Convention on Psychotropic Substances

Methylphenidate was patented in 1954 by the Ciba Pharmaceutical Company (a precursor to Novartis) and was initially prescribed as a treatment for depression, chronic fatigue, and narcolepsy, among other ailments. Beginning in the 1960s, it was used to treat children with ADHD, known at the time as hyperactivity or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). Today methylphenidate is the medication most commonly prescribed to treat ADHD around the world. According to most estimates, more than 75 percent of methylphenidate prescriptions are written for ch ...

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Methylphenidate, Methylphenidate - History, Methylphenidate - Effects, Methylphenidate - Formulations, Methylphenidate - Criticism, Methylphenidate - Overprescription, Methylphenidate - Addiction and zombification, Methylphenidate - Long-term effects, Methylphenidate - Effects on stature, Methylphenidate - Risk of death, Methylphenidate - Potential Carcinogenic, Methylphenidate - Reference

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A patent for MDMA was originally filed on Christmas eve 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck, and granted two years later (to the day). At the time, MDMA was not known to be a drug in its own right; rather, it was patented as an intermediate chemical used in the synthesis of a styptic (a drug intended to control bleeding from wounds.) Over half a century would pass before the first known ingestion of MDMA by humans. Contrary to many rumours, the drug was never used as an appetite suppressant or as a stimulant for armed forc ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

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The Congressional findings in 21 U.S.C. § 801(7), 21 U.S.C. § 801(a)(2), and 21 U.S.C. § 801(a)(3) state that a major purpose of the CSA is to "enable the United States to meet all of its obligations" under international treaties - specifically, the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances[1]. The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions. Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several Schedules in accordance wit ...

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Controlled Substances Act, Controlled Substances Act - Enforcement authority, Controlled Substances Act - History, Controlled Substances Act - International law, Controlled Substances Act - Constitutional issues, Controlled Substances Act - Drug Schedules, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule I drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule II drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule III drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule IV drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule V drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Other provisions

Read more here: » Controlled Substances Act: Encyclopedia II - Controlled Substances Act - International law

1971 - January. January 1 - Bobby Holik, Czech ice hockey player January 2 - Lisa Harrison, American basketball player January 7 - Chavo Guerrero Jr., American professional wrestler January 8 - Jason Giambi, baseball player January 9 - Scott Thornton, Canadian hockey player January 11 - Mary J. Blige, American singer January 17 - Leonardo Ciampa, American composer January 17 - Kid Rock, American singer January 18 - Jon Davis, American s ...

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1971, 1971 - Events, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - unknown dates, 1971 - Births, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September-, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - Unknown date, 1971 - Deaths, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - Nobel Prizes

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Most of the Congressional findings and declarations in 21 U.S.C. § 801 are devoted to establishing the statute's constitutionality. Using similar language to Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, the CSA cites the impact of intrastate drug offences on "interstate commerce" and the "general welfare" of the American people. However, David Boaz, executive director of the Cato Institute, claims that "The Tenth Amendment reserves to the states or the people all powers not granted to the federal government. At least the advocates ...

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Controlled Substances Act, Controlled Substances Act - Enforcement authority, Controlled Substances Act - History, Controlled Substances Act - International law, Controlled Substances Act - Constitutional issues, Controlled Substances Act - Drug Schedules, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule I drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule II drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule III drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule IV drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule V drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Other provisions

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WHO's constitution states that its mission "is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". Its major task is to combat disease, especially key infectious diseases. As well as coordinating international efforts to monitor outbreaks of infectious disease such as SARS, malaria, and AIDS, it also has programmes to combat such diseases, by developing and distributing vaccines. After years of fighting smallpox, WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated - the first disease in history to be completely elim ...

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World Health Organization, World Health Organization - Mission, World Health Organization - Structure, World Health Organization - Membership, World Health Organization - Secretariat, World Health Organization - Regional Offices, World Health Organization - Country Offices, World Health Organization - Partnership, World Health Organization - Some WHO-private sector partnerships, World Health Organization - Directors-General of WHO, World Health Organization - Other notable persons associated with WHO, World Health Organization - Personnel Policy, World Health Organization - Smokers, World Health Organization - Same-sex Marriages

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Buprenorphine is a thebaine derivative, and its analgesic effect is due to partial agonist activity at μ-opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is also a κ-opioid receptor antagonist. The partial agonist activity means that opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., an antidote such as naloxone) only partially reverse the effects of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine hydrochloride is administered by intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion, via a transdermal patch, or as a sublingual tablet. It is not administered orally, due to very high first-pas ...

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Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations, Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Buprenorphine - Clinical use, Buprenorphine - Antidepressant, Buprenorphine - Adverse effects, Buprenorphine - Dependence treatment, Buprenorphine - Buprenorphine vs. methadone, Buprenorphine - Inpatient rehabilitation

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Lorazepam is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed after any mode of application (oral, sublingual, i.m., i.v.). After i.v.-injection onset of action is within minutes and may be delayed to 30-45 minutes after oral/sublingual dose and up to 1 hour after i.m. use. The duration of action depends on the dose and is normally 6 to 12 hours. The half-life of lorazepam in patients with normal liver function is 11 to 18 hours. Therefore, 2-4 daily doses are often needed. A dose equivalent to 5 mg of diazepam is 500 micrograms (0.5 mg) of lorazepam. [1]. Other experts estim ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Cannabis remains a controlled substance in the Netherlands and both possession and production for personal use are still misdemeanors, punishable by fine. Coffee shops are also illegal according to the statutes. However, a policy of non-enforcement has led to a situation where reliance upon non-enforcement has become common, and because of this the courts have ruled against the government when individual cases were prosecuted. This is because the Dutch Ministry of Justice applies a gedoogbeleid (policy of tolerance) with ...

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Drug policy of the Netherlands, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Hard drugs/soft drugs, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Non-enforcement, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Drug law enforcement, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Implications of international law, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Recent developments

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Lorazepam, like other benzodiazepines, can cause psychological and/or physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms are similar in character to those of alcohol and barbiturates have been observed after abrupt discontinuation, therefore, a gradual taper is recommended over a period of weeks or even months, depending on the length of time it was used and the dosage taken. The likelihood of abuse, dependence and withdrawal symptoms is substantially greater with lorazepam relative to other benzodiazepines because of its short half-life, highe ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Britsh firm Reckitt & Colman (now Reckitt Benckiser) first marketed buprenorphine under the trade names Temgesic (sublingual/parenteral preparations, no active additives) and Buprenex (parenteral, no active additives). Two more recent formulations from Reckitt Benckiser have been approved for opioid addiction treatment in the U.S.: Subutex (lemon-lime flavored sublingual, no active additives; in 2mg, 4mg, and 8mg dosages) and Suboxone (orange-tang flavored sublingual, one part naloxone for every four parts bup ...

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Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations, Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Buprenorphine - Clinical use, Buprenorphine - Antidepressant, Buprenorphine - Adverse effects, Buprenorphine - Dependence treatment, Buprenorphine - Buprenorphine vs. methadone, Buprenorphine - Inpatient rehabilitation

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As a UN agency, WHO is financed through the UN system by contributions from member states. In recent years, WHO's work has involved more collaboration with NGOs and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as with foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. Some of these collaborations may be considered public-private partnerships [3]; half the WHO budget is financed by private foundations and industry. World Health Organization - Some WHO-private sector partnerships. ...

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World Health Organization, World Health Organization - Mission, World Health Organization - Structure, World Health Organization - Membership, World Health Organization - Secretariat, World Health Organization - Regional Offices, World Health Organization - Country Offices, World Health Organization - Partnership, World Health Organization - Some WHO-private sector partnerships, World Health Organization - Directors-General of WHO, World Health Organization - Other notable persons associated with WHO, World Health Organization - Personnel Policy, World Health Organization - Smokers, World Health Organization - Same-sex Marriages

Read more here: » World Health Organization: Encyclopedia II - World Health Organization - Partnership

1971 - January. January 5 - Douglas Shearer, Canadian film sound engineer (b. 1899) January 6 - Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932) January 9 - Elmer Flick, baseball player (b. 1876) January 10 - Coco Chanel, French fashion designer (b. 1883) January 19 - Harry Shields, American musician (b. 1899) January 20 - Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor, director, writer, and producer (b. 1880) January 27 - Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala (b. 1913) January 28 - Donald Winnicott, British ...

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1971, 1971 - Events, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - unknown dates, 1971 - Births, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September-, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - Unknown date, 1971 - Deaths, 1971 - January, 1971 - February, 1971 - March, 1971 - April, 1971 - May, 1971 - June, 1971 - July, 1971 - August, 1971 - September, 1971 - October, 1971 - November, 1971 - December, 1971 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1971: Encyclopedia II - 1971 - Deaths

Most products containing methylphenidate contain a racemic mixture of dextro-methylphenidate and laevo-methylphenidate, although it is only dextro-methylphenidate which is considered to provide the pharmacologically useful effects of mental focus. However, with the introduction of Focalin, pure dextro-methylphenidate is available - described as a fast-acting form of the drug, it is absorbed more quickly by the body, with a shorter time to peak concentration (and ...

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Methylphenidate, Methylphenidate - History, Methylphenidate - Effects, Methylphenidate - Formulations, Methylphenidate - Criticism, Methylphenidate - Overprescription, Methylphenidate - Addiction and zombification, Methylphenidate - Long-term effects, Methylphenidate - Effects on stature, Methylphenidate - Risk of death, Methylphenidate - Potential Carcinogenic, Methylphenidate - Reference

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Strictly individual, depending upon the condition to be treated, severity of symptoms, and weight of the patient. The elderly and those with preexisting liver disease experience an intensified and prolonged action of the drug; in elderly the elimination of Diazepam and its major metabolites is decreased by a factor of 2 to 4. Therefore, the single doses should be reduced and/or the dosing intervalls spaced. General recommenations are: insomnia : 5 to 10mg bedtime dose (sometimes 2 to 2,5mg suffice), rarely 20mg is neededSee also:

Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Use, supply and trafficking of ecstasy are currently illegal in most countries. In the United States, MDMA was legal and unregulated until May 31st 1985, at which time it was added to DEA Schedule I, for drugs deemed to have no medical uses and a high potential for abuse. During DEA hearings to criminalize MDMA, most experts recommended DEA Schedule III prescription status for the drug, due to its beneficial usage in psychotherapy. The judge overseeing the hearings, Francis Young, also made this recommend ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

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Some plant sources of MAOI: Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) - seeds Banisteriopsis caapi DMT admixture sources: Acacia maidenii (Maiden's Wattle) - bark Acacia phlebophylla Anadenanthera peregrina, A. colubrina, A. excelsa, A. macrocarpa Diplopterys cabrerana (Chaliponga, Banisteriopsis rusbyana) - leaves Mimosa hostilis (Jurema) - root bark - not traditionally employed with ayawaska by any existing ...

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Ayahuasca, Ayahuasca - Names, Ayahuasca - Usage, Ayahuasca - Traditional and Western, Ayahuasca - Introduction to the West, Ayahuasca - Plant constituents, Ayahuasca - Legal Status, Ayahuasca - Books

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The primary effects of MDMA include feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, and heightened self-awareness. Its initial adoption by the dance club sub-culture is probably due to the enhancement of the overall social and musical experience. Taking MDMA or Ecstasy is commonly referred to as "pinging", rolling, popping, buzzing, dropping, pilling, flipping, getting ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

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MDMA has complex nonlinear pharmacokinetics, due MDMA's ability to inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP2d8. It is metabolised via N-demethylation to several active metabolites including MDA, although the conversion rate in humans is low. The metabolism is primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 (in humans, but CYP2D1 in mice), and CYP3A4 . Large increases in blood and brain concentrations are mostly due to autoinhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism--if the user takes consecutive doses of the drug, disproportionately high plasma concentrations can result. A significant quantity is excreted unchanged in the urine, e ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics

After continued therapy in excess of a few weeks, diazepam should never be stopped abruptly, but withdrawn gradually. It is necessary to withdraw diazepam over a course of weeks, sometimes of months. The first 50% of the usual daily dose may be withdrawn quite rapidly, the next 25% fairly slow and the last quarter very slow to avoid unpleasant and sometimes serious withdrawal effects. Sometimes a temporary halt after withdrawal of the first 50% is indicated. ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

Read more here: » Diazepam: Encyclopedia II - Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment

MDMA is usually ingested in pill form. Pills come in a variety of "brands", usually identified by the icons stamped on the pills. The brands never consistently designate the actual active compound within the pill, as anyone can make their own pills which copy the features of a well-known brand. Pills sold illegally on the street don't always have MDMA as the only active ingredient. Black market pills most likely contain methamphetamine, but have been found to contain analogues such as MDEA, MDA and MBDB, and occasionally other unrelated psychoactive additives such as amphetamines (speed), DXM, ephedrin ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration

myasthenia gravis acute intoxications with alcohol, narcotics, and psychoactive drugs ataxia severe respiratory insufficiency acute narrow-angle glaucoma severe liver insufficiency (hepatitis and liver cirrhosis decrease elimination by a factor of 2) severe sleep apnea hypersensitivity or allergy to any drug in the benzodiazepine class children and adolescents (< 18 yrs. of age) : treatment usually not indicated, except treatment ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

Read more here: » Diazepam: Encyclopedia II - Diazepam - Contraindications