cosmopolitanism

The most general definition of nationalism is broad, and has been controversial throughout history. Specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Extreme emotions are aroused when discussing nationalism, and that makes it difficult to describe and define nationalism. A recurring problem is that people define nationalism on the basis of their local experience. To a Breton nationalist, the central issue is state nationalism versus cultural nationalism; elsewhere that distinction may be irrelevant. Often supporters of nationalism fear ...

Including:

• Nationalism - Background and problems
• Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory
• Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism
• Nationalism - Prior to 1900
• Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism
• Nationalism - Language and nationalism
• Nationalism - Prominent figures
• Nationalism - Types of nationalism
• Nationalism - Nationalism within nations
• Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States
• Nationalism - Patriotism and extremism
• Nationalism - Racism
• Nationalism - Opposition and critique
• Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia - Nationalism

Human rights refers to the concept of human beings as having universal rights, or status, regardless of legal jurisdiction, and likewise other localizing factors, such as ethnicity and nationality. The existence, validity and the content of human rights continue to be the subject to debate in philosophy and political science. However human rights are defined in international law & covenants, and further, in the domestic laws of many states. There is, however, a great deal of variance between how human rights norms are defined in these multiple contexts and ho ...

Including:

• Human rights - Human Rights in international law
• Human rights - Types of human rights
• Human rights - History of human rights
• Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights
• Human rights - Human rights controversies
• Human rights - Similar topics
• Human rights - General
• Human rights - Human rights organizations

Read more here: » Human rights: Encyclopedia - Human rights

Stoicism is a school of philosophy founded (308 BC) in Athens by Zeno of Citium (Cyprus). It teaches self-control and detachment from distracting emotions, sometimes interpreted as an indifference to pleasure or pain. This allows one to be a clear thinker, levelheaded and unbiased. In practice, Stoicism is intended to imbue an individual with virtue, wisdom, and integrity of character. Students are encouraged to help those in need, knowing that those who can, should. Stoicism also teaches psychological independence from society, regarding ...

Including:

• Stoicism - History
• Stoicism - Stoic ethics and virtues
• Stoicism - Spiritual exercise
• Stoicism - Stoic physics
• Stoicism - Brotherhood
• Stoicism - Quotations
• Stoicism - Spiritual descendants
• Stoicism - Books

Read more here: » Stoicism: Encyclopedia - Stoicism

This article discusses the speculative idea of a world government. While, theoretically, such government may take several forms (such as an empire), given the enormous magnitude of resources required to rule over billions of unwilling people by force, practically only a democratic form of government appears to be feasible. Furthermore, for similar practical reasons, some hierarchical structure of government would be required (see illustration for example). This article thus concentrates more specif ...

Including:

• World government - Principles of world federalism
• World government - Historical background
• World government - History of the world government idea
• World government - Voluntary unions of polities
• World government - The current global governance system
• World government - Recognized deficiencies
• World government - The case for FWG
• World government - No more wars no more oppression
• World government - More effective handling of global issues
• World government - Common critiques
• World government - FWG is not desirable
• World government - FWG is not a realistic goal
• World government - Approaches to effecting a FWG
• World government - Regional integration
• World government - Incremental reform
• World government - Integration of democracies first
• World government - Direct creation of FWG by the people
• World government - Resources
• World government - Published Works
• World government - Organizations
• World government - Websites
• World government - More links

Read more here: » World government: Encyclopedia - World government

Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity. Common characteristics and ideas may be clear markers of a shared cultural identity but essentially it is determined by difference: we feel we belong to a group, and a group defines itself as a group, by noticing and highlighting differences with other groups and cultures. Any culture defines i ...

Including:

• Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity
• Cultural identity - Threats to cultural identity
• Cultural identity - The imperialist stand
• Cultural identity - The defensive stand
• Cultural identity - The trans-cultural stand
• Cultural identity - The defective stand
• Cultural identity - Criticisms

Read more here: » Cultural identity: Encyclopedia - Cultural identity

Its development dates back to the late 19th century, when steam navigation on the Karun was started. In ancient times it had been known as Piyan, and later Bayan. Khorramshahr - Sheikhdom. In the early eighteenth century Mohammerah (which means "reddened" in Arabic) became a sheikhdom in Persia during the reign of the Zand dynasty and flourished until 1925. Founded by Sheikh Ali Mardan of the Muhaisin clan of the Bani Kaab Arab tribe, succeeding Sheikhs were: 1800s? ...

See also:

Khorramshahr, Khorramshahr - History, Khorramshahr - Sheikhdom, Khorramshahr - The Iran-Iraq War, Khorramshahr - Economy

Read more here: » Khorramshahr: Encyclopedia II - Khorramshahr - History

The Times, like many major news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective journalism. One of the most serious of these charges is that before and during World War II, the New York Times downplayed evidence that the Third Reich had targeted Jews for genocide, at least in part because the publisher feared the taint of taking on any 'Jewish cause'. ...

See also:

The New York Times, The New York Times - History, The New York Times - Times today, The New York Times - Major sections, The New York Times - Style, The New York Times - Web presence, The New York Times - Famous mistakes, The New York Times - Allegations of bias, The New York Times - Too liberal, The New York Times - Too conservative, The New York Times - Distinctions between news comment ads, The New York Times - Times self-examination of bias, The New York Times - Recent controversies, The New York Times - Management and Employees, The New York Times - Publishers, The New York Times - Executive editors, The New York Times - Current columnists

Read more here: » The New York Times: Encyclopedia II - The New York Times - Allegations of bias

Beria was born, the son of a peasant, in Merkheuli, near Sukhumi in the Abkhazian region of Georgia. He was educated at a technical school in Sukhumi, and is recorded as having joined the Bolshevik Party in March 1917 while an engineering student in Baku. (Some sources say that the Baku Party records are forgeries and that Beria actually joined the Party in 1919. It is also alleged that Beria joined and then deserted from the Red Army a ...

See also:

Lavrenty Beria, Lavrenty Beria - Rise to power, Lavrenty Beria - Beria at the NKVD, Lavrenty Beria - Postwar politics, Lavrenty Beria - After Stalin, Lavrenty Beria - Beria's fall, Lavrenty Beria - Allegations against Beria

Read more here: » Lavrenty Beria: Encyclopedia II - Lavrenty Beria - Rise to power

In the end of 1970s, a historical association Vityaz (Витязь), sponsored by the Soviet Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, established an "informal historical, cultural and educational organization" uniting activists-bibliophiles and amateur historians. One of the purposes was to prepare the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo. Some notable Vityaz activists in Moscow were Ilya Glazunov (an artist), S. Malyshev (a historian), and A. Lebedev (Colonel of the MVD) ...

See also:

Pamyat, Pamyat - History, Pamyat - Ideology, Pamyat - Quote

Read more here: » Pamyat: Encyclopedia II - Pamyat - History

Guerneville is politically in much the same Progessive/Liberal/Green space as the nearby city of Sebastopol, California. However, Guerneville's smaller size precludes city politics from being significant, while its relative poverty and support for the queer community changes the emphasis placed on various issues. The liberality of the town is generally consistent with most of Western Sonoma County politics and this is one of the reasons the region continually elects Lynn Woolsey as ...

See also:

Guerneville California, Guerneville California - Local Politics, Guerneville California - In The Media, Guerneville California - Geography, Guerneville California - Demographics

Read more here: » Guerneville California: Encyclopedia II - Guerneville California - Local Politics

Democratic federal world government is simply an extension of the idea of democratic federation to the global level. One exception is that no military force would be needed to protect the global citizenship against external societies (barring the discovery of such societies); however it might be needed to put down insurrections. Support for democratic federal world government is rooted in globalism (also called cosmopolitanism or mundialism), the view that all humans are interdependent members of a single global community, and humanis ...

See also:

World government, World government - History of the world government idea, World government - Voluntary unions of polities, World government - The current global governance system, World government - Commonly cited deficiencies, World government - Democratic federal world government, World government - Resources, World government - Published Works, World government - Organizations, World government - Websites, World government - More links

Read more here: » World government: Encyclopedia II - World government - Democratic federal world government

World government - History of the world government idea. The need for a supranational authority to preserve the peace between nations has been recognized in ancient Greek and Roman times, and, in modern times goes back at least to the early 14th century (Dante, for example, discusses it in his book Monarchia, 1329). In 1625, the great Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius wrote De Jure Belli ac Pacis (The Laws of War and Peace), which is commonly taken as the starting-point of modern international law. The idea of a federati ...

See also:

World government, World government - Principles of world federalism, World government - Historical background, World government - History of the world government idea, World government - Voluntary unions of polities, World government - The current global governance system, World government - Recognized deficiencies, World government - The case for FWG, World government - No more wars no more oppression, World government - More effective handling of global issues, World government - Common critiques, World government - FWG is not desirable, World government - FWG is not a realistic goal, World government - Approaches to effecting a FWG, World government - Regional integration, World government - Incremental reform, World government - Integration of democracies first, World government - Direct creation of FWG by the people, World government - Resources, World government - Published Works, World government - Organizations, World government - Websites, World government - More links

Read more here: » World government: Encyclopedia II - World government - Historical background

Georg Forster - Childhood and first journeys. Georg Forster was born in the small village of Mokry Dwór (German Nassenhuben), near Gdańsk (Danzig) in the Polish province of Royal Prussia. He was the first child of Johann Reinhold Forster and Justina Elisabeth (née Nicolai). His father was a naturalist, scientist and a Lutheran pastor. In 1765, the Russian tsar gave the pastor an assignment to travel in Russia on a research journey and investigate the situation of a German colony at the Volga Rive ...

See also:

Georg Forster, Georg Forster - Biography, Georg Forster - Childhood and first journeys, Georg Forster - Around the World with Captain Cook, Georg Forster - A founder of the modern travel literature, Georg Forster - Forster as a professor, Georg Forster - Views from the Lower Rhine, Georg Forster - Forster and the French Revolution, Georg Forster - Forster and nations, Georg Forster - Forster's heritage, Georg Forster - Works

Read more here: » Georg Forster: Encyclopedia II - Georg Forster - Biography

Internationalism politics - The left vs right balance. Contemporary free market globalization is not internationalist. It promotes purely economic integration, while ignoring the political and social aspects. In addition, it promotes a very different economic system than the one advocated by internationalists. The Left speaks more and more of a "globalization of solidarity". The modern anti-globalization movement is internationalist in nature, and often advances the notion of alter-globalization. Inter ...

See also:

Internationalism politics, Internationalism politics - The Modern Ideal of Internationalism, Internationalism politics - The various trends of internationalism, Internationalism politics - The left vs right balance, Internationalism politics - The sovereign nations vs supranational powers balance, Internationalism politics - Other Uses of the Term

Read more here: » Internationalism politics: Encyclopedia II - Internationalism politics - The various trends of internationalism

The Times, like many major news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective journalism. One of the most serious of these charges is that before and during World War II, the New York Times downplayed evidence that the Third Reich had targeted Jews for genocide, at least in part because the publisher feared the taint of taking on any 'Jewish cause'.

See also:

The New York Times, The New York Times - History, The New York Times - Times today, The New York Times - Major sections, The New York Times - Style, The New York Times - Web presence, The New York Times - Famous mistakes, The New York Times - Allegations of bias, The New York Times - Liberal bias?, The New York Times - Conservative bias?, The New York Times - Distinctions between news comment ads, The New York Times - Times self-examination of bias, The New York Times - Recent controversies, The New York Times - Management and Employees, The New York Times - Publishers, The New York Times - Executive editors, The New York Times - Current columnists

Read more here: » The New York Times: Encyclopedia II - The New York Times - Allegations of bias

The 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights resolution was adopted virtually unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly. While not legally binding, it urged member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world". The declaration limits the behavior of the state, which now has duties to the citizen (rights-duty duality). Efforts to create a legally binding form of the charter led to disagreements between vari ...

See also:

Human rights, Human rights - Human Rights in international law, Human rights - Types of human rights, Human rights - History of human rights, Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights, Human rights - Human rights controversies, Human rights - Similar topics, Human rights - General, Human rights - Human rights organizations

Read more here: » Human rights: Encyclopedia II - Human rights - Human Rights in international law

Collection of various Stoic quotes: Epictetus: “Wherever I go, it will be well with me.” "When I see a man in a state of anxiety, I say, What can this man want? If he did not want something which is not in his power, how could he still be anxious?" "Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of one's desires, but by the removal of desire." "Nothing outside the will can hinder or harm the will; it can only harm itself. If then we accept this, and, when things go amiss, are inclined to blame our ...

See also:

Stoicism, Stoicism - History, Stoicism - Stoic ethics and virtues, Stoicism - Spiritual exercise, Stoicism - Stoic physics, Stoicism - Brotherhood, Stoicism - Quotations, Stoicism - Spiritual descendants, Stoicism - Books

Read more here: » Stoicism: Encyclopedia II - Stoicism - Quotations

Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be class ...

See also:

Nationalism, Nationalism - Background and problems, Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory, Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism, Nationalism - Prior to 1900, Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism, Nationalism - Language and nationalism, Nationalism - Prominent figures, Nationalism - Types of nationalism, Nationalism - Nationalism within nations, Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States, Nationalism - Nationalism and extremism, Nationalism - Racism, Nationalism - Opposition and critique, Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism, Nationalism - Compare

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Nationalism - Types of nationalism

Like in better institutions of higher education the world over, sociologically most students of Assas come from upper and middle-upper class families. However, it seems there is a higher percentage of "new money" in Assas than in the grandes écoles, which traditionally attract the old French families which have often frequented the écoles for generations. Most first year students are female and even though more female students drop out ...

See also:

University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas, University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas - About Assas, University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas - Campus, University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas - Students and alumni

Read more here: » University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas: Encyclopedia II - University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas - Students and alumni

Therefore every culture is continually forced to determine its position(s) toward alien elements, in order to preserve or redefine its identity. Four different basic reactions are distinguished here, based on Clem Robyns' description (1994, 1995). In order to describe those four main attitudes toward cultural migration and possible loss of identity, two basic criteria have to be taken into account. First, does a cultural practice acknowledge the otherness of (potentially) intruding elements from other cultures? Does it explicitly oppose itse ...

See also:

Cultural identity, Cultural identity - Constructing cultural identity, Cultural identity - Threats to cultural identity, Cultural identity - The imperialist stand, Cultural identity - The defensive stand, Cultural identity - The trans-cultural stand, Cultural identity - The defective stand, Cultural identity - Criticisms

Read more here: » Cultural identity: Encyclopedia II - Cultural identity - Threats to cultural identity