Key of Solomon. According to the legend, this art was discovered by the Apostle Paul, but in the book is mentioned as the Pauline Art of King Solomon. The Ars Paulina was already known since the Middle Age. It is divided in two chapters in this book. The first chapter refers on how to deal with the angels of the several hours of the day (meaning day and night), to their seals, their nature, their servants (called Dukes), the relation of these angels ...

See also:

The Lesser Key of Solomon, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Theurgia Goetia, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Paulina, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Almadel, The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Notoria, The Lesser Key of Solomon - External link

Read more here: » The Lesser Key of Solomon: Encyclopedia II - The Lesser Key of Solomon - Ars Paulina

Aum - Origin. Found first in the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism, Aum has been seen as the first manifestation of the unmanifest Brahman (the single Divine Ground of Hinduism) that resulted in the phenomenal universe. Essentially, all the cosmos stems from the vibration of the sound 'Aum' in Hindu cosmology. Indeed, so sacred is it that it is prefixed and suffixed to all Hindu mantras and incantations. It is undoubted ...

See also:

Aum, Aum - The Significance of the Symbol Om, Aum - Aum in Hindu tradition, Aum - Origin, Aum - Philosophy of AUM, Aum - Om in Jain tradition, Aum - Om in Buddhist tradition, Aum - Om in Sikh tradition, Aum - When you pronounce AUM:, Aum - Omkara, Aum - Some quotations from Hindu scriptures regarding AUM, Aum - Other traditions interpretations and understandings

Read more here: » Aum: Encyclopedia II - Aum - Aum in Hindu tradition

Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology. Lewis Henry Morgan. Human civilizations develop linearly in a "sequence of progress" from savagery, through barbarism, to finally civilization; see Linear progress (Lewis Henry Morgan, Ancient Society, 1877) Neo-evolutionism Evolutionism - Sociology. Main article: Social Darwinism Sanderson, Stephen K. ( ...

See also:

Evolutionism, Evolutionism - Development of usage, Evolutionism - Evolutionary thought before Darwin, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1836 to 1869, Evolutionism - Evolutionism from 1869 to 1875, Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present, Evolutionism - Cultural anthropology, Evolutionism - Sociology, Evolutionism - History of ideas, Evolutionism - Marxist thought, Evolutionism - Secular Judaism, Evolutionism - Modern controversies

Read more here: » Evolutionism: Encyclopedia II - Evolutionism - Evolutionism 1875 to the present

Martineau was born in Norwich, where her father was a manufacturer. The family was of Huguenot extraction (see James Martineau) and professed Unitarian views. The atmosphere of her home was industrious, intellectual and austere; she herself was clever, but weakly and unhappy; she had no sense of taste or smell, and moreover early grew deaf, having to use an ear trumpet. At the age of fifteen the state of her health and nerves led to a prolonged visit to her father's sister, Mrs Kentish, who kept a school at Bristol. Here, in the companionshi ...

See also:

Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism

Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Early life

While many scenarios are proposed by religion and science to identify 'first cause' and the origin of creation (ontology), there are some fundamental limits to the knowledge of humankind that present a barrier to finding any definitive answer. Post-modern philosophy currently holds that there is nothing that one can know for certain. Immanuel Kant's philosophy can be seen as a forerunner of this idea — that because we view the universe through the lens of the mind, which is 'shaped' by space, time, and the things embedded in space a ...

See also:

Origin belief, Origin belief - Creation myths, Origin belief - Science-based beliefs, Origin belief - Mainstream scientific theories, Origin belief - Beliefs grounded in philosophical naturalism, Origin belief - Creation ex nihilo, Origin belief - Religious creation beliefs, Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation, Origin belief - Creation within various belief systems, Origin belief - Babylonian, Origin belief - Buddhist, Origin belief - Chinese, Origin belief - Christian, Origin belief - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Origin belief - Creek, Origin belief - Egyptian, Origin belief - Classical Greek, Origin belief - Hindu, Origin belief - Hopi, Origin belief - Hmong, Origin belief - Inca, Origin belief - Islam, Origin belief - Japan, Origin belief - Jainism, Origin belief - Judaism, Origin belief - Mayan, Origin belief - Māori, Origin belief - Navajo, Origin belief - Norse, Origin belief - Polynesian, Origin belief - Randomness, Origin belief - Sami, Origin belief - Surat Shabda Yoga, Origin belief - Taoism, Origin belief - Zen, Origin belief - Zoroastrianism

Read more here: » Origin belief: Encyclopedia II - Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation

While many scenarios are proposed by religion and science to identify 'first cause' and the origin of creation (ontology), there are some fundamental limits to the knowledge of humankind that present a barrier to finding any definitive answer. Post-modern philosophy currently holds that there is nothing that one can know for certain. Kant put a good case to show that because we view the universe through the lens of the mind, which is 'shaped' by space, time, and the things embedded in space and time, it is not possible to see things-i ...

See also:

Origin belief, Origin belief - Creation myths, Origin belief - Science-based beliefs, Origin belief - Mainstream scientific theories, Origin belief - Beliefs grounded in philosophical naturalism, Origin belief - Creation ex nihilo, Origin belief - Religious creation beliefs, Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation, Origin belief - Creation within various belief systems, Origin belief - Babylonian, Origin belief - Buddhist, Origin belief - Chinese, Origin belief - Christian, Origin belief - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Origin belief - Creek, Origin belief - Egyptian, Origin belief - Classical Greek, Origin belief - Hindu, Origin belief - Hopi, Origin belief - Hmong, Origin belief - Inca, Origin belief - Islam, Origin belief - Japan, Origin belief - Jainism, Origin belief - Judaism, Origin belief - Mayan, Origin belief - Māori, Origin belief - Navajo, Origin belief - Norse, Origin belief - Polynesian, Origin belief - Randomness, Origin belief - Sami, Origin belief - Surat Shabda Yoga, Origin belief - Taoism, Origin belief - Zen, Origin belief - Zoroastrianism

Read more here: » Origin belief: Encyclopedia II - Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation

Creation ex nihilo (Latin: out of nothing) is at odds with our everyday experiences, in that nothing spontaneously comes into (or vanishes from) existence but instead matter and energy merely change forms. However, quantum mechanics allows for energy to be spontaneously created from the vacuum as long as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is not violated (usually, by the spontaneous annihilation of the created particles, e.g. the Lamb shift). This may give a means by which creation ex nihilo can be achieved, but nevertheless ...

See also:

Origin belief, Origin belief - Creation myths, Origin belief - Science-based beliefs, Origin belief - Mainstream scientific theories, Origin belief - Beliefs grounded in philosophical naturalism, Origin belief - Creation ex nihilo, Origin belief - Religious creation beliefs, Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation, Origin belief - Creation within various belief systems, Origin belief - Babylonian, Origin belief - Buddhist, Origin belief - Chinese, Origin belief - Christian, Origin belief - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Origin belief - Creek, Origin belief - Egyptian, Origin belief - Classical Greek, Origin belief - Hindu, Origin belief - Hopi, Origin belief - Hmong, Origin belief - Inca, Origin belief - Islam, Origin belief - Japan, Origin belief - Jainism, Origin belief - Judaism, Origin belief - Mayan, Origin belief - Māori, Origin belief - Navajo, Origin belief - Norse, Origin belief - Polynesian, Origin belief - Randomness, Origin belief - Sami, Origin belief - Surat Shabda Yoga, Origin belief - Taoism, Origin belief - Zen, Origin belief - Zoroastrianism

Read more here: » Origin belief: Encyclopedia II - Origin belief - Creation ex nihilo

Several religions have creation stories, some of which account for the existence and present form of the Universe by the act of creation by a supreme being or the Creator God. Most of these accounts depict one or several gods fashioning things out of themselves, or from pre-existing material (for example chaos or prakriti). The scholastic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam for the most part speak of creation ex nihilo. This is typified, for example, by the assumption that the first verse of the Christian Bible ("In ...

See also:

Origin belief, Origin belief - Creation myths, Origin belief - Science-based beliefs, Origin belief - Mainstream scientific theories, Origin belief - Beliefs grounded in philosophical naturalism, Origin belief - Creation ex nihilo, Origin belief - Religious creation beliefs, Origin belief - Limits to the ontology of creation, Origin belief - Creation within various belief systems, Origin belief - Babylonian, Origin belief - Buddhist, Origin belief - Chinese, Origin belief - Christian, Origin belief - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Origin belief - Creek, Origin belief - Egyptian, Origin belief - Classical Greek, Origin belief - Hindu, Origin belief - Hopi, Origin belief - Hmong, Origin belief - Inca, Origin belief - Islam, Origin belief - Japan, Origin belief - Jainism, Origin belief - Judaism, Origin belief - Mayan, Origin belief - Māori, Origin belief - Navajo, Origin belief - Norse, Origin belief - Polynesian, Origin belief - Randomness, Origin belief - Sami, Origin belief - Surat Shabda Yoga, Origin belief - Taoism, Origin belief - Zen, Origin belief - Zoroastrianism

Read more here: » Origin belief: Encyclopedia II - Origin belief - Religious creation beliefs

In 1844 Miss Martineau underwent a course of mesmerism, and in a few months was restored to health. She eventually published an account of her case, which had caused much discussion, in sixteen Letters on Mesmerism. This led to friction with 'the natural prejudices of a surgeon and a surgeon's wife' and in 1845 she left Tynemouth for Ambleside in the Lake District, where she built herself "The Knoll", the house in whic ...

See also:

Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism

Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Ambleside

Miss Martineau edited a volume of Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development, published in March 1851. Its form is that of a correspondence between herself and the garrulous self-styled scientist Henry G. Atkinson, and it expounds that doctrine of philosophical atheism to which Miss Martineau in Eastern Life had depicted the course of human belief as tending. The existence of a first cause is not denied, but is declared unknowable, and the authors, while regarded by others as denying it, certainly considered themselves ...

See also:

Harriet Martineau, Harriet Martineau - Early life, Harriet Martineau - London and the United States, Harriet Martineau - Ambleside, Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism

Read more here: » Harriet Martineau: Encyclopedia II - Harriet Martineau - Mesmerism

The text of the Declaration of Independence can be divided into five sections: the introduction, the preamble, the indictment of George III, the denunciation of the British people, and the conclusion. (Note that these five headings are not part of the text of the document.) Declaration of Independence United States - Introduction. In CONGRESS, July 4 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes ...

See also:

Declaration of Independence United States, Declaration of Independence United States - History, Declaration of Independence United States - Background, Declaration of Independence United States - Draft and Adoption, Declaration of Independence United States - Distribution, Declaration of Independence United States - Signatures, Declaration of Independence United States - Annotated text of the Declaration, Declaration of Independence United States - Introduction, Declaration of Independence United States - Preamble, Declaration of Independence United States - Indictment, Declaration of Independence United States - Denunciation, Declaration of Independence United States - Conclusion, Declaration of Independence United States - Differences between draft and final versions, Declaration of Independence United States - Analysis, Declaration of Independence United States - Historical Influences, Declaration of Independence United States - Philosophical background, Declaration of Independence United States - Practical effects, Declaration of Independence United States - Influence on other documents, Declaration of Independence United States - Popular culture, Declaration of Independence United States - Myths

Read more here: » Declaration of Independence United States: Encyclopedia II - Declaration of Independence United States - Annotated text of the Declaration

Ecology has shown us that ecosystems exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium, and can absorb only limited change by humans, or any environmental actor. Environmentalists contend that massive human economic activity has pushed the biosphere far from homeostasis through reduction of biodiversity and climate change. A consequence of this analysis is that the prevailing ideology of western civilisation is leading to mass extinction. This has prompted the need for new philosophical paradigms, such as deep ecology, which can guide human ...

See also:

Deep ecology, Deep ecology - Development, Deep ecology - Scientific, Deep ecology - Spiritual, Deep ecology - Experiential, Deep ecology - Principles, Deep ecology - Movement, Deep ecology - Criticisms, Deep ecology - Deep ecology is misanthropy, Deep ecology - Deepness, Deep ecology - Ecofeminist response, Deep ecology - Misunderstanding scientific information, Deep ecology - Interests in nature, Deep ecology - Deep ecology as not deep enough, Deep ecology - Socially Biased, Deep ecology - Notable advocates of deep ecology, Deep ecology - Notes

Read more here: » Deep ecology: Encyclopedia II - Deep ecology - Development