A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic activity. Although they are blindingly bright, at temperatures of roughly 5000 K, the contrast with the surrounding material at some 6000 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots. If they were isolated from the surrounding photosphere they would be brighter than an electric arc. We are currently near a minimum (predicted for 2007) in the sunspot cycle [1]. Sunspot ...

Including:

• Sunspot - Sunspot variation
• Sunspot - History
• Sunspot - Significant events
• Sunspot - Physics
• Sunspot - Application

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The term Universe has a variety of meanings based on the context in which it is described. In philosophical terms, the Universe is the summation of all that exists and the space in which all events occur. In cosmological terms, the Universe is thought to be a finite or infinite space-time continuum in which all matter and energy exist. (It has been hypothesized by scientists that the Universe is part of a system of many other universes, known as the multiverse.) The terms known Universe, observable Universe, or visibl ...

Including:

• Universe - Expansion and age and the Big Bang theory
• Universe - Size of Universe and observable Universe
• Universe - Shape of the Universe
• Universe - Fate of the Universe
• Universe - Multiverse
• Universe - Other terms

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Jupiter has been known since ancient times and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. In 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter using a telescope, the first observation of moons other than Earth's. Jupiter is 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined, so massive that its barycenter with the Sun actually lies above the Sun's surface (1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center). It is 318 times more massive than Earth, with a diameter 11 times that of Earth, and with a volume 1300 times t ...

See also:

Jupiter, Jupiter - Overview, Jupiter - Physical characteristics, Jupiter - Planetary composition, Jupiter - Atmosphere, Jupiter - Planetary rings, Jupiter - Magnetosphere, Jupiter - Appearance, Jupiter - Exploration of Jupiter, Jupiter - Pioneer flyby missions, Jupiter - Voyager flyby missions, Jupiter - Ulysses flyby mission, Jupiter - Galileo mission, Jupiter - Cassini flyby mission, Jupiter - Future probes, Jupiter - Natural satellites, Jupiter - Galilean moons, Jupiter - Classification of Jupiter's moons, Jupiter - Life on Jupiter, Jupiter - Trojan asteroids, Jupiter - Cometary impact, Jupiter - Jupiter in fiction and film, Jupiter - Jupiter and Internet conspiracists

Read more here: » Jupiter: Encyclopedia II - Jupiter - Overview

List of mathematicians - Aa — Ac. Abakanowicz, Bruno (Poland, 1852 – 1900) Abdelkader, Mostafa A. (?, ? – ) Abel, Niels Henrik (Norway, 1802 – 1829) Abelson, Harold (USA, ? – ) Al-Abhari Athir al-Din Mufaddal ibn Umar (Persia, 1200 – 1265) Abhyankar, Shreeram Shankar (India/USA, 1930 – ) Abouabdillah, Driss (Morocco, 1948 – ) Abraham, Ralph (USA, 1936 – ) Abramowitz, Milton (?, ? – ) Achenwall, Gottfried (Germany, 1719 – 1772) Ackerm ...

See also:

List of mathematicians, List of mathematicians - A, List of mathematicians - Aa — Ac, List of mathematicians - Ad, List of mathematicians - Ag — Ak, List of mathematicians - Al, List of mathematicians - Am — An, List of mathematicians - Ap — Ar, List of mathematicians - As — Az, List of mathematicians - B, List of mathematicians - Ba, List of mathematicians - Be, List of mathematicians - Bh — Bi, List of mathematicians - Bl, List of mathematicians - Bo, List of mathematicians - Br, List of mathematicians - Bu, List of mathematicians - By — Bz, List of mathematicians - C, List of mathematicians - Ca, List of mathematicians - Ce — Ch, List of mathematicians - Cl — Co, List of mathematicians - Cr — Cs, List of mathematicians - Ct — Cz, List of mathematicians - D, List of mathematicians - Da, List of mathematicians - De, List of mathematicians - Di, List of mathematicians - Do — Dr, List of mathematicians - Du, List of mathematicians - Dw — Dz, List of mathematicians - E, List of mathematicians - Ea — Ef, List of mathematicians - Eg — El, List of mathematicians - Em — Er, List of mathematicians - Es — Ez, List of mathematicians - F, List of mathematicians - Fa, List of mathematicians - Fe, List of mathematicians - Fi, List of mathematicians - Fl — Fo, List of mathematicians - Fr, List of mathematicians - Fu — Fz, List of mathematicians - G, List of mathematicians - Ga, List of mathematicians - Ge, List of mathematicians - Gh — Gi, List of mathematicians - Gl — Go, List of mathematicians - Gr, List of mathematicians - Gu, List of mathematicians - Gy — Gz, List of mathematicians - H, List of mathematicians - Ha, List of mathematicians - He, List of mathematicians - Hi, List of mathematicians - Hl — Ho, List of mathematicians - Hr — Hu, List of mathematicians - Hy — Hz, List of mathematicians - I, List of mathematicians - J, List of mathematicians - Ja, List of mathematicians - Je — Jo, List of mathematicians - Ju — Jz, List of mathematicians - K, List of mathematicians - Ka, List of mathematicians - Ke, List of mathematicians - Kh — Ki, List of mathematicians - Kl — Ko, List of mathematicians - Kr, List of mathematicians - Ku — Kz, List of mathematicians - L, List of mathematicians - La, List of mathematicians - Le, List of mathematicians - Li, List of mathematicians - Ll — Lo, List of mathematicians - Lu, List of mathematicians - Ly — Lz, List of mathematicians - M, List of mathematicians - Ma, List of mathematicians - Mc — Me, List of mathematicians - Mi, List of mathematicians - Mo, List of mathematicians - Mu — Mz, List of mathematicians - N, List of mathematicians - Na — Ne, List of mathematicians - Ni — No, List of mathematicians - Nu — Nz, List of mathematicians - O, List of mathematicians - Oa — Om, List of mathematicians - On — Oz, List of mathematicians - P, List of mathematicians - Pa, List of mathematicians - Pe, List of mathematicians - Pf — Pi, List of mathematicians - Pl — Po, List of mathematicians - Pr, List of mathematicians - Pt — Pz, List of mathematicians - Q, List of mathematicians - R, List of mathematicians - Ra, List of mathematicians - Re, List of mathematicians - Rh — Ri, List of mathematicians - Ro, List of mathematicians - Ru — Rz, List of mathematicians - S, List of mathematicians - Sa, List of mathematicians - Sc, List of mathematicians - Se, List of mathematicians - Sh, List of mathematicians - Si, List of mathematicians - Sk — Sm, List of mathematicians - Sn — So, List of mathematicians - Sp, List of mathematicians - Sr — St, List of mathematicians - Su — Sy, List of mathematicians - Sz, List of mathematicians - T, List of mathematicians - Ta, List of mathematicians - Te — Th, List of mathematicians - Ti — To, List of mathematicians - Tr — Ts, List of mathematicians - Tu, List of mathematicians - Tv — Tz, List of mathematicians - U, List of mathematicians - V, List of mathematicians - Va, List of mathematicians - Ve — Vi, List of mathematicians - Vo — Vz, List of mathematicians - W, List of mathematicians - Wa, List of mathematicians - We, List of mathematicians - Wh, List of mathematicians - Wi, List of mathematicians - Wo — Wz, List of mathematicians - X, List of mathematicians - Y, List of mathematicians - Ya — Yo, List of mathematicians - Yu — Yz, List of mathematicians - Z, List of mathematicians - Za, List of mathematicians - Ze — Zh, List of mathematicians - Zi — Zz

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In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. The word is derived from the Greek (Helios = "Sun" and kentron = "Center"). Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism and currently to modern geocentrism, which places the earth at the center. (The distinction between the Solar System and the Universe was not clear until modern times, but extremely important relative to the controversy over cosmology and religion.) In the 16th and 17th centuries, w ...

Including:

• Heliocentrism - Development of the idea
• Heliocentrism - Religious disputes over heliocentrism
• Heliocentrism - The view of modern science
• Heliocentrism - Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education
Including:

• Modern geocentrism - Overview of modern geocentrism
• Modern geocentrism - History of modern geocentrism
• Modern geocentrism - Biblical references
• Modern geocentrism - Catholic geocentricity
• Modern geocentrism - The modern scientific point of view
• Modern geocentrism - There is no special position.
• Modern geocentrism - The cosmic microwave background radiation determines the only special velocity.
• Modern geocentrism - The inertial frame is the only special rotation.
• Modern geocentrism - Non-falsifiability of geocentrism
• Modern geocentrism - Modern geocentrism and astronomical observations
• Modern geocentrism - Gamma ray bursts
• Modern geocentrism - Quantization of redshifts
• Modern geocentrism - Forms of modern geocentrism
• Modern geocentrism - The observations
• Modern geocentrism - Geocentrism based on classical gravitation
• Modern geocentrism - Geocentrism based on a rigid aether
• Modern geocentrism - Geocentrism based on a radically different cosmology

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Astrology and astronomy were deeply intertwined in the past, and very much one and the same throughout the overwhelming bulk of human history. The two completely separate disciplines as we define them today cannot, in fact, be distinguished, until only the past few hundred years (they split up completely about 1750-1800). Astrology and astronomy - Historical divergence. The primary goal of astronomy is to understand the physics of the universe. Astrologers use astronomical calculations for the posit ...

Including:

• Astrology and astronomy - Historical divergence

Read more here: » Astrology and astronomy: Encyclopedia - Astrology and astronomy

Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a "theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the catholic or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. By extension, [heresy is an] opinion or doctrine in philosophy, politics, science, art, etc., at variance with those generally accepted as authoritative." Heresy - Etymology. The word "heresy" comes from ...

Including:

• Heresy - Etymology
• Heresy - Religious heresy
• Heresy - Christianity
• Heresy - Heresy in Judaism
• Heresy - Heresy in Islam
• Heresy - Contemporary heresy

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Arthur Jensen is a prominent educational psychologist, known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, which is concerned with how and why individuals differ behaviorally from one another. Jensen is a leading authority on IQ, and his work on testing bias is canonical. He is a major proponent of the hereditarian position in the nature versus nurture debate, the position that concludes genetics play a significant role in behavioral traits, such as intelligence and personality traits. He is the author of over 400 ...

Including:

• Arthur Jensen - IQ and academic achievement
• Arthur Jensen - Gould's criticism
• Arthur Jensen - Recent books
• Arthur Jensen - The g Factor
• Arthur Jensen - Clocking the Mind

Read more here: » Arthur Jensen: Encyclopedia - Arthur Jensen

The term Inquisition (Latin: Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis Sanctum Officium) refers broadly to a number of historical movements surrounding the suppression of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. There were four major movements, starting with the Medieval Inquisition in 1184 and ending with the Spanish Inquisition in 1834. Inquisition - Origin. The Inquisition was an institution within the Roman Catholic Church, charged with the eradication of heresies. Heresies (from Greek haeresis, ...

Including:

• Inquisition - Origin
• Inquisition - History
• Inquisition - Medieval Inquisition
• Inquisition - Spanish Inquisition
• Inquisition - Roman Inquisition
• Inquisition - Portuguese Inquisition
• Inquisition - Other uses of the word Inquisitions
• Inquisition - Derivative works

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Ayanamsha is a term used in astrology. It is defined as the angle by which the sidereal ecliptic longitude of a celestial body is lesser than its tropical ecliptic longitude. The sidereal ecliptic longitude of a celestial body is its longitude on the ecliptic defined with respect to the "fixed" stars. The tropical ecliptic longitude of a celestial body is its longitude on the ecliptic defined ...

Including:

• Ayanamsha - Different methods of determining the ayanamsha

Read more here: » Ayanamsha: Encyclopedia - Ayanamsha

Christopher Clavius, (March 25, 1538 – February 12, 1612) was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who was the main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar. In his last years he was probably the most respected astronomer in Europe and his textbooks were used for astronomical education for over fifty years in Europe and even in more remote lands (on account of being used by missionaries). Very little is known about Clavius' early life other than the fact that he was born in Bamberg in either 1538 or 1537 (the exact ...

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The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. Even before the posting of Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517, there had been pressure for reform from within the Church, combating trends that had brought about demands for more extreme reforms to fundamentally alter the doctrine and structure of the Medieval Church and even contributed to anticlericalism ...

Including:

• Counter-Reformation - The Council of Trent
• Counter-Reformation - Reform
• Counter-Reformation - The orders
• Counter-Reformation - The inadvertent start of the scientific revolution

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Anton (or Antonius) Maria Schyrleus (also Schyrl, Schyrle) of Rheita (1597-1660) (in Czech, Antonín Maria Sírek z Reity) was a Czech astronomer and optician. He developed several inverting and erecting eyepieces, and was the maker of Kepler’s telescope. "Things appear more alive with the binocular telescope," he wrote, "doubly as exact so to speak, as well as large and b ...

Including:

• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Optics
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Astronomical observations
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - The Moon
• Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita - Legacy

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Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines. Bologna - History. Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (ca. 534 BC) in an area previously long inhabitated by the villanovians, a people of farmers and shepherds. The Etruscan city grew around a sanctuary built on a hill, and was surrounded by a necropolis. In the 4th century BC the city was conquered by the ...

Including:

• Bologna - History
• Bologna - Overview
• Bologna - Transport
• Bologna - Demographics
• Bologna - Cuisine
• Bologna - The University
• Bologna - Famous residents

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Bernardino Telesio (1509 - 1588) was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist. Telesio was born of noble parentage at Cosenza, a town in Calabria, a region of Southern Italy. He was educated at Milan by his uncle, Antonio, himself a scholar and a poet of eminence, and afterwards at Rome and Padua. His studies included all the wide range of subjects, classics, science and philosophy, which constituted the curriculum of the Renaissance savants. Thus equipped, he began his attack upon the medieval Aristotelianism which then fl ...

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1512 - Events. April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit. October 19 - Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology [Doctor in Biblia]. October 21 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg November 1 - The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time. ...

Including:

• 1512 - Events
• 1512 - Births
• 1512 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1512: Encyclopedia - 1512

Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia = astron + nomos, literally, "law of the stars") is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere, such as stars, planets, comets, galaxies, and the cosmic background radiation. It is concerned with the formation and development of the universe, the evolution and physical and chemical properties of celestial objects and the calculation of their motions. Astronomical observations are ...

Including:

• Astronomy - Divisions
• Astronomy - By subject or problem addressed
• Astronomy - Ways of obtaining information
• Astronomy - History of astronomy
• Astronomy - Timelines in astronomy
• Astronomy - Astronomy tools

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The philosophical question "What is the meaning of life?" means different things to different people. The vagueness of the query is inherent in the word "meaning", which opens the question to many interpretations, such as: "What is the origin of life?", "What is the nature of life (and of the universe in which we live)?", "What is the significance of life?", "What is valuable in life?", and "What is the purpose of, or in, (one's) life?". These questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and arguments, from scientific ...

Including:

• Meaning of life - Popular beliefs
• Meaning of life - Scientific approaches and theories
• Meaning of life - Philosophical views
• Meaning of life - Value as meaning
• Meaning of life - Atheist views
• Meaning of life - Existentialist views
• Meaning of life - Humanist views
• Meaning of life - Nihilist views
• Meaning of life - Positivist views
• Meaning of life - Pragmatist views
• Meaning of life - Transhumanist views
• Meaning of life - Religious beliefs
• Meaning of life - Spiritual views
• Meaning of life - Humorous treatments
• Meaning of life - General philosophy topics
• Meaning of life - General philosophy lists

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Theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. Theory - Etymology. The word ‘theory’ derives from the Greek ‘theorein’, which means ‘to look at’. According to some sources, it was used frequently in terms of ‘looking at’ a theatre stage, which may explain why sometimes the word ‘theory’ is used as something provisional or not completely resembling real. The term ‘theoria’ (a noun) was already used by ...

Including:

• Theory - Etymology
• Theory - Science
• Theory - Models
• Theory - Types of theories
• Theory - Further explanation of a scientific theory
• Theory - Characteristics
• Theory - Mathematics
• Theory - Other fields
• Theory - List of famous theories
• Theory - Reference

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