Court Jews, called also court factors, and court or chamber agents, played a part at the courts of the Austrian emperors and the German princes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and at the beginning of the nineteenth. Not always on account of their learning or their force of character did these Jews rise to positions close to the rulers: they were mostly wealthy business men, distinguished above their coreligionists by their commercial instincts and their adaptability. Court rulers looked upon them in a personal and, as a rule, sel ...

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Court Jew, Court Jew - Positions and duties, Court Jew - At the Austrian court, Court Jew - Intrigues of court Jews, Court Jew - The Great Elector, Court Jew - Famous court Jews, Court Jew - Bibliography

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The origin of the Leibzoll may be traced to the political position of the Jews in Germany, where they were considered crown property and, therefore, under the king's protection. In his capacity as Holy Roman emperor the king claimed the exclusive rights of the jurisdiction and taxation of the Jews, and was responsible for the protection of their lives and their property. He granted them protection either by a guard or by safe-conduct; chiefly by the latter, for the Jews, being extensive travelers, when they went on long business trips could ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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The adoption of this policy was dictated by absolute necessity. Owing to the weakness of the federal power of the German empire Jews expelled from a place could easily settle in the vicinity, and on the strength of their passports do business in the place from which they had been expelled. So the Jews expelled from Nuremberg in 1499 settled in Fürth; those expelled from Nördlingen (1507) settled in Kleinerdlingen; those who could not gain entrance into the city of Lübeck settled in the village of Moisling—all places of settlement within ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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1738 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Mexico - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders From Categories: births - deaths 1738 - Events. February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian ope ...

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Certain exemptions from Leibzoll were granted. Under the Austrian law of 1244, corpses were exempt. Albrecht III gave free safe-conduct to three Austrian Jews to bring "etrogim" from Triest free of duty in 1389 (Scherer, l.c. p. 535). The Jews living within the territory of the Elector of Mayence were exempted from Leibzoll when they were traveling to attend one of the regular landtags, or meetings of the district congregations (see Bamberger, "Histor. Berichte über die Juden der Stadt Aschaffenburg," p. 26, Strasburg, 1900). As a mark of s ...

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Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Rate of the toll, Leibzoll - Development of Leibzoll, Leibzoll - Exemptions, Leibzoll - Wolf Breidenbach, Leibzoll - Russia

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In the 17th century, Halberstadt, an episcopal see, had one of the largest Jewish communities in central Europe. At the time, nearly one in twelve of the town's inhabitants, almost 700 people, were Jewish. Berend Lehmann was considered one of the town's brightest stars, and brought new life to the community. One example of Lehmann's work was the impressive synagogue he financed in Bakenstrasse, which was completed in 1712. In 1938 after Kristallnacht most of the building was taken down as the a ...

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Issachar Berend Lehmann, Issachar Berend Lehmann - Life in Halberstadt, Issachar Berend Lehmann - Life in Dresden

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The same year Josel heard that the Hessian Jews had to suffer many persecutions because of a pamphlet by Butzer. He therefore wrote a defense of Judaism in Hebrew, to be read in synagogue every Sabbath for the comfort of his coreligionists. The magistrate of Strasbourg having expressed the belief that attacks on Christianity were contained in the defense, Josel had a verbatim translation made and sent to him. Soon Josel had to defend the Jews against the attacks of Luther himself, who in 1543 had published a very spiteful pamphlet, entitled ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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In some places where there have been relatively high concentrations of Jews, distinct secular Jewish subcultures have arisen. For example, ethnic Jews formed an enormous proportion of the literary and artistic life of Vienna, Austria at the end of the 19th century, or of New York City 50 years later (and Los Angeles in the mid-late 20th century), and for the most part these were not particularly religious people. In general, however, Jewish artist ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Origins of secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Languages, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Radio and Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Visual arts, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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In some places where there have been relatively high concentrations of Jews, distinct secular Jewish subcultures have arisen. For example, ethnic Jews formed an enormous proportion of the literary and artistic life of Vienna, Austria at the end of the 19th century, or of New York City 50 years later (and Los Angeles in the mid-late 20th century), and for the most part these were not particularly religious people. In general, however, Jewish artistic culture in various periods reflected the culture in which they lived ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - How secular Jewish culture came to be, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Comic books, Secular Jewish culture - Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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Becoming steadily better known, even beyond the borders of Alsace, as a defender of Jewish communities in religious and legal matters, Josel gradually acquire a status as advocate, and even leader ("Befehlshaber") of all the Jews in the German empire. His status was not absolute: on one occasion he was fined for styling himself "Regierer der gemeinen Jüdischkeit", "ruler of the Jewry". Soon after Charles V ascended the throne at Aachen in 1520, Josel procured a charter or letter of protection from him for the whole Germ ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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While still occupied with the Augsburg articles, Josel had to hurry to the court of Charles V of Brabant and Flanders in order to defend the calumniated German Jews there (1531). In this to him most inhospitable country—for no Jews were living there then—he spent three months, occupying himself, when he was not officially engaged, with Hebrew language studies. Though his life was once in danger, he succeeded in attaining the object of his journey. At the Reichstag of Regensburg (1532) he tried in vain to dissuade the proselyte Solomon Mo ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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Josel worked for the welfare of his people to the last, dying suddenly in March 1554. In his active life he always found time to study religious literature, and besides his apologetic pamphlets he wrote several religious and ethical works, which in part are still extant. His most important books are: Derek ha-Qodesh, written 1531 in Brabant, containing rules for a pious life, especially in cases where a Jew has to bear martyrdom. Two fragments of this work, otherwise lost, are retained in the book Yosif Ometz, by J ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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Nothing is known of Josel's childhood or youth. As a young man, he was a rabbi at the court of the Lower Alsatian Jewry, and made a living as a merchant and money lender. These three occupations would remain constants in his life. While still young, he worked for the welfare of his coreligionists, and, reportedly, was instrumental in thwarting the hostile plans of Johannes Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew who turned a rabid anti-Semite. In 1507, at the time of the expulsion of the Jews from Colmar, a similar attempt was made at Oberehnheim. Josel successfully appealed to the imperial officials, and ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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His family probably originated from the French Louhans. One of his ancestors was Jacob ben Jehiel Loans, personal physician to emperor Frederick III, ennobled for his medical achievements, and also Hebrew teacher of the well-known humanist, lawyer and philosopher Johannes Reuchlin. Despite the favor shown to this ancestor, his family history also shows the precarious position of Jews during this era. In 1470, three of his father's brothers, including Rabbi Elias, were prosecuted in Endingen, brought before the emperor on charges that eight years ...

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Josel of Rosheim, Josel of Rosheim - Family background, Josel of Rosheim - Early life, Josel of Rosheim - Advocate of the German Jews, Josel of Rosheim - In Bohemia, Josel of Rosheim - Refutation of Luther's charges, Josel of Rosheim - Literary activity, Josel of Rosheim - Representation in fictional works

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Some professions have traditionally been considered particularly "Jewish," partially as a result of historical circumstances. These include banking and finance, law, medicine, science, and academia. See also Court Jew. Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance. In most of Europe up until the late 18th century, and in some places to an even later date, Jews were prohibited by Roman Catholic governments (and others) from owning land. On the other hand, the Church, because of a number of Bible ver ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - How secular Jewish culture came to be, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Comic books, Secular Jewish culture - Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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Medieval Jewish communities in Eastern Europe developed distinct cultural traits over the centuries, but beginning with the Enlightenment (and its echo within Judaism in the Haskalah movement), many Yiddish-speaking Jews in Eastern Europe saw themselves as forming an ethnic or national group whose identity did not depend on religion. Constanin Măciucă writes of "a differentiated but not isolated Jewish spirit" permeating the culture of Yiddish-speaking Jews. This was only intensified as the rise of Romanticism increased the sense of nation ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - How secular Jewish culture came to be, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Comic books, Secular Jewish culture - Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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For at least 2,000 years, there has not been a unity of Jewish culture. Jews were always geographically dispersed, so that by the 19th century the Ashkenazi Jews were mainly in Europe, especially Eastern Europe; the Sephardi Jews were largely, though not exclusively, in the Arab world; and other populations of Jews were scattered in such places as Ethiopia the Caucasus, and India. (See Jewish ethnic divisions.) Many of these populations were cut off in some degree from the surrounding cultures by ghettoization, by the Muslim laws of dhimm ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Origins of secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Languages, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Radio and Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Visual arts, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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Some professions have traditionally been considered particularly "Jewish," partially as a result of historical circumstances. These include banking and finance, law, medicine, science, and academia. See also Court Jew. Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance. In most of Europe up until the late 18th century, and in some places to an even later date, Jews were prohibited by Roman Catholic governments (and others) from owning land. On the other hand, the Church, because of a number of Bible ver ...

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Secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Origins of secular Jewish culture, Secular Jewish culture - Languages, Secular Jewish culture - Politics and morals, Secular Jewish culture - Jewish professions, Secular Jewish culture - Banking & finance, Secular Jewish culture - Medicine science and academia, Secular Jewish culture - Literary and artistic culture, Secular Jewish culture - Literature, Secular Jewish culture - Theatre, Secular Jewish culture - Film, Secular Jewish culture - Radio and Television, Secular Jewish culture - Music, Secular Jewish culture - Dance, Secular Jewish culture - Humor, Secular Jewish culture - Visual arts, Secular Jewish culture - Food

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The great elector also kept his court Jew at Berlin, Israel Aaron (1670), who by his influence tried to prevent the influx of foreign Jews into the Prussian capital. Other court Jews of the elector were Gumpertz (died 1672), Berend Wulff (1675), and Solomon Fränkel (1678). More influential than any of these was Jost Liebmann. Through his marriage with the widow of the above-named Israel Aaron, he succeeded to the latter's position, and was highly esteemed by the elector. He had continual quarrels with the court Jew of the crown prince, Mark ...

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Court Jew, Court Jew - Positions and duties, Court Jew - At the Austrian court, Court Jew - Intrigues of court Jews, Court Jew - The Great Elector, Court Jew - Famous court Jews, Court Jew - Bibliography

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The Austrian emperors kept a considerable number of court Jews. Among those of Emperor Ferdinand II. are mentioned the following: Solomon and Ber Mayer, who furnished for the wedding of the emperor and Eleonora of Mantua the cloth for four squadrons of cavalry; Joseph Pincherle of Görz; Moses and Joseph Marburger (Morpurgo) of Gradisca; Ventura Pariente of Trieste; the physician Elijah Chalfon of Vienna; Samuel zum Drachen, Samuel zum Straussen, and Samuel zum Weissen Drachen of Frankfort-on-the-Main; and Mordecai Meisel, of Prague. A specially favored court Jew was Jacob Bassevi, the first Jew to b ...

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Court Jew, Court Jew - Positions and duties, Court Jew - At the Austrian court, Court Jew - Intrigues of court Jews, Court Jew - The Great Elector, Court Jew - Famous court Jews, Court Jew - Bibliography

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