Since at least 1986, the trend has been for THC in general, and especially the Marinol preparation, to be downgraded to less and less stringently-controlled Schedules of controlled substances, in the U.S. and internationally. On July 13, 1986, the Drug Enforcement Administration issued a Final Rule and Statement of Policy authorizing the "Rescheduling of Synthetic Dronabinol in Sesame Oil and Encapsulated in Soft Gelatin Capsules From Schedule I to Schedule II"(DEA 51 FR 17476-78). This permitted medical use of Marinol, albeit with th ...

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Marinol, Marinol - Regulatory history, Marinol - Reference

Read more here: » Marinol: Encyclopedia II - Marinol - Regulatory history

Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine appear unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both harvested directly from plants. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric ef ...

See also:

Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Production, Methamphetamine - History, Methamphetamine - Current controversy, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Addiction, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Physical and chemical properties of Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Methods of use, Methamphetamine - Legality, Methamphetamine - Books

Read more here: » Methamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - Methamphetamine - Production

Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine appear unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both harvested directly from plants. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric ef ...

See also:

Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Production, Methamphetamine - History, Methamphetamine - Current controversy, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Addiction, Methamphetamine - Undesirable effects, Methamphetamine - Physical and chemical properties of Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Methods of use, Methamphetamine - Legality, Methamphetamine - Books

Read more here: » Methamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - Methamphetamine - Production

Article 9 of the Single Convention provides that the Board shall endeavour to: Limit the cultivation, production, manufacture and use of drugs to an adequate amount required for medical and scientific purposes; Ensure their availability for such purposes; and Prevent illicit cultivation, production and manufacture of, and illicit trafficking in and use of, drugs. Thus, the Single Convention seeks to allow medical and scientific use of psychoactive drugs while preventing recreational use. According ...

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International Narcotics Control Board, International Narcotics Control Board - History, International Narcotics Control Board - Responsibilities, International Narcotics Control Board - Enforcement powers, International Narcotics Control Board - Membership, International Narcotics Control Board - Controversy

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A recreational dose of MDA is commonly between 80 and 160mg. The “R” optical isomer is more potent than the “S” optical isomer. Although there is some debate, the duration of the drug is now generally believed to be roughly 6 to 10 hours. The effects of the drug are quite similar to those of MDMA (Ecstacy), including Empathogen/Entactogenic effects, though typicaly less intense than a similar dosage of MDMA. Because of these effects, MDA was called the “hug drug” and was alleged to stand for “Mellow Drug of America” in the 1960s. Some users feel that MDA has ...

See also:

34-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Medical use, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Recreational use, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Legality, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Categorization

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Today barbiturates are infrequently used as anticonvulsants and for the induction of anesthesia. Benzodiazepines were made as barbiturate alternatives and as such are more widely used and prescribed today than the barbiturate drugs. These barbiturates are available in the U.S.: Amobarbital (Sodium Amytal; hypnotics) Aprobarbital (hypnotic) Butabarbital (hypnotics) Butalbital (Fiorinal; sedative) Hexobarbital (Sombulex; hypnotic/anesthetic) Methylphenobarbital (Mebaral; antianxiety, an ...

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Barbiturate, Barbiturate - Medical uses, Barbiturate - Barbiturate abuse, Barbiturate - History, Barbiturate - Other non-therapeutical use, Barbiturate - Barbiturate Poisoning, Barbiturate - Trivia

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Psilocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and stomach. Effects begin 20-45 minutes after ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and last from 2-6 hours depending on dose, species, and individual metabolism. If mushrooms are chewed and held in the mouth, or taken as mushroom tea, effects begin slightly sooner and are usually noticeable within 15 minutes. This is typically done in combination with Orange juice or another drink with power taste to dilute the unpleasant taste of Psilocybe mushrooms. Nausea is not uncommon whe ...

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Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

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Please read under psilocybin for more details. Psilocin is the pharmacologically active agent in the body after ingestion of psilocybin or hallucinogenic mushrooms. ...

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Psilocin, Psilocin - History, Psilocin - Chemistry, Psilocin - Pharmacology

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WHO Member States [2] appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body. The Assembly generally meets in May each year, and as well as appointing the Director-General (for five-year terms), supervises the financial policies of the Organization, and reviews and approves the proposed programme budget. The Assembly elects 32 members who are technically qualified in the field of health for three-year terms to an Executive Board. The main functions of the Board are to give effect to the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and generally to facilitate its work. < ...

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World Health Organization, World Health Organization - Mission, World Health Organization - Structure, World Health Organization - Membership, World Health Organization - Secretariat, World Health Organization - Regional Offices, World Health Organization - Country Offices, World Health Organization - Partnership, World Health Organization - Some WHO-private sector partnerships, World Health Organization - Directors-General of WHO, World Health Organization - Other notable persons associated with WHO, World Health Organization - Personnel Policy, World Health Organization - Smokers, World Health Organization - Same-sex Marriages

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The League of Nations adopted several drug control treaties prior to World War II specifying uniform controls on addictive drugs such as cocaine, opium, and its derivatives. However, the lists of substances to be controlled were fixed in the treaties' text; consequently, the conventions had to periodically be amended or superseded by new treaties in order to keep up with advances in chemistry. The cumbersome process of ...

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Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Influence on domestic legislation, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - History, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Medical and other drug uses, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Penal provisions, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Possession for personal use, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Schedules of drugs, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Power structure, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Limitation of scope, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Regulation of cannabis, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Cultivation, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Rescheduling proposals, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Proposed denunciation, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Related treaties, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Predecessor treaties, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs - Supplementary treaties

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Bromazepam binds to the GABA receptor GABAA, causing a conformational change and increasing inhibitory effects of GABA. Other neurotransmitters are not influenced. It does not posess any antidepressant qualities. Bromazepam shares with other benzodiazepines the risk of abuse, misuse, psychological and/or physical dependence. According to many psychiatric experts Bromazepam has a greater abuse potential than other benzodiazepines because of fast resorption and rapid onset of action. Due to its relatively short halflife and duration of action (8 to 12 hours), withdrawal symptoms may be more severe and more frequently encount ...

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Bromazepam, Bromazepam - Pharmacology, Bromazepam - Indications, Bromazepam - Contraindications, Bromazepam - Side-effects, Bromazepam - Special Populations, Bromazepam - Availabity, Bromazepam - Dosage

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Some barriers to cannabis reform are the result of the international drug control bureaucracy's structure, while others are related to political circumstances. The United Nations system in general tends to be difficult to change, partly due to the large number of members and the prevalance of consensus-based amendment mechanisms. Since the international drug control system is overseen by the United Nations General Assembly and UN Economic and Social Council, this has affected drug reform efforts. In addition, United States officials have used their influence in the ...

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Cannabis reform at the international level, Cannabis reform at the international level - Background, Cannabis reform at the international level - Barriers to reform, Cannabis reform at the international level - Bureaucratic barriers, Cannabis reform at the international level - Political barriers, Cannabis reform at the international level - Other options

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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Endogenous. The precise function of GHB in the body is not clear. It is an immediate precursor to GABA, a neurotransmitter which regulates awakeness, physical activity and sleep. As GABA cannot cross blood-brain barrier, GHB obtained from food may be used for converting to GABA. GHB prevents cells from oxygen starvation, which might explain presence of the compound in vital organs. GHB was also found to have neuroprotective capabilities. See also:

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Uses, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Endogenous, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Medical, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Recreational, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Mode of action, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Dangers, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - Addiction, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - History, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - External references

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A distinction is drawn between hard drugs (which bear "unacceptable" risks; e.g. cocaine, heroin and ecstasy) and soft drugs such as the psychedelic psilocybin mushrooms as well as cannabis products: hashish and marijuana (as defined in the Dutch Opium Act). The distinction is drawn on whether the substance is only psychologically addictive (i.e. producing no worse effect than moderate craving when withdrawn) or also physically addictive (i.e. there is solid proof the drug could cause dangerous withdrawal symptoms and/or lastin ...

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Drug policy of the Netherlands, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Hard drugs/soft drugs, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Non-enforcement, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Drug law enforcement, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Implications of international law, Drug policy of the Netherlands - Recent developments

Read more here: » Drug policy of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - Drug policy of the Netherlands - Hard drugs/soft drugs

Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine appear unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both harvested directly from plants. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric ef ...

See also:

Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Production, Methamphetamine - History, Methamphetamine - Current controversy, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Addiction, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Physical and chemical properties of Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Methods of use, Methamphetamine - Legality, Methamphetamine - Books

Read more here: » Methamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - Methamphetamine - Production

Much of the treaty is devoted to fighting organized crime by mandating cooperation in tracing and seizing drug-related assets. Article 5 of the Convention requires its parties to confiscate proceeds from drug offenses. It also requires parties to empower its courts or other competent authorities to order that bank, financial, or commercial records be made available or seized. The Convention further states that a party may not decline to act on this provision on the ground of bank secrecy. Article 6 of the Convention provides a legal b ...

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United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances - Background, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances - Drug manufacture and distribution, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances - Drug possession, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances - Constitutional issues, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances - Proposed repeal

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The drug control treaties divide power between the Commission and the International Narcotics Control Board. The Commission has power to influence drug control policy by advising other bodies and deciding how various substances will be controlled. However, enforcement power is reserved to the Board. Under Article 8 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Commission's powers are to: Amend the Schedules; Call the attention of the International Narcotics Control Board to any matters which may be relevant to ...

See also:

Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Powers, Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Role in drug scheduling, Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Membership, Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Debates

Read more here: » Commission on Narcotic Drugs: Encyclopedia II - Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Powers

LSD - Physical. Physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include: uterine contractions, Hyperthermia (body temperature increase), elevated blood sugar levels, dry-mouth, goose bumps, heart-rate increase, jaw clenching, nausea, perspiration, pupil-dilation, salivation, mucus production, sleeplessness and tremors. Cramps and muscle tension or soreness are also fairly commonly reported, but rather than being direct effects of LSD in the bloodstream, these symptoms are believed by some to be the result of awkward positions assumed by users experiencing fluctuations in their awareness of the passage of time and ...

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LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Effects

Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter believed to play a role in the regulation of mood and pleasure. MDMA's main action is believed to cause serotonin vescicles in the brain to release quantities of serotonin into the synapses. MDMA also has slight agonist effects on dopamine and norepinephrine levels and promotes the release of the hormone prolactin. These effects are primarily due to MDMA's action on the monoamine transporters, SERT (serotonin transporter), DAT (dopamine transporter) and NET (norepinephrine transporter). Ecstasy ...

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Ecstasy drug, Ecstasy drug - History, Ecstasy drug - Chemistry, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacokinetics, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy as a recreational drug, Ecstasy drug - Supply and administration, Ecstasy drug - Effects, Ecstasy drug - Pharmacodynamics, Ecstasy drug - Other short-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Long-term effects, Ecstasy drug - Systemic effects, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and Parkinson's, Ecstasy drug - Ecstasy and the law, Ecstasy drug - Medical use, Ecstasy drug - Safety

Read more here: » Ecstasy drug: Encyclopedia II - Ecstasy drug - Effects

A recreational dose of MDA is commonly between 80 and 160mg. The “R” optical isomer is more potent than the “S” optical isomer. Although there is some debate, the duration of the drug is now generally believed to be roughly 4 to 6 hours. The effects of the drug are quite similar to those of MDMA (Ecstacy), including Empathogen/Entactogenic effects. Because of these effects, MDA was called the “hug drug” and was alleged to stand for “Mellow Drug of America” in the 1960s. Some users feel that MDA has ...

See also:

34-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Medical use, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Recreational use, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Legality, 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Categorization

Read more here: » 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - 34-methylenedioxyamphetamine - Effects

Amphetamine is a synthetic drug with strong stimulant effects. In the United States, it is most commonly used for treatment of attention deficit disorders and narcolepsy, but is also approved as a weight loss medication in certain cases of obesity. Within the armed forces only, it is also frequently prescribed as an anti-fatigue pill for pilots or other individuals in situations requiring vigilance and alertness. Amphetamine is also used i ...

See also:

Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

Read more here: » Amphetamine: Encyclopedia II - Amphetamine - Pharmacology

The first symptoms appear within 30-60 minutes following oral administration. Moderate mydriasis, dizziness, sensations of heat or cold, and trembling are occasionally reported as side effects. Psychologically, the most frequently reported effects are accentuation of feelings (anxiety, euphoria, loneliness, loving warmth), the visualization of images (with eyes closed), a state of drowsiness and muscular relaxation, and an overestimation of elapsed time. The imagery is generally realistic, and often related to everyday perception of p ...

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3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Chemistry, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Dosage, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Effects, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Psychotherapuetic Actions, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Pharmacology, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Legality, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - See Also, 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Outside Links

Read more here: » 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine: Encyclopedia II - 3-methoxy-45-methylendioxyamphetamine - Effects