court of law

Justice is a concept involving the fair, moral, and impartial treatment of all persons —often seen as the continued effort to do what is right. Justice is a particularly foundational concept within most systems of "law," and draws highly upon established and well-regarded social traditions and values. From the perspective of pragmatism, it is the name for a fair result. In most cases what one regards as "right" is determined by consulting established and agreeable principles, employing logic, or, in certain systems, by consul ...

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Unconscionability is a term used in contract law to describe a defense against the enforcement of a contract based on the presence of terms unfair to one party. Typically, such a contract is held to be unenforceable because the consideration offered is lacking or is so obviously inadequate that to enforce the contract would be unfair to the party seeking to escape the contract. In and of itself, inadequate consideration is not enough to make a contract unenforceable. However, a court of law will consider evidence that one party ...

Including:

• Unconscionability - Typical scenarios
• Unconscionability - Case law
• Unconscionability - English case law
• Unconscionability - Canadian case law
• Unconscionability - Australian case law
• Unconscionability - Legislation
• Unconscionability - United States legislation

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In law, a verdict is the judgment of a case before a court of law. The term literally means "to speak the truth" and is derived from Middle English verdit, from Anglo-Norman: a compound of ver ("true," from the Latin vērus) and dit ("speech," from the Latin dictum, the neuter form of dīcere, to tell or to speak). In a criminal case, the verdict is either an acquittal ("not guilty") or a conviction ("guilty"), except in Scotland which also has the verdict of "Not Proven" available to a jury. Different counts may have different verdicts, an ...

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An agreement may be an agreement in beliefs, rules, practices (policies), or conduct.— informally, a pact or mutual commitment between by two or more individuals. in law, a legally binding contract enforceable in a court of law. See offer and acceptance. in linguistics, rules that force certain parts of a sentence to be inflected differently depending on certain attributes of other parts. See agreement (linguistics), grammatical gender, grammatical number, and ...

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A jury is a sworn body of persons convened to render an impartial verdict (finding of fact) on a legal question officially submitted to them, or to set a penalty or judgement in a jury trial of a court of law. Jury - Overview. In most criminal justice systems which require a jury, panels are initially selected at random from the adult population of the district served by the court concerned. A person who is serving on (is a member of) a jury is known as a juror. The requirements for a jury are ...

Including:

• Jury - Overview
• Jury - Selection
• Jury - Verdicts
• Jury - Secrecy and independence
• Jury - Imposition of penalties for guilty verdicts
• Jury - Trial procedures
• Jury - France Napoleonic code
• Jury - United States Common Law

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The power of the Court of Star Chamber grew considerably under the House of Stuart, and by the time of Charles I of England it had become synonymous with misuse and abuse of power by the king and his circle. James I of England and his son Charles used the court to examine cases of sedition, which meant that the court could be used to suppress opposition to royal policies. It came to be used to try nob ...

See also:

Star Chamber, Star Chamber - Under the Tudors, Star Chamber - Under the Lord Chancellor, Star Chamber - Under James I and Charles I, Star Chamber - Abolition and aftermath

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The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senate, comprising bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers (central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important official was the Primate — the Archbishop of Gniezno. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the Jagiellon Dynasty having died out ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices

Such bodies usually have powers of adjudication in such matters as: breach of discipline conduct rules trust in the matters of money or otherwise. Their powers are usually limited to a particular area of expertise, such as financial markets, employment law, public standards, immigration, or regulation. ...

See also:

Quasi-judicial body, Quasi-judicial body - Powers, Quasi-judicial body - Award and verdict, Quasi-judicial body - List of quasi-judicial bodies

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PeeJ functions by supporting volunteers who act as bait in chat rooms where children and minors can typically be found. The administrators of the website say they don't initiate online contact with the men they pursue, and also refuse to act on tips from Internet users in order to reduce the risk that someone might use the website to take revenge. PeeJ also says it does not look for targets in adult chatrooms. If a man starts chatting to the volunteer and turns the conversation to sex, the volunteer attempts to persuade the man to divulge personal details, particularly a telephone number, ostensibly needed to verify the ...

See also:

Perverted-Justice.com, Perverted-Justice.com - Methods, Perverted-Justice.com - Convictions, Perverted-Justice.com - Criticism

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Investigations characteristically seek to identify the perpetrators, uncover the processes that lead to the creation of the system in question, and understand the operational or systemic processes on information that resulted in the problem i.e. to clarify and document the erroneous processes. Investigation may distinguish the causes of failures that include fraudulent intent, negligence, abuse of power, sabotage and terror. Problems that warrant forensic investigations normally are catastrophic system failures, but also include doubtful system operations, anomalous eve ...

See also:

Information forensics, Information forensics - Investigation Concerns, Information forensics - Methods and Standards, Information forensics - Application of Information Forensics, Information forensics - What is and is Not Information Forensics, Information forensics - Other Sources of Reading

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Unless completely unavoidable, data should never be analyzed using the same machine it is collected from. Instead, forensically sound copies of all data storage devices, primarily hard drives, must be made. To ensure that the machine can be analyzed as completely as possible, the following sequence of steps must be followed: Computer forensics - Examine the machine's surroundings. Look for notes, concealed or in plain view, that may contain passwords or security instructions. Secure any recordable m ...

See also:

Computer forensics, Computer forensics - Understand the suspects, Computer forensics - Electronic Evidence Considerations, Computer forensics - Secure the machine and the data, Computer forensics - Examine the machine's surroundings, Computer forensics - Record open applications, Computer forensics - Power down carefully, Computer forensics - Inspect for traps, Computer forensics - Fully document hardware configuration, Computer forensics - Duplicate the hard drives, Computer forensics - E-Mail Review

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These are acceptable to some academic disciplines, e.g. Cultural studies, Fine art, Feminist studies, Queer theory, Literary studies. Autobiography. Memoire; usually a short work, giving one's own memories of a famous person or event. Belle-lettres; stylish or aesthetic writing on serious subjects, often with reference to one's personal experience. Diary or Weblog. Artist's book or Chapbook. Notebooks. See also:

Academic writing, Academic writing - Standard forms, Academic writing - For students, Academic writing - Summaries of knowledge, Academic writing - Collating the work of others, Academic writing - Research & planning, Academic writing - Disseminating knowledge outside the academy, Academic writing - Technical or administrative forms, Academic writing - Personal forms, Academic writing - Newer forms

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Jury - France Napoleonic code. In France and similarly organized jurisdictions, the jury sits on an equal footing with three professional judges. The jury and judges first consider the questions of guilt. Then, if applicable, they consider the penalty to apply. Jury - United States Common Law. In the United States, if no verdict can be reached by the jury (a situation sometimes referred to as a hung jury), a mistrial is declared, and the case must be retried with ...

See also:

Jury, Jury - Overview, Jury - Selection, Jury - Verdicts, Jury - Secrecy and independence, Jury - Imposition of penalties for guilty verdicts, Jury - Trial procedures, Jury - France Napoleonic code, Jury - United States Common Law

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Unconscionability - English case law. The leading case on this point is considered to be the English case of Lloyd's Bank v. Bundy. In that case, Bundy had agreed to increase the mortgage on his house in order to maintain the credit line being extended to his son's business. The English Court of Appeal ruled that as Bundy received no direct benefit from the agreement to increase the mortgage amount, and that the bank had threatened to call in the son's loan if Bundy had not agreed to the extension, and tha ...

See also:

Unconscionability, Unconscionability - Typical scenarios, Unconscionability - Case law, Unconscionability - English case law, Unconscionability - Canadian case law, Unconscionability - Australian case law, Unconscionability - Legislation, Unconscionability - United States legislation

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The highest military officials were the Hetmans. As with most offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century, hetmans were not paid for their services. Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia and the Tatars. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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A 1611 Constitution (amended 1633 and 1635) prescribed many officials. Exceptions to the rule, however, were the rule; Sejm rules were treated as mere suggestions. Thus Belz Voivodship had only 4 of the 15 prescribed dignitaries; most northern voivodships had about 5; and in Wołyń and Bracław Voivodships the hierarchical order was almost reversed. Each province or district had its own set of officials — a list of provinces may be foun ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities. Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices

As the name suggests, non-Senat-related officials were not entitled to a vote in the Senat. The most important such officials were the Great Secretaries (singular: sekretarz wielki), Crown and Lithuanian. Only a man of the cloth could be a Great Secretary. These functionaries were considered more consequential than any district or court official, with the exception of the Court Marshal. They could act as Chancellors when no Chancellor was in attendance. They dealt with secret letters; in Senat they read out letters of the King's and r ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The most important official was the starosta (mayor). He was supported by a borough deputy-starosta (podstarości grodowy), burgrave (burgrabia), notary (notariusz) and clerk (pisarz). The borough deputy-starosta assisted the starosta and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the borough rejent (rejent grodzki), borough notary (notariusz grodzki), ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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A common method for drafting jurors is to draw them at random from electoral rolls (known as allotment or sortition). The most common exclusions are for people whose job in some way precludes them (for instance, teachers, doctors, firefighters, people who themselves work in the criminal justice system), are caring for young children, have an interest in the case, or who have health problems or serious criminal records. In some jurisdictions in the United States, prior legal education or being a lawyer may also be a reason to be exempted, und ...

See also:

Jury, Jury - Overview, Jury - Selection, Jury - Verdicts, Jury - Secrecy and independence, Jury - Imposition of penalties for guilty verdicts, Jury - Trial procedures, Jury - France Napoleonic code, Jury - United States Common Law

Read more here: » Jury: Encyclopedia II - Jury - Selection