Copernican system

Theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. Theory - Etymology. The word ‘theory’ derives from the Greek ‘theorein’, which means ‘to look at’. According to some sources, it was used frequently in terms of ‘looking at’ a theatre stage, which may explain why sometimes the word ‘theory’ is used as something provisional or not completely resembling real. The term ‘theoria’ (a noun) was already used by ...

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• Theory - Etymology
• Theory - Science
• Theory - Models
• Theory - Types of theories
• Theory - Further explanation of a scientific theory
• Theory - Characteristics
• Theory - Mathematics
• Theory - Other fields
• Theory - List of famous theories
• Theory - Reference

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The geocentric model (in Greek: geo = Earth and centron = center) of the universe is a paradigm which places the Earth at its center. Common in ancient Greece after the discovery of the approximately spherical shape of Earth, it was believed by both Aristotle and Ptolemy. Most Greeks assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets orbit Earth. Similar ideas were held in ancient China. The geocentric model assumes a spherical Earth; thus it is not the same as the older flat Earth model. Also, according to this model, ...

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• Geocentric model - Notes

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Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe (December 14, 1546 – October 24, 1601), was a Danish nobleman astrologer and astronomer as well as an alchemist. He was granted an estate on the island of Hven and the funding to build the Uraniborg, an early research institute, where he built large astronomical instruments and took many careful measurements. As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model o ...

Including:

• Tycho Brahe - Early years
• Tycho Brahe - Death of his father
• Tycho Brahe - Family life
• Tycho Brahe - Nova
• Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism
• Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou
• Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy
• Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology
• Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose
• Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death
• Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

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The Tychonian system was an effort by Tycho Brahe to create a model of the solar system which would combine what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and "physical" benefits of the Ptolemaic system. It is essentially a geocentric model (with the Earth at the center of the universe), around which revolves the sun, and around the sun revolve the other planets. It can be shown through a geometric argument that the motions of the planets and the sun relative to the Earth in the Tychoni ...

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Tycho Brahe was born Tyge Ottesen Brahe (de Knudstrup), adopting the Latinised form Tycho at around age fifteen (sometimes written Tÿcho). He is often misnamed Tycho de Brahe. He was born at his family's ancestral seat of Knudstrup Castle, Denmark to Otte Brahe and Beate Bille. His twin brother was stillborn (Tycho wrote a Latin ode (Wittendorf 1994, p. 68) to his dead twin which was printed as his first publication in 1572). He also had two sisters, one older (Kirstine Brahe) and one younger (Sophie Brahe). Otte ...

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Tycho Brahe, Tycho Brahe - Early years, Tycho Brahe - Death of his father, Tycho Brahe - Family life, Tycho Brahe - Nova, Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism, Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death, Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

Read more here: » Tycho Brahe: Encyclopedia II - Tycho Brahe - Early years

Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, while there was a strong division between astronomy/astrology (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of the more prestigious discipline of philosophy). He also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, such that the basis for many of his most important contributions was essentially the ...

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Johannes Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Life, Johannes Kepler - Work, Johannes Kepler - Scientific work, Johannes Kepler - Mysticism and astrology, Johannes Kepler - Kepler on God, Johannes Kepler - Writings by Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Kepler in fiction, Johannes Kepler - Named in Kepler's honor

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An Epitome of the Almagest (Epitome in Ptolemaei Almagestum) was written between 1460 and 1463 by the Austrian astronomer Georg Peurbach and his famous pupil Johannes Regiomontanus at the suggestion of Cardinal Bessarion. It gave Europeans the first sophisticated understanding of Ptolemy's astronomy, and was studied by every competent astronomer of the 16th century. Unlike earlier systems (such as 'the stars move because that is the will of the gods', or the model of concentric spheres), the Ptolemaic model explained all ...

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Ptolemaic system, Ptolemaic system - The Almagest, Ptolemaic system - Geocentricity, Ptolemaic system - Problems with geocentricity, Ptolemaic system - Replacement with Copernican system

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In scientific usage, a theory does not mean an unsubstantiated guess or hunch, as it does in other contexts. Neither is a scientific theory a fact. Scientific theories are never proven to be true, but can be disproven. All scientific understanding takes the form of hypotheses, theories, or laws. Theories are typically ways of explaining why things happen, often, but not always after their occurrence is no longer in scientific dispute. In referring to the "theory of global warming" for example, the worldwide ...

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Theory, Theory - Etymology, Theory - Science, Theory - Models, Theory - Types of theories, Theory - Further explanation of a scientific theory, Theory - Characteristics, Theory - Mathematics, Theory - Other fields, Theory - List of famous theories, Theory - Reference

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In scientific usage, a theory does not mean an unsubstantiated guess or hunch, as it often does in other contexts. Scientific theories are never proven to be true, but can be disproven. All scientific understanding takes the form of hypotheses, or conjectures. A theory is in this context a set of hypotheses that are logically bound together (See also hypothetico-deductive method). Theories are typically ways of explaining why things happen, often, but not always after their occurrence is no longer in scientific di ...

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Theory, Theory - Etymology, Theory - Science, Theory - Models, Theory - Types of theories, Theory - Further explanation of a scientific theory, Theory - Characteristics, Theory - Mathematics, Theory - Other fields, Theory - List of famous theories, Theory - Reference

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Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, while there was a strong division between astronomy/astrology (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of the more prestigious discipline of philosophy). He also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, such that the basis for many of his most important contributions was essentially the ...

See also:

Johannes Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Life, Johannes Kepler - Childhood and Education 1571-1594, Johannes Kepler - Early Career 1594-1601, Johannes Kepler - Imperial Mathematician in Prague 1601-1612, Johannes Kepler - Teaching in Linz and Final Years 1612-1630, Johannes Kepler - Work, Johannes Kepler - Scientific work, Johannes Kepler - Mysticism and astrology, Johannes Kepler - Kepler on God, Johannes Kepler - Writings by Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Kepler in fiction, Johannes Kepler - Named in Kepler's honor

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The historical sequence of events now brings us to the discovery of the achromatic telescope. The first person who succeeded in making achromatic refracting telescopes seems to have been Chester Moor Hall, a gentleman of Essex. He argued that the different humours of the human eye so refract rays of light as to produce an image on the retina which is free from colour, and he reasonably argued that it might be possible to produce a like result by combining lenses composed of different refracting media. After devoting some time to the i ...

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History of telescopes, History of telescopes - Refracting telescopes, History of telescopes - Reflecting telescopes, History of telescopes - Achromatic Telescope, History of telescopes - Related links

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Tycho died on October 24, 1601, several days after straining his bladder during a banquet. It has been said that to leave the banquet before it concluded, would be the height of bad manners and so he remained. His weakened state allowed an infection to invade his body and led ultimately to his death. He was succeeded as Imperial Mathematicus by Kepler, two days later. However, recent investigations have suggested that Tycho did not die from urinary problems but most likely from mercury poisoning: toxic levels of it have been fo ...

See also:

Tycho Brahe, Tycho Brahe - Early years, Tycho Brahe - Death of his father, Tycho Brahe - Family life, Tycho Brahe - Nova, Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism, Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death, Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

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Johannes Kepler - Childhood and Education 1571-1594. Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 at the Imperial Free City of Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center). His grandfather had been Lord Mayor of that town, but by the time Johannes was born, the Kepler family fortunes were in decline. His father earned a precarious living as a mercenary, and left the family when Johannes was 5. He was believed to have died in the war in the N ...

See also:

Johannes Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Life, Johannes Kepler - Childhood and Education 1571-1594, Johannes Kepler - Early Career 1594-1601, Johannes Kepler - Imperial Mathematician in Prague 1601-1612, Johannes Kepler - Teaching in Linz and Final Years 1612-1630, Johannes Kepler - Work, Johannes Kepler - Scientific work, Johannes Kepler - Mysticism and astrology, Johannes Kepler - Kepler on God, Johannes Kepler - Writings by Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Kepler in fiction, Johannes Kepler - Named in Kepler's honor

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Like the fifteenth century astronomer Regiomontanus, Tycho Brahe appears to have accepted astrological prognostications on the principle that the heavenly bodies undoubtedly influenced (yet did not determine) terrestrial events, but expressed skepticism about the multiplicity of interpretative schemes, and increasingly preferred to work on establishing a sound mathematical astronomy. Two early tracts, one entitled Against Astrologers for Astrology, and one on a new method of dividing the sky into astrological houses, w ...

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Tycho Brahe, Tycho Brahe - Early years, Tycho Brahe - Death of his father, Tycho Brahe - Family life, Tycho Brahe - Nova, Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism, Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death, Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

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In 1572, in Knudstrup, Tycho fell in love with Kirsten Jørgensdatter, a commoner whose father, Pastor Jorgen Hansen, was the Lutheran clergyman of Knudstrup's village church. Under Danish law, when a nobleman and a common woman lived together openly as husband and wife, and she wore the keys to the household at her belt like any true wife, their alliance became a binding morganatic marriage after three years. The husband retained his noble status and privileges; the wife remained a commoner. Their children were legitimate in the eyes of the ...

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Tycho Brahe, Tycho Brahe - Early years, Tycho Brahe - Death of his father, Tycho Brahe - Family life, Tycho Brahe - Nova, Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism, Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death, Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

Read more here: » Tycho Brahe: Encyclopedia II - Tycho Brahe - Family life

There is an archeological finding of lenses is from Gotlandia in Sweden. These so-called Visby lenses can be dated to the second half of the 11th century. The one half is near a perfect ellipsoid and the other flat, making a perfect tool for handling light beams. Some of these lenses have a silver mounting and have been used as pendants. There are also unmounted lenses that may have been used as a loupe. They have been speculated to be components from an ancient telescope. However, if it would be, maybe it was something imported fro ...

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History of telescopes, History of telescopes - Refracting telescopes, History of telescopes - Reflecting telescopes, History of telescopes - Achromatic Telescope, History of telescopes - Related links

Read more here: » History of telescopes: Encyclopedia II - History of telescopes - Refracting telescopes

In mathematics, the word theory is used informally to refer to certain distinct bodies of knowledge about mathematics. This knowledge consists of axioms, definitions, theorems and computational techniques, all related in some way by tradition or practice. Examples include group theory, set theory, Lebesgue integration theory and field theory. The term "theory" also has a formal usage in mathematics, particularly in mathematical logic and model theory. A theory in this sense is a set of statements closed under certain rul ...

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Theory, Theory - Etymology, Theory - Science, Theory - Models, Theory - Types of theories, Theory - Further explanation of a scientific theory, Theory - Characteristics, Theory - Mathematics, Theory - Other fields, Theory - List of famous theories, Theory - Reference

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Until Newton's discovery of the different refrangibility of light of different colours, it was generally supposed that object-glasses of telescopes were subject to no other errors than those which arose from the spherical figure of their surfaces, and the efforts of opticians were chiefly directed to the construction of lenses of other forms of curvature. James Gregory, in his Optica Promota (1663), discusses the forms of images and objects produced by lenses and mirrors, and shows that when the surfaces of the lenses or mirrors are p ...

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History of telescopes, History of telescopes - Refracting telescopes, History of telescopes - Reflecting telescopes, History of telescopes - Achromatic Telescope, History of telescopes - Related links

Read more here: » History of telescopes: Encyclopedia II - History of telescopes - Reflecting telescopes

Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 at the Imperial Free City of Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center). His grandfather had been Lord Mayor of that town, but by the time Johannes was born, the Kepler family fortunes were in decline. His father earned a precarious living as a mercenary, and abandoned the family when Johannes was 17. His mother, an inn-keeper's daughter, was a healer and herbalist who was later tried for witchcraft. Born prematurely, Johan ...

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Johannes Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Life, Johannes Kepler - Work, Johannes Kepler - Scientific work, Johannes Kepler - Mysticism and astrology, Johannes Kepler - Kepler on God, Johannes Kepler - Writings by Kepler, Johannes Kepler - Kepler in fiction, Johannes Kepler - Named in Kepler's honor

Read more here: » Johannes Kepler: Encyclopedia II - Johannes Kepler - Life

King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway, impressed with Tycho's 1572 observations, financed the construction of two observatories for Tycho on the island of Hven in Oresund. These were Uraniborg and Stjerneborg. Uraniborg also had a laboratory for his alchemical experiments. Because Tycho disagreed with Christian IV, the new king of his country, he left Hven in 1597 and moved to Prague in 1599. Sponsored by Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor, he built a new observatory in in a castle in Benátky nad Jizerou, 50 km from Prague, and he worked there for one year. ...

See also:

Tycho Brahe, Tycho Brahe - Early years, Tycho Brahe - Death of his father, Tycho Brahe - Family life, Tycho Brahe - Nova, Tycho Brahe - Heliocentrism, Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and astronomy, Tycho Brahe - Tycho and Astrology, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's moose, Tycho Brahe - Tycho's death, Tycho Brahe - Named after Tycho

Read more here: » Tycho Brahe: Encyclopedia II - Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg Stjerneborg and Benátky nad Jizerou