Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981. The United States is the only developed nation that has not ratified CEDAW. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - The Convention. The Convention defines discrimination agains ...

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• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - The Convention
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - The Committee
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - External link

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The Convention defines discrimination against women in the following terms: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It also establishes an agenda of action for putting an end to sex-based discrimination: St ...

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - The Convention, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - The Committee, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - External link

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The term women's rights typically refers to the legal rights of women which pertains to the social and human rights of women. In particular, the term may refer to: Feminism - the core ideology behind women's rights Reproductive rights - within "women's rights", issues regarding "reproductive freedom" The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) International Wom ...

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• Women's rights - Organisatioins working for women's rights

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Human rights refers to the concept of human beings as having universal rights, or status, regardless of legal jurisdiction, and likewise other localizing factors, such as ethnicity and nationality. The existence, validity and the content of human rights continue to be the subject to debate in philosophy and political science. However human rights are defined in international law & covenants, and further, in the domestic laws of many states. There is, however, a great deal of variance between how human rights norms are defined in these multiple contexts and ho ...

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• Human rights - Human Rights in international law
• Human rights - Types of human rights
• Human rights - History of human rights
• Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights
• Human rights - Human rights controversies
• Human rights - Similar topics
• Human rights - General
• Human rights - Human rights organizations

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The following are a few of the matters in which Christianity appears to have made alterations, generally but perhaps not always improvements, in the law. As a rule the influence of the church was exercised in favor of the abolition of the disabilities imposed by the older law upon celibacy and childlessness, of increased facilities for entering a professed religious life, and of due provision for th ...

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Legal rights of women, Legal rights of women - Religious and Archiac Law, Legal rights of women - Ancient Roman Law, Legal rights of women - Christian Laws and Influences on Women's Rights, Legal rights of women - Historical readings, Legal rights of women - External articles

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She was elected to the Diet as a member of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) in 1969 from the 2nd district of Hyogo. She spent her first decade on the sidelines but came to national attention in 1980 when she was highly critical of Japan's unequal treatment of women, specifically about women-only home economics degrees and the father-dominated family registration law. She pressured the Diet to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985. She became Vice Minister of the JSP in 1984 and the first leader of a political party division in Japanese history in 1986, ...

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Takako Doi, Takako Doi - Early Career, Takako Doi - Political Career, Takako Doi - Party Leader

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The resurgence of prostitution in mainland China has coincided with the introduction of Deng Xiaoping's liberalisation of Chinese economic policy in 1978. According to the incomplete statistics composed on the basis of nationwide crackdowns, the rate of prostitution in China has been rising every year since 1982.[7] Between 1989 and 1990, 243,183 people were apprehended for prostitution-related activities.^{See also:}

Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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The 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights resolution was adopted virtually unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly. While not legally binding, it urged member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world". The declaration limits the behavior of the state, which now has duties to the citizen (rights-duty duality). Efforts to create a legally binding form of the charter led to disagreements between vari ...

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Human rights, Human rights - Human Rights in international law, Human rights - Types of human rights, Human rights - History of human rights, Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights, Human rights - Human rights controversies, Human rights - Similar topics, Human rights - General, Human rights - Human rights organizations

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International human rights instruments - Global. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Convention Against Torture (CAT) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) International Convention on the Protect ...

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International human rights instruments, International human rights instruments - Declarations, International human rights instruments - Conventions, International human rights instruments - Global, International human rights instruments - Regional: Africa, International human rights instruments - Regional: America, International human rights instruments - Regional: Europe

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The best-known histories of the human rights movement tend to begin with the ancient religions and societies and show the evolution of concepts and institutions of human rights across civilizations. The roots of the notion of Human Rights can be drawn as far back as the Ancients (the role of the individual in the state) but the idea of civil and political rights stems from liberal freedoms advocated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty. The concepts of economic, social and cultural Rights can be traced bac ...

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Human rights, Human rights - Human Rights in international law, Human rights - Types of human rights, Human rights - History of human rights, Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights, Human rights - Human rights controversies, Human rights - Similar topics, Human rights - General, Human rights - Human rights organizations

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Numerous theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how human rights become part of social expectations. The biological theory considers the comparative reproductive advantage of human social behavior based on empathy and altruism in the context of natural selection. Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behavior, which is a human, social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution (associated with Hume) or as a sociological pattern of rule setting (as in the sociological theory of law and the wor ...

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Human rights, Human rights - Human Rights in international law, Human rights - Types of human rights, Human rights - History of human rights, Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights, Human rights - Human rights controversies, Human rights - Similar topics, Human rights - General, Human rights - Human rights organizations

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The spread of prostitution practices has introduced a large quantity of slang to the popular vocabulary. Prostitution is a popular subject in the media, especially on the internet. Typically news of police raids, court cases or family tragedies related to prostitution are published in a sensationalised form. A good example is news of an orgy between 400 Japanese and 500 Chinese prostitutes in 2003, which partially because of anti-Japanese sentiment, was widely publicised and met with considerable outrage.^{See also:}

Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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Human rights are typically divided into two categories: negative human rights (rights to be free from) and positive human rights (rights to), although other categorizations exist. Negative human rights, which follow mainly from the Anglo-American legal tradition, denote actions that a government should not take. These are codified in the United States Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ...

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Human rights, Human rights - Human Rights in international law, Human rights - Types of human rights, Human rights - History of human rights, Human rights - Philosophical basis of human rights, Human rights - Human rights controversies, Human rights - Similar topics, Human rights - General, Human rights - Human rights organizations

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The illegal activities and problems associated with prostitution point to the benefits of legally recognising it. A number of international NGOs and human rights organisations have criticised the PRC government for failing to comply with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Specifically, they charge that the PRC has failed to recognise voluntary prostitution as a legitimate form of work, penalising lower tier prostitutes who sell sex while exonerating men who buy sex, and ignoring the ongoing problems of governmental comp ...

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Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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Following the Communist Party of China's victory in 1949, local government authorities were charged with the task of eliminating prostitution. One month after the Communist takeover of Beijing on February 3, 1949, the new municipal government under Ye Jianying announced a policy to control the city's many brothels. On November 21, all of Beijing's 224 establishments were shut down; 1286 prostitutes and 434 owners, procurers, and pimps were arrested in the space of 12 hours by an estimated 2400 cadres.^{See also:}

Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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The dependent position of women in early law is proved by the evidence of most ancient systems of early law which have in whole or in part descended to us. In the Mosaic law divorce was a privilege of the husband only, the vow of a woman might be disallowed by her father or husband, and daughters could inherit only in the absence of sons, and then they must marry in their tribe. The guilt or innocence of a wife accused of adultery might be tried by the ordeal of the bitter water. Besides these instances, which illustrate the [2 Deut. xxiv. 1 ...

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Legal rights of women, Legal rights of women - Religious and Archiac Law, Legal rights of women - Ancient Roman Law, Legal rights of women - Christian Laws and Influences on Women's Rights, Legal rights of women - Historical readings, Legal rights of women - External articles

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In Roman law a woman was even in historic times completely dependent. If married she and her property passed into the power of her husband; if unmarried she was (unless a vestal virgin) under the perpetual tutelage of her father during his life, and after his death of her agnates, that is, those of her kinsmen by blood or adoption who would have been under the power of the commoh ancestor had he lived. Failing agnates, the tutelage probably passed to the gens. The wife was the purchased property of her husband, and, like a slave, acquired on ...

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Legal rights of women, Legal rights of women - Religious and Archiac Law, Legal rights of women - Ancient Roman Law, Legal rights of women - Christian Laws and Influences on Women's Rights, Legal rights of women - Historical readings, Legal rights of women - External articles

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Chinese police categorise prostitution practices according to a descending hierarchy of seven tiers, though this typology does not exhaust the forms of practices that exist.[26] These tiers highlight the heterogenous nature of prostitution and prostitutes. Whilst they are all classified as prostitutes, the services they offer can be very different. Within some tiers, for example, there is still some revulsion to the acts of anal sex and oral sex. In parallel with the wide range of backgrounds for prost ...

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Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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The laws of the PRC reject the argument that prostitution is an unremarkable transaction between consenting individuals and that prohibition laws constitute a violation of civil rights. Instead, it offers an imperfect replica of the abolitionist platform advocated by the feminist and socialist anti-prostitution lobbies. Overall, the PRC's legal response to prostitution is to penalise third party organisers of prostitution. Participants in the prostitution transaction are still usually penalised according to the ...

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Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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Despite the position of the law, prostitutes are often treated as quasi-criminals by the Ministry of Public Security. Chinese police conduct regular patrols of public spaces, often with the support of mass-line organisations, using a strong presence as a deterrence against prostitution. Because lower tier prostitutes work the streets, they are more likely to be apprehended. Arrests are also more likely to be female sellers of sex than male buyers of sex. The overwhelming majority and men and women who are apprehended are released with a caution and fine.See also:

Prostitution in the People's Republic of China, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution during the Maoist era, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution after 1978, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Types and venues, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Legal responses, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution law, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Party disciplinary measures, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Policing, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - The question of legalisation, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Prostitution in the media, Prostitution in the People's Republic of China - Notes and references

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