The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8–November 1, 451 at Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. It is the fourth of the first seven Ecumenical Councils in Christianity, and is therefore recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. It repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, and set forth the Chalcedonian Creed, which describes the full humanity and full divinity of Jesus, the second person of the Holy Trinity.

Council of Chalcedon - Historical background
Council of Chalcedon - Relics of Nestorianism Council of Chalcedon - Eutychian controversy
Council of Chalcedon - Latrocinium of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon - Convocation and session Council of Chalcedon - Consequences of the council

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Council of Chalcedon, Council of Chalcedon - Historical background, Council of Chalcedon - Relics of Nestorianism, Council of Chalcedon - Eutychian controversy, Council of Chalcedon - Latrocinium of Ephesus, Council of Chalcedon - Convocation and session, Council of Chalcedon - Consequences of the council

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By this time, the pope had received communications from Flavian, and had himself determined that Eutyches was in the wrong and that the deposition in 447 was just. He wrote to the council, telling them that they must accept his judgment on the matter, but he left the punishment of Eutyches open for discussion. It appears Pope Leo I was unaware of the confession made to Pope Dioscorus of Alexandria. Theodosius' council convened on August 8, 449, with some 130 bishops in attendance. Dioscorus presided by command of the emperor. The empe ...

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Council of Chalcedon, Council of Chalcedon - Historical background, Council of Chalcedon - Relics of Nestorianism, Council of Chalcedon - Eutychian controversy, Council of Chalcedon - Latrocinium of Ephesus, Council of Chalcedon - Convocation and session, Council of Chalcedon - Consequences of the council

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The situation continued to deteriorate, with the pope demanding the convocation of a new council and the emperor refusing to budge, all the while appointing bishops in agreement with Dioscorus. All this changed dramatically with the death of Theodosius II and the elevation of Marcian to the imperial throne, for Marcian was a defender of the doctrine of Flavian and Leo. Marcian agreed to hold a new council, but not in Italy, as the pope had requested, but rather in the East, but he invited the pope to preside in person. He had the exiled bishops returned to their dioceses, and had t ...

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Council of Chalcedon, Council of Chalcedon - Historical background, Council of Chalcedon - Relics of Nestorianism, Council of Chalcedon - Eutychian controversy, Council of Chalcedon - Latrocinium of Ephesus, Council of Chalcedon - Convocation and session, Council of Chalcedon - Consequences of the council

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The Chalcedonian churches are those Christian churches who follow the Christological teachings of the Council of Chalcedon, in contradistinction to Nestorians, Monophysites and Monothelites. The latter are sometimes referred to collectively as non-Chalcedonian. Some non-Chalcedonians call the Chalcedonian teaching Dyophysitic. The primary emphasis of Chalcedonian christology is the full humanity and full divinity of Jesus, the second person of the Holy Trinity. Oriental Orthodoxy viewed this as equating them with Nestorianism (due to the a ...

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Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately 42). The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodoxy, and the see of Alexandria in Coptic Christianity has been a distinct church body since the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Her leader is the Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark, currently Pope Shenouda III. More than 95% of Egypt's Christians belong to the Coptic Orthodox C ...

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Coptic Christianity - History
Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution
Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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The Chalcedonian Creed was adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 in Asia Minor. That Council of Chalcedon is one of the seven ecumenical councils accepted by Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and many Protestant Christian churches. It is the first Council not recognized by any of the Oriental Orthodox churches. The Chalcedonian Creed was written amid controversy between the western and eastern churches over the meaning of the incarnation (see Christology), the ecclesiastical influence of the emperor, and the suprem ...

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451 - Events. April 7 - The Huns sack Metz June 20 - Attila, king of the Huns is defeated at Troyes by Aëtius in the Battle of Chalons. Thorismund succeeds Theodorid his father as king of the Visigoths. October 8 - Council of Chalcedon, Ecumenical council of the Christian church. As a result of this council the Oriental Orthodox churches became a separate communion. Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate. The Oriental Orthodox churches separate from the rest of the ch ...

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451 - Events 451 - Births 451 - Deaths

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The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes incorrectly called the Armenian Orthodox Church is the world's oldest national church and one of the original churches, having been founded in 301. The Apostolic Church separated from the then-still-united Roman Catholic/Byzantine Orthodox church in 451, after the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy). The earliest accounts of the introduction of Christianity into Armenia date from the 1st century A.D. when it was first preached by two Apostles of Jesus, St. Bartholomew and St. T ...

Including:

Armenian Apostolic Church - External link

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The Coptic Orthodox Church is a member of the Oriental Orthodox churches, not to be mistaken with the Eastern Orthodox group of churches. The Coptic Orthodox Chruch has its own Pope and Patriarch, whom is currently His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the See of St. Mark. The following is a list of all the Popes who have held led the Coptic Orthodox Church since the Council of Chalcedon. For the earlier Patriarchs of Alexandria prior to the schism, see List of Patriarchs of Alexandr ...

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His Holiness, the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians (plural Catholicoi, due to its Greek origin) is the head archbishop of Armenia's dominant church, the Armenian Apostolic Church. It is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches that separated from the rest of the Christian church in 451 as a result of the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. The first Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians was Saint Thaddeus, one of Jesus's apostles. It was Saint Thaddeus alongside Saint Bartholomew, another apostle of Je ...

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The current Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark is Pope Shenouda III (his title should not be confused with that of the Roman Catholic Pope). The most recent Greek-Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria is Theodoros II [3]. There is a small Coptic Catholic Church (Eastern Rite Catholic) which is headed by a Patriarch of Alexandria. The Melkite Catholic Church (Eastern Rite Catholic) has little presence in Egypt, but is headed by a Patriarch of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. There is also a Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Al ...

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Coptic Christianity, Coptic Christianity - History, Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt, Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work, Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea, Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople, Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus, Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon, Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution, Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today, Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts, Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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The current Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark is Pope Shenouda III (his title should not be confused with that of the Roman Catholic Pope). The most recent Greek-Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria is Theodoros II [3]. There is a small Coptic Catholic Church (Eastern Rite Catholic) which is headed by a Patriarch of Alexandria. The Melkite Catholic Church (Eastern Rite Catholic) has little presence in Egypt, but is headed by a Patriarch of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. There is also a Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Al ...

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Coptic Christianity, Coptic Christianity - History, Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt, Coptic Christianity - Egyptian origin of the cross symbol, Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work, Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea, Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople, Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus, Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon, Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution, Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today, Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts, Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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Egypt is often identified as the place of refuge that the Holy Family sought in its flight from Judea: "When he arose, he took the young Child and His mother by night and departed for Egypt, and was there until the death of Herod the Great, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt I called My Son" (Matthew 2:12-23). The Egyptian Church, which is now more than nineteen centuries old, was the subject of many prophecies in the Old Testament. Isaiah the prophet, in Chapter 19, Verse 19 says "In that day there will be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of ...

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Coptic Christianity, Coptic Christianity - History, Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt, Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work, Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea, Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople, Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus, Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon, Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution, Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today, Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts, Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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Egypt is often identified as the place of refuge that the Holy Family sought in its flight from Judea: "When he arose, he took the young Child and His mother by night and departed for Egypt, and was there until the death of Herod the Great, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt I called My Son" (Matthew 2:12-23). The Egyptian Church, which is now more than nineteen centuries old, was the subject of many prophecies in the Old Testament. Isaiah the prophet, in Chapter 19, Verse 19 says "In that day there will be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of ...

See also:

Coptic Christianity, Coptic Christianity - History, Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt, Coptic Christianity - Egyptian origin of the cross symbol, Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work, Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea, Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople, Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus, Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon, Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution, Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today, Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts, Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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Since its earliest days, the Church recognized the special positions of three bishops, who were known as patriarchs: the Bishop of Rome, the Bishop of Alexandria, and the Bishop of Antioch. They were joined by the Bishop of Constantinople and by the Bishop of Jerusalem, both confirmed as patriarchates by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 (see Pentarchy). The patriarchs held both authority and precedence over fellow bishops in the Church. Among them, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) was deemed to hold a higher status, by virtue of his position as ...

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East-West Schism, East-West Schism - Origins, East-West Schism - Early schisms, East-West Schism - Great Schism, East-West Schism - Reconciliation

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The leading Eastern bishops were coerced, after a short resistance, into subscribing. Mennas, Patriarch of Constantinople, first protested that to sign was to condemn the Council of Chalcedon, and then yielded, as he told Stephen the Roman apocrisarius at Constantinople, that his subscription should be returned to him if the Pope disapproved of it. Stephen and Dacius, Bishop of Milan, who was then at Constantinople, broke off communion with him. Zoilus the Patriarch of Alexandria, Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, and Peter the Patriarch of ...

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Three-Chapter Controversy, Three-Chapter Controversy - Background, Three-Chapter Controversy - The subscription, Three-Chapter Controversy - The schism in the West, Three-Chapter Controversy - Its effect in the East, Three-Chapter Controversy - Its later effect

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The Melkite Greek Catholic Church has its origins among the various Christian communities of the Levant and Egypt. The church's history and its relation to other churches can be seen in three defining moments. The church's leadership was vested in three of the ancient patriarchates: Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. The first defining moment was the socio-political fallout in the wake of the Council of Chalcedon. Fifth-century Middle-Eastern Christian society became sharply divided between those who did and those who did not accept t ...

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Melkite Greek Catholic Church, Melkite Greek Catholic Church - Name, Melkite Greek Catholic Church - History, Melkite Greek Catholic Church - Modern church

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Having been founded in 301, the Apostolic Church separated from the then-still-united Roman Catholic/Byzantine Orthodox church in 451, after the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy). The earliest accounts of the introduction of Christianity into Armenia date from the 1st century A.D. when it was first preached by two Apostles of Jesus, St. Bartholomew and St. Thaddeus. The Armenian Apostolic Church has been around since the days of the apostles and therefore has a rightful claim to be one of the oldest denominations in Christianity. ...

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Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church - Origins and history, Armenian Apostolic Church - Labeling, Armenian Apostolic Church - Structure and leadership, Armenian Apostolic Church - Similarities to other churches, Armenian Apostolic Church - Today

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Clergymen HH Pope Shenouty III, the current Pope of Alexandria قداسة البابا شنوده الثالث Politicians Boutros Ghali, Prime Minister of Egypt بطرس غالي Boutros Boutros Ghali, Former Secretary General of the United Nations بطرس بطرس غالي Makram Ebeid مكرم عبيد Kamal Stino, Former Vice Prime Minister of Egypt كمال ستينو Youssef Boutros Ghali يوسف بط� ...

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Coptic Christianity, Coptic Christianity - History, Coptic Christianity - The Catechetical School of Alexandria Egypt, Coptic Christianity - Monasticism and missionary work, Coptic Christianity - Council of Nicea, Coptic Christianity - Council of Constantinople, Coptic Christianity - Council of Ephesus, Coptic Christianity - Council of Chalcedon, Coptic Christianity - From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - The Arab conquest of Egypt, Coptic Christianity - From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution, Coptic Christianity - Coptic Christianity today, Coptic Christianity - Prominent Copts, Coptic Christianity - Bibliography

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