Convention on Psychotropic Substances

Diazepam as a very broad spectrum of indications as follows: short-term treatment of insomnia treatment of anxiety, panic attacks, and states of agitation pre-/postoperative sedation treatment of status epilepticus, adjunctive treatment of other forms of epilepsy Tetanus together with other measures of intensive-treatment adjunctive treatment of painful muscle conditions adjunctive treatment of spastic muscular paresis (para-/tetraplegia) caused by cerebral or spinal cord con ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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The main medical indications are as follows: 1. Treatment of panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia). Alprazolam is very effective in preventing panic attacks. However, despite its efficacy, many psychiatrists are reluctant to use alprazolam for this condition because of the possibility of dependence and interdose anxiety due to its short-acting nature. An extended-release formulation of alprazolam known as Xanax XR® was introduced in 2001 and is often preferred. 2. As needed (PRN) therapy of panic attacks, 4 to 6 doses per month are the acceptable limit. If dependence seems to develop and/or the limit is exceeded t ...

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Alprazolam, Alprazolam - Indications, Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations, Alprazolam - Mechanism of action, Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics, Alprazolam - Recreational use

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Ayahuasca is used in large part as a religious sacrament, no matter the culture it is tied with. This means that those who use ayahuasca in non-traditional areas often align themselves with the traditions of the visionary shamans. This includes citizens of modern Western countries, who put their faith above the restricting laws of their governments. However, while this is the main use of ayawaska known by non-native users, it is far from the only use of these brews. Traditional usage revolves around the medicinal properties of ayahuas ...

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Ayahuasca, Ayahuasca - Names, Ayahuasca - Usage, Ayahuasca - Traditional and Western, Ayahuasca - Introduction to the West, Ayahuasca - Plant constituents, Ayahuasca - Legal Status, Ayahuasca - Books

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1971 - January. January 1 - British Divorce Reform Act comes into force January 2 - 66 die in stairway crush at Rangers v Celtic football match, Glasgow, Scotland. See Ibrox disaster. January 2 - A ban on television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States. January 3 - BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom January 7 - Howard Hughes breaks his silence to announce that his supposed biography is a forgery.

Today barbiturates are infrequently used as anticonvulsants and for the induction of anesthesia. Benzodiazepines were made as barbiturate alternatives and as such are more widely used and prescribed today than the barbiturate drugs. These barbiturates are available in the U.S.: Amobarbital (Sodium Amytal; hypnotics) Aprobarbital (hypnotic) Butabarbital (hypnotics) Butalbital (Fiorinal; sedative) Hexobarbital (Sombulex; hypnotic/anesthetic) Methylphenobarbital (Mebaral; antianxi ...

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Barbiturate, Barbiturate - Medical uses, Barbiturate - Barbiturate abuse, Barbiturate - History, Barbiturate - Other non-therapeutical use, Barbiturate - Barbiturate Poisoning, Barbiturate - Trivia

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Daily doses vary greatly from 0.5 mg bedtime for insomnia and 2.5 mg every 6 hours and more in the acute treatment of mania, before the firstline drugs (lithium, valproic acid) control the situation. Catatonia with inability to speak is very responsive and sometimes controlled with a single dose of 2 mg oral or slow i.v. injection. Catatonia may reoccur and treatment for some days may be necessary. Sometimes haloperidol is given concomitantly. The control of status epilepticus requires slow i.v. injections of 2 to 4 (or even 8) mg. Patients should be closely monitored for respiratory ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Buprenorphine is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, peri-operative analgesia, and opioid dependence. It has a longer duration of action than morphine, and sublingual tablets offer an analgesic effect for 6 to 8 hours. (Joint Formulary Committee, 2004) Australian guidelines recommend against the use of buprenorphine as an analgesic because: its effect is not reversed by naloxone, it may precipitate withdrawal symptoms in people dependent on other opioids, and it may cause dependence itself and has potential for misuse. (R ...

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Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine - Commercial preparations, Buprenorphine - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, Buprenorphine - Clinical use, Buprenorphine - Antidepressant, Buprenorphine - Adverse effects, Buprenorphine - Dependence treatment, Buprenorphine - Buprenorphine vs. methadone, Buprenorphine - Inpatient rehabilitation

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Methylphenidate - Overprescription. Treating children with stimulant medication, and methylphenidate in particular, has become controversial as the number of children taking them has increased dramatically over the years. Critics contend that MPH is extensively overprescribed in the United States, especially among children; that the drug is used primarily to controlor sedate "problem" schoolchildren so that they will not disrupt class; that it transforms healthy children into "zombies", stifling their creativity ...

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Methylphenidate, Methylphenidate - History, Methylphenidate - Effects, Methylphenidate - Formulations, Methylphenidate - Criticism, Methylphenidate - Overprescription, Methylphenidate - Addiction and zombification, Methylphenidate - Long-term effects, Methylphenidate - Effects on stature, Methylphenidate - Risk of death, Methylphenidate - Potential Carcinogenic, Methylphenidate - Reference

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Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. When a petition is receiv ...

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Controlled Substances Act, Controlled Substances Act - Enforcement authority, Controlled Substances Act - History, Controlled Substances Act - International law, Controlled Substances Act - Constitutional issues, Controlled Substances Act - Drug Schedules, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule I drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule II drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule III drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule IV drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Schedule V drugs, Controlled Substances Act - Other provisions

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Prohibition drugs - Early drug laws. Although the present War on Drugs is a distinctly modern phenomenon, drug laws have been a common feature of human culture throughout history. Perhaps the earliest recorded example in the Old World is the prohibition of the use of alcohol under Islamic law (Sharia), which is usually attributed to passages in the Qur'an purportedly dating from the 7th century. Some Muslim scholars assert that this prohibition actually addresses only the abuse of alcohol, but they ...

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Prohibition drugs, Prohibition drugs - Scope, Prohibition drugs - History, Prohibition drugs - Early drug laws, Prohibition drugs - Twentieth century, Prohibition drugs - Drug control strategy, Prohibition drugs - Methods of enforcement, Prohibition drugs - Legal provisions, Prohibition drugs - Penalties

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One or more of the following side effects may or may not accompany any individual experience with mescaline. Mescaline - Positive Side Effects. Creative closed-eye visuals New thought processes Dream-like scenarios Euphoria Mystical experience Mescaline - Neutral Side Effects. Pupil dilationSee also:

Mescaline, Mescaline - Chemistry, Mescaline - Side Effects, Mescaline - Positive Side Effects, Mescaline - Neutral Side Effects, Mescaline - Negative Side Effects, Mescaline - Famous Users, Mescaline - Categorization

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The first symptoms appear within 30-60 minutes following oral administration. Moderate mydriasis, dizziness, sensations of heat or cold, and trembling are occasionally reported as side effects. Psychologically, the most frequently reported effects are accentuation of feelings (anxiety, euphoria, loneliness, loving warmth), the visualization of images (with eyes closed), a state of drowsiness and muscular relaxation, and an overestimation of elapsed time. The imagery is generally realistic, and often related to everyday perception of p ...

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3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Chemistry, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Dosage, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Effects, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Psychotherapuetic Actions, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Pharmacology, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Legality, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - See Also, 3-methoxy-4, 5-methylendioxyamphetamine - Outside Links

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A recreational dose of MDA is commonly between 80 and 160mg. The “R” optical isomer is more potent than the “S” optical isomer. Although there is some debate, the duration of the drug is now generally believed to be roughly 4 to 6 hours. The effects of the drug are quite similar to those of MDMA (Ecstacy), including Empathogen/Entactogenic effects. Because of these effects, MDA was called the “hug drug” and was alleged to stand for “Mellow Drug of America” in the 1960s. Some users feel that MDA ha ...

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3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Medical use, 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Recreational use, 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects, 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Legality, 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Categorization

Read more here: » 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects

As a Schedule-1 drug, there is no legal clinical use. Research without a specific DEA permit is prohibited. Furthermore, anecdotal reports from USENET posts in the 1990s indicate that unlike many stimulants, Methcathinone probably doesn't have the inhibitory effects (mediated by norepinephrine) seen in other stimulants that make them useful as medications to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It does promote weight loss in a manner similar to its sister drug methamphetamine, but unlike methamphetamine, cannot be prescribed by any doctor, fo ...

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Methcathinone, Methcathinone - History, Methcathinone - Chemistry, Methcathinone - Effects, Methcathinone - Use and pharmacology, Methcathinone - Street names, Methcathinone - Addiction, Methcathinone - Clinical use

Read more here: » Methcathinone: Encyclopedia II - Methcathinone - Clinical use

Spores of Psilocybe mushrooms can be legally purchased from several mail order sources; however, cultivation and consumption of the mushrooms are illegal in many jurisdictions. Internationally, psilocybin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Parties to the treaty are required to restrict use of the drug to medical and scientific purposes. In Japan, it was legal to possess and sell psilocybin mushrooms until June 2002. Possession was made illegal in 2002, possibly in preparation for the Wor ...

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Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

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Amphetamines are usually not used by athletes in sports involving extreme cardiovascular efforts, as methamphetamine and amphetamine put a great deal of additional stress on the heart. The United States Air Force uses amphetamines (Dexedrine) as stimulants for pilots, calling them "go-pills". After a mission, the Air Force issues a "no-go pill' (Ambien) to help the pilot sleep. Amphetamines have been popular among some truck drivers, construction workers, and factory workers whose jobs require long or irregular shift work or au ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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Psilocybin has been studied as a treatment for several disorders. In the US, an FDA-approved study supported by Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) began in 2001 to study the effects of psilocybin on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. MAPS has also proposed studying psilocybin's potential application for the treatment of cluster headaches based on anecdotal evidence presented ...

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Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

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The experimental medical use of amphetamines began in the 1920s. It was introduced in most of the world in the form of the pharmaceutical Benzedrine in the late 1920s. The drug was used by the militaries of several nations, especially the air forces, to fight fatigue and increase alertness among servicemen. After decades of reports of abuse, the FDA banned Benzedrine inhalers and limited amphetamines to prescriptio ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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In preclinical studies, methcathinone hydrochloride produces an abuse potential similar to that of the amphetamines. Methcathinone can be highly psychologically addictive, and can produce methamphetamine-like withdrawals. It is highly unlikely for a methcathinone user to experience addiction on their first or even several subsequent administrations of the drug. In drug discrimination studies, methcathinone hydrochloride evokes responses similar to those induced by both (+)-amphetamine sulphate and cocaine hydrochloride. When ex ...

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Methcathinone, Methcathinone - History, Methcathinone - Chemistry, Methcathinone - Effects, Methcathinone - Use and pharmacology, Methcathinone - Street names, Methcathinone - Addiction, Methcathinone - Clinical use

Read more here: » Methcathinone: Encyclopedia II - Methcathinone - Addiction

The effects of methcathinone are similar to those of methamphetamine, but generally less intense, and often more euphoric. The effects have been compared to those of cocaine, since it commonly causes hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and tachycardia (elevated heart rate). Reported effects include: Feelings of euphoria Increased alertness Dilated pupils Rapid breathing Increased heart rate The effects of methcathinone usually last from four to six hours. Methcathinone's effects have also been characterized as 'somewhat less intense than methamphetamine', an ...

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Methcathinone, Methcathinone - History, Methcathinone - Chemistry, Methcathinone - Effects, Methcathinone - Use and pharmacology, Methcathinone - Street names, Methcathinone - Addiction, Methcathinone - Clinical use

Read more here: » Methcathinone: Encyclopedia II - Methcathinone - Effects

Methcathinone is usually sold in quantities of one fourth of a gram, 1 gram, 3.5 grams ("8-ball") or an ounce (28.35 grams). The powdered material comes packaged in paper packets (called bindles), vials and plastic bags. Street prices are in the vicinity of $20.00 USD to $25.00 USD for one fourth of a gram, $100.00 USD for 1 gram, and $200 USD to $250.00 USD for 3.5 grams. Anecdotal reports have provided some information on patterns of methcathinone abuse. The most common route of administration is via nasal insufflation (snorting). Other routes of administration incl ...

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Methcathinone, Methcathinone - History, Methcathinone - Chemistry, Methcathinone - Effects, Methcathinone - Use and pharmacology, Methcathinone - Street names, Methcathinone - Addiction, Methcathinone - Clinical use

Read more here: » Methcathinone: Encyclopedia II - Methcathinone - Use and pharmacology

Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine, that is, a benzodiazepine with a triazolo-ring attached to its structure. Alprazolam binds to the GABAA subtype of the GABA receptor, increasing inhibitory effects of GABA within the central nervous system. The binding site for benzodiazepines is distinct from the binding site for GABA on the GABA receptor. Unlike other benzodiazepines, alprazolam may also have some antidepressant activi ...

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Alprazolam, Alprazolam - Indications, Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations, Alprazolam - Mechanism of action, Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics, Alprazolam - Recreational use

Read more here: » Alprazolam: Encyclopedia II - Alprazolam - Mechanism of action