Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody rituximab, sometimes in combination with chemotherapy like chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide. Corticosteroids are also used in combination. Plasmapheresis can be used to treat the hyperviscosity syndrome. Recently, autologous bone marrow transplantation has been added to the available treatment options with good success. ...

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Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Incidence/Prevalence, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Symptoms, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Diagnosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Prognosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Treatment

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Possible treatments include: In stable cases, use of laxatives and bulking agents, as well as modifications in diet and stool habits are effective Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory medication is used in toxic megacolon Desimpaction of feces and decompression using anorectal and nasogastric tubes When megacolon worsens and the conservative measures fail to restore tr ...

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Megacolon, Megacolon - Aganglionic megacolon, Megacolon - Toxic megacolon, Megacolon - Megacolon in Chagas disease, Megacolon - Signs and symptoms, Megacolon - Diagnosis, Megacolon - Treatment

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Treatment is a matter of controversy. In patients presenting with incomplete facial palsy, treatment may be unnecessary. However, patients presenting with complete paralysis, marked by an inability to close the eyes and mouth on the involved side, are usually treated with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. The efficacy of this treatment has not been reliably demonstrated. The likely association of Bell's palsy with the herpes virus has led most American neurologists to prescribe a course of anti-viral medication (such as acyclovir) to all pa ...

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Bell's palsy, Bell's palsy - Symptoms, Bell's palsy - Investigation, Bell's palsy - Diagnosis, Bell's palsy - Pathology, Bell's palsy - Epidemiology, Bell's palsy - Treatment, Bell's palsy - Complications, Bell's palsy - Famous sufferers

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Angiotensinogen is the precursor molecule, and it is produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver although other sites have been thought to contribute to local effects of the molecule. Biochemically it is a member of the protein family of serpins (although it is not, like other serpins, known to inhibit other enzymes). Production of the peptide is increased by corticosteroids, estrogens, thyroid hormones, and notably, angiotensin II. In humans, the peptide sequen ...

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Angiotensin, Angiotensin - Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin - Angiotensin I, Angiotensin - Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Effects of Angiotensin II, Angiotensin - Vascular, Angiotensin - Brain, Angiotensin - Adrenals, Angiotensin - Renal, Angiotensin - Other, Angiotensin - Angiotensin III & IV

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The goal of treatment is to cure the infection. The ear canal should be cleaned of drainage to allow topical medications to work effectively. Depending on how severe the infection is, it may be necessary for a doctor to aspirate the ear as many times as twice a week for the first two or three weeks of treatment. Effective medications include eardrops containing antibiotics to fight infection, and corticosteroids to reduce itching and inflammation. Use of antibiotics to treat ear infections may result in treatment of the wrong cause of ...

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Otitis externa, Otitis externa - Causes incidence and risk factors, Otitis externa - Symptoms, Otitis externa - Signs and tests, Otitis externa - Treatment, Otitis externa - Prognosis, Otitis externa - Complications, Otitis externa - Prevention, Otitis externa - For pool swimmers who swim to keep fit, Otitis externa - Source

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Like many autoimmune diseases, Goodpasture’s syndrome responds well to treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, however, the side effects of these can be serious, including as they do increased risk of infection, which may accelerate the progression of the disease. The concentration of anti-GBM antibodies in the blood may be reduced by apheresis to remove blood plasma and its replacement with an isotonic salt and protein solution. This course of treatment usually lasts between three and six months. Antibiotic treatment of lung infection and stopping ...

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Goodpasture's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Goodpasture's syndrome - Lung disease, Goodpasture's syndrome - Kidney disease, Goodpasture's syndrome - Diagnosis, Goodpasture's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Goodpasture's syndrome - Treatment, Goodpasture's syndrome - Epidemiology, Goodpasture's syndrome - Prognosis, Goodpasture's syndrome - Milestones in Goodpasture Research

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The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin or corticosteroid binding globulin. Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, other "peripheral" tissues, and in the target tissues. Because steroids and sterols are lipid soluble, they can diffuse fairly freely from the blood through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm of target cells. In ...

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Steroid hormone, Steroid hormone - Overview, Steroid hormone - Synthesis, Steroid hormone - Principal natural human steroid hormones, Steroid hormone - Synthetic steroids and sterols

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The management of acute rheumatic fever is geared toward the reduction of inflammation with anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids. Individuals with positive cultures for strep throat should also be treated with antibiotics. Another important cornerstone in treating rheumatic fever includes the continuous use of low dose antibiotics (such as penicillin, sulfadiazine, or erythromycin) to prevent recurrence. ...

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Rheumatic fever, Rheumatic fever - General Information, Rheumatic fever - Diagnosis: Modified Jones Criteria, Rheumatic fever - Major Criteria, Rheumatic fever - Minor Criteria, Rheumatic fever - Other Signs and Symptoms, Rheumatic fever - Pathophysiology, Rheumatic fever - Treatment, Rheumatic fever - Infection, Rheumatic fever - Inflammation, Rheumatic fever - Heart failure, Rheumatic fever - Prevention

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Supportive care with monitoring of all vital functions is the cornerstone of successful management. Because the immune mechanisms play a role in pathogenesis, plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulins over a course of treatment lasting five days may improve the outcome, preventing the need for a ventilator to be used. The use of intravenous immunoglobulins is not without risk, occasionally causing hepatitis, or in rare cases, renal failure if used for longer than five days. Although the corticosteroids may be used in treatment, they are no longer considered the drug of first choice in modern p ...

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Guillain-Barré syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Overview, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Prevalence, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Cause, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Diagnosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Treatment, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Prognosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome - History

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When eosinophilic pneumonia is related to an illness such as cancer or parasitic infection, treatment of the underlying cause is effective in resolving the lung disease. When due to AEP or CEP, however, treatment with corticosteroids results in a rapid, dramatic resolution of symptoms over the course of one or two days. Either intravenous methylprednisolone or oral prednisone are most commonly used. In AEP, treatment is usually continued for a month after symptoms disappear and the x-ray returns to normal (usually four weeks total). In CEP, ...

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Eosinophilic pneumonia, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Types of eosinophilic pneumonia, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Symptoms, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Medications and environmental exposures, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Parasitic infections, Eosinophilic pneumonia - AEP and CEP, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Diagnosis, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Treatment, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Prognosis, Eosinophilic pneumonia - Epidemiology, Eosinophilic pneumonia - History

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Crohn's disease - Medication. Steroids are often necessary in initial stages and during flare-ups, although long-term steroid therapy is discouraged because of its well-known side effects. Traditionally, corticosteroids such as prednisone are used because they have the longest medical history of anti-inflammatory use. However, their side-effects are also the most severe, causing insulin resistance and frank diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), glaucoma, osteoporosis, severe psychological issues, and man ...

See also:

Crohn's disease, Crohn's disease - Symptoms, Crohn's disease - Epidemiology, Crohn's disease - Causes, Crohn's disease - Barrier problem and autoimmunity to the luminal flora, Crohn's disease - Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies ASCA IgG and IgA, Crohn's disease - Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ANCA IgG, Crohn's disease - OmpC IgA, Crohn's disease - Mycobacterial infection, Crohn's disease - Complications, Crohn's disease - Short-term, Crohn's disease - Long-term risks, Crohn's disease - Treatment, Crohn's disease - Medication, Crohn's disease - Surgery, Crohn's disease - Dietary, Crohn's disease - Helminthic therapy Current research, Crohn's disease - Differential diagnosis, Crohn's disease - History and name

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SLE is a chronic disease with no cure. There are, however, some medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants which can control the disease and prevent flares. Flares are typically treated with steroids, with DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheutmatic drugs) to suppress the disease process, reduce steroid needs and prevent flares. DMARDs commonly in use are the antimalarials (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide is used for severe nephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Patients who require steroids frequently may develop obesity, diabetes and osteopor ...

See also:

Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History

Read more here: » Lupus erythematosus: Encyclopedia II - Lupus erythematosus - Treatment

Crohn's disease - Medication. Steroids are often necessary in initial stages and during flare-ups, although long-term steroid therapy is discouraged because of its well-known side effects. Traditionally, corticosteroids such as prednisone are used because they have the longest medical history of anti-inflammatory use. However, their side-effects are also the most severe, causing insulin resistance and frank diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), glaucoma, osteoporosis, severe psychological issues, and man ...

See also:

Crohn's disease, Crohn's disease - Symptoms, Crohn's disease - Epidemiology, Crohn's disease - Causes, Crohn's disease - Barrier problem and autoimmunity to the luminal flora, Crohn's disease - Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies ASCA IgG and IgA, Crohn's disease - Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ANCA IgG, Crohn's disease - OmpC IgA, Crohn's disease - Mycobacterial infection, Crohn's disease - Complications, Crohn's disease - Short-term, Crohn's disease - Long-term risks, Crohn's disease - Treatment, Crohn's disease - Medication, Crohn's disease - Surgery, Crohn's disease - Dietary, Crohn's disease - Helminthic therapy Current research, Crohn's disease - Differential diagnosis, Crohn's disease - History and name, Crohn's disease - Literature

Read more here: » Crohn's disease: Encyclopedia II - Crohn's disease - Treatment

SLE is a chronic disease with no cure. There are, however, some medications, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants which can control the disease and prevent flares. Flares are typically treated with steroids, with DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) to suppress the disease process, reduce steroid needs and prevent flares. DMARDs commonly in use are the antimalarials (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide is used for severe nephritis or other organ-damaging complications. Patients who require steroids frequently may develop obesity, diabetes and osteopor ...

See also:

Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History

Read more here: » Lupus erythematosus: Encyclopedia II - Lupus erythematosus - Treatment

Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The science is considered to have been invented by Arabic physicians in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam; phar ...

Including:

Pharmacology - Scientific background Pharmacology - Classification Pharmacology - Types of medication
Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system Pharmacology - For the central nervous system Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders Pharmacology - For the eye Pharmacology - For the ear, nose and oropharynx Pharmacology - For the respiratory system Pharmacology - For endocrine problems Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system Pharmacology - For contraception Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology Pharmacology - For the skin Pharmacology - For infections and infestations Pharmacology - For immunology Pharmacology - For allergic disorders Pharmacology - For nutrition Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders Pharmacology - For diagnostics Pharmacology - For euthanasia Pharmacology - Other

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Eczema is a form of dermatitis, a skin irritation characterized by red, flaky skin, sometimes with cracks or tiny blisters. It is extremely itchy, but scratching damages the fragile skin and exacerbates the problem so it is important for people with eczema to try to leave the area alone. Eczema - Types. ICD-10 codes are provided where available. There are several causes of dermatitis, but the most common ones are related to allergies. (L20) Atopic eczema, the most c ...

Including:

Eczema - Types
Eczema - Non-allergenic
Eczema - Diagnosis Eczema - Treatment
Eczema - Moisturizing Eczema - Eczema and detergents Eczema - Itch Relief Eczema - Corticosteroids Eczema - Immunomodulators Eczema - Antibiotics Eczema - Light Therapy Eczema - Traditional remedies Eczema - Future Treatments

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Asthma is a disease of the human respiratory system in which the airways narrow, often in response to a “trigger” such as exposure to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. This narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, which are the hallmarks of asthma. Between episodes, most patients feel fine. The disorder is a chronic inflammatory condition in which the airways develop increased responsiveness to various stimuli, characterized by bronchial hyper-respon ...

Including:

Asthma - History Asthma - Signs and symptoms Asthma - Diagnosis Asthma - Pathophysiology
Asthma - Bronchoconstriction Asthma - Bronchial inflammation Asthma - The immune response Asthma - Pathogenesis
Asthma - Treatment
Asthma - Relief medication Asthma - Prevention medication Asthma - Long-acting β2-agonists Asthma - Emergency treatment Asthma - Alternative medicine
Asthma - Prognosis Asthma - Epidemiology
Asthma - US Socioeconomic Factors Asthma - Asthma and athletics

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A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far. There are frenula at several points of the body, including several in the mouth (frenulum linguae, f. labii superioris, f. labii inferioris of the tongue, upper and lower lips respectively), some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. In the female these include the frenulum clitoridis of the clitoris and the frenulum labiorum pudendi (aka. fourchett ...

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An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms, in contradistinction to "chemotherapeutic agents", which were purely synthetic. Nowadays the term "antibiotic" is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides. Antibiotics are small molecules with a molec ...

Including:

Antibiotic - History Antibiotic - Classes of Antibiotics Antibiotic - Production Antibiotic - Side effects Antibiotic - Antibiotic misuse Antibiotic - Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic - Beyond antibiotics

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The amount of cortisol present in the serum undergoes diurnal variation, with the highest levels present in the early morning, and lower levels in the evening, several hours after the onset of sleep. Information about the light/dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus. Changed patterns of the serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels, clinical depression, psychological stress, and such physiological stressors as hypoglycemia, illness, fever, trau ...

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Cortisol, Cortisol - Synthesis, Cortisol - Physiology, Cortisol - Pharmacology, Cortisol - Diseases

Read more here: » Cortisol: Encyclopedia II - Cortisol - Physiology

Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity), "moon face", excess sweating, telangiectasia (dilation of capillaries), atrophy of the skin (which gets thin and bruises easily) and other mucous membranes, purple or red striae on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth). A common sign is the growth of fat pads along the collar bone and on the back of the neck (known as a buffalo hum ...

See also:

Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Cushing's syndrome - Diagnosis, Cushing's syndrome - Pathophysiology, Cushing's syndrome - Therapy, Cushing's syndrome - Epidemiology, Cushing's syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Cushing's syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Cushing's syndrome - Signs and symptoms

Main article: Antibiotic resistance Use or misuse of antibiotics may result in the development of antibiotic resistance by the infecting organisms, similar to the development of pesticide resistance in insects. Evolutionary theory of genetic selection requires that as close as possible to 100% of the infecting organisms be killed off to avoid selection of resistance; if a small subset of the population survives the treatment and is allowed to multiply, the average susceptibility of this new population to the compound wil ...

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Antibiotic, Antibiotic - History, Antibiotic - Classes of Antibiotics, Antibiotic - Production, Antibiotic - Side effects, Antibiotic - Antibiotic misuse, Antibiotic - Antibiotic resistance, Antibiotic - Beyond antibiotics

Read more here: » Antibiotic: Encyclopedia II - Antibiotic - Antibiotic resistance