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Cossack Hetmanate | A Wisdom Archive on Cossack Hetmanate | | Cossack Hetmanate A selection of articles related to Cossack Hetmanate | |
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Cossack Hetmanate
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Cossack Hetmanate | | | |  Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Time of TroublesIvan IV was succeeded by his son Fedor, who was mentally deficient. Actual power went to Fedor's brother-in-law, the boyar Boris Godunov. Perhaps the most important event of Fedor's reign was the proclamation of the patriarchate of Moscow in 1589. The creation of the patriarchate climaxed the evolution of a separate and totally independent Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1598 Fedor died without an heir, ending the Rurik Dynasty. Boris Godunov then convened a Zemsky Sobor, a national assembly of boyars, church officials, and commone ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Time of Troubles |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Romanovs The immediate task of the new dynasty was to restore order. Fortunately for Russia, its major enemies, Poland and Sweden, were engaged in a bitter conflict with each other, which provided Russia the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617 and to sign a truce with Poland in 1619. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the city of Smolensk (the Smolensk War) from Poland in 1632, Russia made peace with Poland in 1634. Polish king Wladyslaw IV, whose father and predecessor Sigismund III had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Romanovs |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy Internal consolidation accompanied outward expansion of the state. By the 15th century, the rulers of Muscovy considered the entire Russian territory their collective property. Various semi-independent princes of Rurikid stock still claimed specific territories, but Ivan III forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Muscovy and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs.
Gradually, the Muscovite ruler emerged as a powerful, autocratic ruler, a tsar. By assuming t ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks Cossacks have long appealed to romantics as idealizing freedom and resistance to external authority, and their military exploits against enemies of the Russian people have contributed to this favourable image. For others they have been a symbol of repression because of their role in suppressing popular uprisings in the Russian Empire, as well as their assaults against Jews.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, many have begun seeing Cossacks as defenders of Russian sovereignty and traditional culture.
Literary reflections of Cossack culture abound in Russian literature, particularly in the works ...
See also:Cossack, Cossack - History, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Cossack Settlements, Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire, Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution, Cossack - Cossack organization, Cossack - Cossacks and religion, Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks, Cossack - Terminology, Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Tatar Cossacks Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction Sholem Asch wrote about Kmelnytsky's cossack war in his book Al Kiddush Hashem: A Novel of 1648 which describes the massacres of the Jews in horrific detail.
In Poland, Khmelnytsky's war was described in the 19th century by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his famous novel, With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i mieczem). This book was written with a clearly stated intent of raising the national spirit in partitioned Poland, and shows the story of Khmelnytsky and the Cossacks from the point of view of the Polish nobles (szlachta), thus glor ...
See also:Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link Read more here: » Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia II - Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction |
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| | | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Cossack organization In early times, Cossack tribes were commanded by an ataman (later called hetman). He was elected by the tribe members at a Cossack rada, as were the other important tribe officials: the judge, the scribe, the lesser officials, and even the clergy. The ataman's symbol of power was a ceremonial mace, called bulava.
The ataman had executive powers and at time of war he was the supreme commander in the field. Legislative power was given to the Tribal Assembly (Rada). The senior officers were called starshyna. In the absence of written laws, the Cossacks were governed by the ...
See also:Cossack, Cossack - History, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Cossack Settlements, Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire, Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution, Cossack - Cossack organization, Cossack - Cossacks and religion, Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks, Cossack - Terminology, Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Tatar Cossacks Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Cossack organization |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Expansion Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century. In the south-west, it acquired eastern Ukraine, which had been under Polish rule. The Ukrainian Cossacks, warriors organized in military formations, lived in the frontier areas bordering Poland, the Tatar lands, and Russia. Although they had served in the Polish army as mercenaries, the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host remained fiercely independent and staged a number of rebellions against the Poles. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Expansion |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy Muscovy remained a fairly unknown society in western Europe until Baron Sigismund von Herberstein published his Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (literally Notes on Muscovite Affairs) in 1549. This provided a comprehensive view of what had been a rarely visited and poorly reported state. In the 1630s, Muscovy was visited by Adam Olearius, whose lively and well-informed writings were soon translated into all major languages of Europe.
Further exploration of the Russian lands was conducted by English and Dutch merchants. One of t ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Demographics Ethnic Ukrainians make up 77.8% of the population. The minorities include significant groups of ethnic Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldavians (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%) [2].
The industrial regions in the east and south-east are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the population lives in urban areas.
Ukrainian is the only official state language. Russian, which was the offi ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Demographics |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - Precursors and features of Baroque architecture Michelangelo's late Roman buildings, particularly St. Peter's Basilica, may be considered precursors of baroque architecture, as the design of the latter achieves a colossal unity that was previously unknown. His pupil Giacomo della Porta continued this work in Rome, particularly in the facade of the Jesuit church Il Gesu, which leads directly to the most important church facade of the early baroque, Santa Susanna by Carlo Maderno. In the 17th century, the baroque style spr ...
See also:Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - Precursors and features of Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - In Italy and France, Baroque architecture - In Central Europe, Baroque architecture - In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Baroque architecture - In England and Russia, Baroque architecture - In Northern America: Mexico and California Read more here: » Baroque architecture: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - Precursors and features of Baroque architecture |
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| | | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The first baroque church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the Corpus Christi Church in Niasvizh, Belarus (1587). It also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with Baroque facade in the world and the first baroque piece of art in Eastern Europe.
In the early 17th century, the Baroque style spread over the Commonwealth. Important baroque churches include the Waza Chapel in the Wawel Cathedral, the St. Anna and the Wizytek church in Kraków, SS. Peter and St. Paul church, St Casimir's Chapel and St Casimir's Church ...
See also:Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - Precursors and features of Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - In Italy and France, Baroque architecture - In Central Europe, Baroque architecture - In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Baroque architecture - In England and Russia, Baroque architecture - In Northern America: Mexico and California Read more here: » Baroque architecture: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Economy Formerly an important agricultural and industrial region of the Soviet Union, Ukraine now depends on Russia for most energy supplies, especially natural gas, although lately it has been trying to diversify its sources. The lack of significant structural reform has made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. After 1991 the government liberalised most prices and erected a legal framework for privatisation, but widespread resistance to reform within the government soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Economy |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Geography The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile plains, or steppes, and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper, Seversky Donets, Dniester and the Southern Buh as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. To the southwest the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is the Hora Hoverla at 2,061 metres (6,762 ft), and those in the Crimean peninsula, in the extreme south along the coast.
Ukraine has a mo ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Geography |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia Main article: Imperial Russia.
The following article in the series describes how in the 18th century, Russia was transformed from a static, somewhat isolated, traditional state into the more dynamic, partially Westernized, and secularized Russian Empire. This transformation was in no small measure a result of the vision, energy, and determination of Peter the Great. Historians disagree about the extent to which Peter himself transformed Russia, but they generally concur that he laid the foundations for empire building over the ...
See also:Muscovy, Muscovy - Rise of Muscovy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Autocracy, Muscovy - Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy, Muscovy - The time of Ivan IV, Muscovy - Time of Troubles, Muscovy - Romanovs, Muscovy - Expansion, Muscovy - Western European knowledge of Muscovy, Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia, Muscovy - See Also Read more here: » Muscovy: Encyclopedia II - Muscovy - Early Imperial Russia |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Name The etymology of the Ukrainian name Ukrayina stems from the Old Slavic root *kraj-, meaning "cut". Opinions vary as to the immediate derivation:
Borderland, frontier (cf. Russian okraina "outskirts"; a semantic parallel to -mark in Denmark, cf. Marches)
Ukrainian krajina "country" (this is also one of the meanings of Ukrainian and Russian kraj)
Ukrainian verb krajaty "to cut", indicating the land the Ukrainians carved out for themselves
In En ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Name |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Government and Politics Ukraine is a democracy under a semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The President of Ukraine (elected by popular vote) nominates the Prime Minister, who must be confirmed by the 450-seat parliament, the Verkhovna Rada. The President (on advice and consent of the Prime Minister) appoints members of the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as heads of all central agencies and regional and district administrations.
Laws, acts of the parliament and the Cabinet, presidential edicts, and acts of the ...
See also:Ukraine, Ukraine - Name, Ukraine - History, Ukraine - Government and Politics, Ukraine - Subdivisions, Ukraine - Geography, Ukraine - Economy, Ukraine - Demographics, Ukraine - Religion, Ukraine - Culture, Ukraine - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - Ukraine - Government and Politics |
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| | | | | Cossack Hetmanate: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - In England and Russia In England the culmination of Baroque architecture comes with Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. Many examples of Baroque architecture and town planning are found in other European towns, and in the Spanish Americas. Town planning of this period featured radiating avenues intersecting in squares, which took cues from Baroque garden plans.
In Russia, the baroque architecture passed through three stages - the early Moscow baroque, with elegant white decorations on red-brick walls of rather traditional church ...
See also:Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - Precursors and features of Baroque architecture, Baroque architecture - In Italy and France, Baroque architecture - In Central Europe, Baroque architecture - In Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Baroque architecture - In England and Russia, Baroque architecture - In Northern America: Mexico and California Read more here: » Baroque architecture: Encyclopedia II - Baroque architecture - In England and Russia |
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