With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual, and contrasts with soul, personality and behavior. In some contexts, a superficial element of a body, such as hair may be regarded as not a part of it, even while attached. The same is true of excretable substances, such as stool, both while residing in the body and afterwards. Plants composed of more than one cell are ...

Including:

• Body - Injury
• Body - Books

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Blame is the assignment of responsibility from one entity to another. Blaming is the action of assigning this blame to another, often from oneself. These activities seem basic to hominid behaviour, as the infamous cat did it incident with Koko the gorilla demonstrated very vividly. Blaming is nearly universally observed in children. It seems to be an essential part of human development. When language skills develop, one of the first practical things that can be done with them is to apply them to bl ...

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Betrayal, as a form of deception, is the violation of a social contract (trust, confidence) that produces moral and psychological conflict within a relationship between individuals, organizations, or individuals and organizations. Betrayal - Overview. Betrayal - Defining betrayal. Rodger L. Jackson, author of the article, The Sense and Sensibility of Betrayal: Discovering the Meaning of Treachery Through Jane Austin, writes that "there has been surprisingly little written ...

Including:

• Betrayal - Overview
• Betrayal - Defining betrayal
• Betrayal - Psychology of betrayal
• Betrayal - Betrayal trauma
• Betrayal - Political Betrayal Trauma

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Reality in everyday usage means "everything that exists." The term "Reality," in its most liberal sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable, accessible or understandable by science, philosophy, theology or any other system of analysis. Reality in this sense may include both being and nothingness, whereas "existence" is often restricted to being. (Compare with nature). In the strict sense of European-German philosophy, there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality. These levels include, from the most subjective to the most rigorous: Phenomenological reality ...

Including:

• Reality - Simple reality
• Reality - Phenomenological reality
• Reality - Truth
• Reality - Fact
• Reality - Axiom
• Reality - What reality might not be
• Reality - Reality world views and theories of reality
• Reality - Philosophical views of reality

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Amorality is the quality of having no concept of right or wrong. However, "Amoral" must be distinguished from "immoral" in that amoral persons either do not possess ethical notions at all as a result of an unusual upbringing or inborn traits (see the so-called Antisocial personality disorder) or else do not subscribe to any moral code. This latter may in turn mean strong individualistic leanings that do not get codified into a universally applicable system. Someone may maintain that he will do as he likes and let others do the ...

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Courage is the ability to confront fear in the face of pain, danger, uncertainty or intimidation. As a virtue, courage is covered extensively in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, its vice of deficiency being cowardice, and its vice of excess being recklessness. The precise view of what constitutes courage not only varies among cultures, but among individuals. For instance, some define courage as lacking fear in a situation that would normally generate it. Others, in contrast, hold that courage requires ...

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Cowardice is a vice that is conventionally viewed as the corruption of prudence. Cowardice may be considered to be prudence that does not take consequences to their furthest extent. Cowardice is not fear, but rather a submission to vice that uses fear as a pretext. Here is an example of virtuous fear: we all fear to dive head-first into a swimming pool the depth of which we do not know. An example of cowardice would be to refuse to testify against a ...

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Physical abuse Torture / Severe Corporal punishment Psychological abuse Humiliation / Intimidation / Bullying Hate speech / Manipulation / Stalking / Coercive persuasion Sexual abuse Sexual assault / Rape Sexual harassment Child abuse / Domestic violence Prisoner abuse / Elder abuse Animal abuse Police brutality Human experimentation Abuse is a general term for the use or treatment of something (person, thing, ide ...

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The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to a set of human rights that are absolute, not awarded by human power, not transferable to another power, and incapable of repudiation. Several different sets of inalienable rights have been suggested by philosophers and politicians. Inalienable rights - Origins. It has been argued that the idea of inalienable rights is derived from the freeborn rights claimed by the Englishman John Lilburne in his conflict with both the monarchy of King Cha ...

Including:

• Inalienable rights - Origins
• Inalienable rights - Criticism
• Inalienable rights - Sources & further reading

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Honesty, the quality of being honest, is a value which can be defined in multiple ways. In the context of human communication, people are generally said to be honest when they tell the truth to the best of their knowledge and do not hide what they know or think. Apart from being truthful, honesty is also generally thought to involve abstaining from unfair behaviour, such as stealing or cheating on a test. Some people think that this definition is too simplistic, or that it is specific to western culture. For example, some peopl ...

Including:

• Honesty - The studies of Confucius about honesty

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Evil is a term describing that which is regarded as morally bad, intrinsically corrupt, wantonly destructive, inhumane, or wicked. In most cultures, the word is used to describe acts, thoughts, and ideas which are thought to (either directly or causally) bring about withering and death —the opposite of life. However, the definition of what counts as evil differs widely from culture to culture and from individual to individual. Some philosophers reject the idea of evil. Plato, for example, argued that what we call evil is merely ignorance, and th ...

Including:

• Evil - Etymology
• Evil - Evil as a religious concept
• Evil - Zoroastrianism
• Evil - Judaeo-Christian religions
• Evil - Is evil universal?
• Evil - Is evil a useful term?
• Evil - Is evil good?
• Evil - Scientific perspectives
• Evil - Sociological views on evil
• Evil - Evil in business
• Evil - Hacker jargon
• Evil - books

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Doubt is uncertainty in the context of trust (where it takes the form of distrust), action, decision or belief. It implies challenging some notion of reality in effect, and may involve hesitating to take a relevant action due to concern that one might be mistaken or at fault. According to some spiritual and ethical traditions, it is a form of fear. A doubtful internal disposition, according to many ethical frameworks, leads to the 'poisoning' of one's realit ...

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Consent (as a term of jurisprudence) is a possible excuse against civil or criminal liability. Defendants who use this defense are arguing that they should not be held liable for a tort or a crime, since the actions in question were taken with the "victim's" consent and permission. For the criminal law, see consent (criminal). Consent - Tort. For example, if the plaintiff signs a document stating that he or she is aware of the hazards of paintball, and that individual is then injured playing the gam ...

Including:

• Consent - Tort

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Acceptance Anger Anticipation Boredom Disgust Envy Fear Guilt Hate Hope Joy Jealousy Love Remorse Sadness Sorrow Surprise Hate or hatred is an emotion of intense revulsion, distaste, enmity, or antipathy for a person, thing, or phenomenon; a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy its object. The emotion is often stigmatized; yet it serves imp ...

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Ignorance is a lack of knowledge, or a willful lack of desire to improve the efficiency, merit, effectiveness or usefulness of one's actions. Ignorance is also a "state of being ignorant" or unaware/uninformed. Ex: "In debate class Bill lost the debate because he was ignorant in (without knowledge of) that subject." In politics, it is almost always used as a pejorative label, but some political movements have raised it to an ideal, for instance the Know-Nothings of the 19th century United States and some peasant and agrarian mo ...

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In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. There are macro-economic system theories which have created a concept called human capital (referring to the skills that workers possess, not necessarily their actual work), although there are also counterposing macro-economic system theories that think human capital is a contradiction in terms. Labour economics - Compensation and measurementIncluding:

• Labour economics - Compensation and measurement
• Labour economics - Marxian economics
• Labour economics - Types of labour

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In the modern world, sincerity is the elusive virtue of speaking truly about one's feelings, thoughts, desires. Sincere expression carries risks to the speaker, since the ordinary screens used in everyday life are opened to the outside world. At the same time, we expect our friends, our lovers, our leaders "to be sincere." Sincerity has not always been a virtue. It appears to have become an ideal for the first time in Europe and North America in the 17th century; and it gained considerable momentum during the Romantic movement, ...

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Bad is a concept used to describe undesirable circumstances or events. Though bad often is used to imply moral turpitude of a person, the term more specifically refers to an unfortunate circumstance. While bad is often used as a synonym for evil, bad can also refer to something flawed or unusable. The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche made much of a distinction he drew in German between the böse, ("evil"), which he was prepared to admire, and the schlecht ("bad"), which he disdained; in ...

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Traditionally meat eating has been defended in Abrahamic religions on the basis that animals have no soul, do not feel pain or think or otherwise are not worthy of ethical consideration. The denial of animal pain and thought has been largely refuted, especially for higher order animals, by neuroscience, behavioral and evolutionary biology although the idea survives in some religious contexts. Many hunter gatherer tribes would actually apologise to the animals which they killed, excusing themselves on the basis that they had to eat the animal ...

See also:

Ethics of vegetarianism, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethics of killing for food, Ethics of vegetarianism - Treatment of animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Consciousness of plants vs animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethical discussions between vegetarians and meat eaters

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In accounting, a financial liability is something that is owed to another party. This is typically contrasted with an asset which is something of value that you own. It is said, "assets put cash in your pocket, liabilities take cash out of your pocket." The basic accounting equation relates assets, liability, and capital (or equity) thus: liabilities + equity = assets where assets are what you own, liabilities are what you owe to others, and equity i ...

See also:

Liability, Liability - In accounting, Liability - Clasification of liabilities, Liability - In law, Liability - An example from both accounting and law

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