Convention du Mètre

There were originally 17 signatories to the treaty. This number grew to 21 in 1900, 32 in 1950, 44 by 1975, 48 by 1997, and 49 by 2001. As of 2005, there are 51 signatories: Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesi ...

See also:

Convention du Mètre, Convention du Mètre - Signatories, Convention du Mètre - External link

Read more here: » Convention du Mètre: Encyclopedia II - Convention du Mètre - Signatories

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). In the ISO 8601 calendar, 1875 is defined as the year the Convention du Mètre was originally signed, by way of a reference year. 1875 - Events. January 12 - Kwang-su becomes emperor of China. February 27 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor ...

Including:

• 1875 - Events
• 1875 - May - August
• 1875 - September - December
• 1875 - Unknown date
• 1875 - Births
• 1875 - January
• 1875 - February
• 1875 - March
• 1875 - April
• 1875 - May
• 1875 - June
• 1875 - July
• 1875 - August
• 1875 - September
• 1875 - October
• 1875 - December
• 1875 - Deaths

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The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is the English name of the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM, often written in English Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), a standards organization, one of the three organizations established to maintain the International System of Units (SI) under the terms of the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention). Note that the abbreviation IBWM does not exist. It is based at th ...

Read more here: » International Bureau of Weights and Measures: Encyclopedia - International Bureau of Weights and Measures

De jure (in Classical Latin de iure) is an expression that means "based on law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "in fact". The terms de jure and de facto are used like "in principle" and "in practice" when one is describing political situations. They are also often used when discussing racial segregation. A practice may exist de facto, where the people obey a contract as though there were a law. A process known as "desuetude" may allow de facto practices to replace obsolete laws. On the other hand, practices may exist de jure

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The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM, never GCWM). It is one of the three organizations established to maintain the International System of Units (SI) under the terms of the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention) of 1875. It meets in Paris every four to six years. In 2002 the CGPM represented 51 member states and ten further associ ...

Including:

• General Conference on Weights and Measures - CGPM Meetings

Read more here: » General Conference on Weights and Measures: Encyclopedia - General Conference on Weights and Measures

The proliferation of disparate measurement systems was one of the most frequent causes of disputes amongst merchants and between citizens and tax collectors. A unified country with a single currency and a countrywide market, as most European countries were becoming by the end of the 18th century, had a very strong economic incentive and was in a position to break with this situation and standardise on a measuring system. The inconsistency problem was not one of different units but one of differing sized units so instead of simp ...

See also:

Metric system, Metric system - History, Metric system - Goals, Metric system - Neutral and universal, Metric system - Any laboratory should be able to replicate them, Metric system - Decimal multiples, Metric system - Common prefixes, Metric system - Practical, Metric system - Metric systems other than the 'modern metric system' SI, Metric system - The original French system, Metric system - Centimetre-gram-second systems, Metric system - Metre-kilogram-second systems, Metric system - Metre-tonne-second systems, Metric system - Gravitational systems, Metric system - Spelling variations

Read more here: » Metric system: Encyclopedia II - Metric system - History

There are three main exceptions to the metrication trend: the UK, the U.S., and global air and sea transport industry. Contrary to popular belief, the U.S. and the UK do not use a common system (see English unit, Imperial unit and U.S. customary units for details). With the exception of the length, with the yard standardised at exactly 0.9144 m by an international conference in 1958, most other units differ in value in the U.S. and UK. A gallon of liquid, for example, is 3.8 l in the U.S. but 4.5 l in the UK. The U.S. also has ...

See also:

Metrication, Metrication - Before the metric system, Metrication - Système International SI, Metrication - Conversion process, Metrication - Adoption, Metrication - Exceptions, Metrication - United Kingdom, Metrication - United States, Metrication - Liberia and Myanmar, Metrication - Air and sea transport, Metrication - Accidents and incidents, Metrication - Opposition

Read more here: » Metrication: Encyclopedia II - Metrication - Exceptions

The Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights and Measures), the governing body that has overall responsibility for the metric system, and which is made up of the signatory nations to the Treaty of the Meter, approved an updated version of the metric system in 1960. This modern system is called Le Système International d'Unités or the International System of Units, abbreviated SI. On February 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards an ...

See also:

Metrication in the United States, Metrication in the United States - 19th century, Metrication in the United States - 20th century, Metrication in the United States - 21st century, Metrication in the United States - Pro-metrication efforts, Metrication in the United States - Current usage, Metrication in the United States - Popular culture

Read more here: » Metrication in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Metrication in the United States - 20th century

The standard uses the Gregorian calendar, already the de facto standard of international trade. The standard acknowledges that other calendars may be used, such as the Julian calendar used by astronomers. It suggests that senders and receivers should explicitly agree when another calendar is used with the standard's notation. Dates are otherwise assumed to be Gregorian. In principle, dates should usually be converted to the proleptic Gregorian cal ...

See also:

ISO 8601, ISO 8601 - History of the standard, ISO 8601 - General principles, ISO 8601 - Dates, ISO 8601 - Calendar date, ISO 8601 - Week dates, ISO 8601 - Ordinal dates, ISO 8601 - Further details about dates, ISO 8601 - Times, ISO 8601 - Time zones, ISO 8601 - Combined representations, ISO 8601 - Duration, ISO 8601 - Time interval, ISO 8601 - Repeating intervals, ISO 8601 - Usage

Read more here: » ISO 8601: Encyclopedia II - ISO 8601 - Dates

There are three main exceptions to the metrication trend: the UK, the USA, and global air and sea transport industry. Contrary to popular belief, the USA and the UK do not use a common system (see English unit, Imperial unit and U.S. customary units for details). With the exception of the length, with the yard standardised at exactly 0.9144 m by an international conference in 1958, most other units differ in value in the USA and UK. A gallon of liquid, for example, is 3.8 l in the USA but 4.5 l in the UK. The USA also have ...

See also:

Metrication, Metrication - Before the metric system, Metrication - Système International SI, Metrication - Conversion process, Metrication - Adoption, Metrication - Exceptions, Metrication - United Kingdom, Metrication - United States, Metrication - Liberia and Myanmar, Metrication - Air and sea transport, Metrication - Accidents and incidents, Metrication - Opposition

Read more here: » Metrication: Encyclopedia II - Metrication - Exceptions

1875 - January - April. January 12 - Kwang-su becomes emperor of China. February 27 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin. March 3 - The first performance of Bizet’s Carmen at the Opéra Comique, Paris March 3 - The first organized indoor game of ice hockey was played between two pick-up teams at the Victoria S ...

See also:

1875, 1875 - Events, 1875 - January - April, 1875 - May - August, 1875 - September - December, 1875 - Unknown date, 1875 - Births, 1875 - January, 1875 - February, 1875 - March, 1875 - April, 1875 - May, 1875 - June, 1875 - July, 1875 - August, 1875 - September, 1875 - October, 1875 - December, 1875 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1875: Encyclopedia II - 1875 - Events

Confusion over units during the process of metrication can sometimes lead to accidents. One of the most famous examples is the Gimli Glider, a Boeing 767 that ran out of fuel in Canada in 1983 due, in large part, to confusion at Air Canada during Canada's metrication. While not strictly an example of national metrication, the use of two different systems was the contributing factor in the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1998. NASA specified metric units in the contract. NASA and other organisations worked in metric units but one s ...

See also:

Metrication, Metrication - Before the metric system, Metrication - Système International SI, Metrication - Conversion process, Metrication - Adoption, Metrication - Exceptions, Metrication - United Kingdom, Metrication - United States, Metrication - Liberia and Myanmar, Metrication - Air and sea transport, Metrication - Accidents and incidents, Metrication - Opposition

Read more here: » Metrication: Encyclopedia II - Metrication - Accidents and incidents

In the early 1800s, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (the government's surveying and map-making agency) used meter and kilogram standards brought from France. In 1866, Congress authorized the use of the metric system and supplied each state with a set of standard metric weights and measures. In 1875, the United States solidified their commitment to the development of the internationally recognized metric system by becoming one of the original seventeen signatory nations to the Convention du Mètre. The signing of this interna ...

See also:

Metrication in the United States, Metrication in the United States - 19th century, Metrication in the United States - 20th century, Metrication in the United States - 21st century, Metrication in the United States - Pro-metrication efforts, Metrication in the United States - Current usage, Metrication in the United States - Popular culture

Read more here: » Metrication in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Metrication in the United States - 19th century

Metrication in the United States - Pro-metrication efforts. The current effort toward national metrication is based on the claim that industrial and commercial productivity, mathematics and science education, and the competitiveness of American products and services in world markets would be enhanced by completing the change to the metric system of units. Many Americans, however, remain unconvinced of this position, or disagree over whether and how to subsidize and enforce complete conversion, which, if undertaken, would likely incur considerable expense, in t ...

See also:

Metrication in the United States, Metrication in the United States - 19th century, Metrication in the United States - 20th century, Metrication in the United States - 21st century, Metrication in the United States - Pro-metrication efforts, Metrication in the United States - Current usage, Metrication in the United States - Popular culture

Read more here: » Metrication in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Metrication in the United States - 21st century

Interestingly, considering it was the birthplace of the metric system, France experienced a particularly rough journey to metrication. The traditional French measuring system was chaotic, with size of units differing in each small town, and often even within towns. Lyon had two different values of pound in general use, one of 14 ounces, and another of 15 ounces, the latter only being used for measuring silk. The revolutionary government, which had ordered the creation of the metric system, first attempted a quick conversion, legalisin ...

See also:

Metrication, Metrication - Before the metric system, Metrication - Système International SI, Metrication - Conversion process, Metrication - Adoption, Metrication - Exceptions, Metrication - United Kingdom, Metrication - United States, Metrication - Liberia and Myanmar, Metrication - Air and sea transport, Metrication - Accidents and incidents, Metrication - Opposition

Read more here: » Metrication: Encyclopedia II - Metrication - Opposition

Scientists, chiefly in France, had been advocating and discussing a decimal system of measurement based on natural units at least since 1640, but the first official adoption of such a system was after the French Revolution of 1789. The creators of the metric system tried to choose units that were non-arbitrary and practical, merging well with the revolution's official ideology of "pure reason". The original system started with the metre as the unit of distance, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of ...

See also:

Metrication, Metrication - Before the metric system, Metrication - Système International SI, Metrication - Conversion process, Metrication - Adoption, Metrication - Exceptions, Metrication - United Kingdom, Metrication - United States, Metrication - Liberia and Myanmar, Metrication - Air and sea transport, Metrication - Accidents and incidents, Metrication - Opposition

Read more here: » Metrication: Encyclopedia II - Metrication - Système International SI

Durations are represented by the format PnYnMnDTnHnMnS (nM may be replaced with nW to use the week format.) In this representation replace n with the appropriate number for the element that follows it (leading zeros are optional but may clarify ambiguous durations) The capital letters (P, Y, M, W, D, T, H, M, and S) are used as they are and not replaced. Thus P3Y6M4DT12H30M0S defines "a period of three years, six months, four days, twelve hours, thirty minutes, and zero seconds". Elements m ...

See also:

ISO 8601, ISO 8601 - History of the standard, ISO 8601 - General principles, ISO 8601 - Dates, ISO 8601 - Calendar date, ISO 8601 - Week dates, ISO 8601 - Ordinal dates, ISO 8601 - Further details about dates, ISO 8601 - Times, ISO 8601 - Time zones, ISO 8601 - Combined representations, ISO 8601 - Duration, ISO 8601 - Time interval, ISO 8601 - Repeating intervals, ISO 8601 - Usage

Read more here: » ISO 8601: Encyclopedia II - ISO 8601 - Duration

Combining date and time representations is quite simple. It is in the format of <date>T<time>. The <date> and <time> sections are any proper representation of the date and time created by following the standard. A common use could be YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss±hh:mm. 1981-04-05T14:30:30-05:00, for example. The standard allows the replacement of T with a space if no misunderstanding arises. This is commonly done for human communications. A date/time with timezone like 1981-04-05T14:30-05 woul ...

See also:

ISO 8601, ISO 8601 - History of the standard, ISO 8601 - General principles, ISO 8601 - Dates, ISO 8601 - Calendar date, ISO 8601 - Week dates, ISO 8601 - Ordinal dates, ISO 8601 - Further details about dates, ISO 8601 - Times, ISO 8601 - Time zones, ISO 8601 - Combined representations, ISO 8601 - Duration, ISO 8601 - Time interval, ISO 8601 - Repeating intervals, ISO 8601 - Usage

Read more here: » ISO 8601: Encyclopedia II - ISO 8601 - Combined representations

ISO 8601 uses the 24-hour clock system that is used by much of the world. The basic format is hhmmss and the extended format is hh:mm:ss. hh refers to an hour between 00 and 24, where 24 is only used to notate the midnight at the end of a calendar date. mm refers to a minute between 00 and 59. ss refers to a second between 00 and 59 (or 60 in the exceptional case of an added leap second). So a time might appear as 13:47:30, or 134730. It is also acceptable to omit elements to reduce precision. hh:mm, hhm ...

See also:

ISO 8601, ISO 8601 - History of the standard, ISO 8601 - General principles, ISO 8601 - Dates, ISO 8601 - Calendar date, ISO 8601 - Week dates, ISO 8601 - Ordinal dates, ISO 8601 - Further details about dates, ISO 8601 - Times, ISO 8601 - Time zones, ISO 8601 - Combined representations, ISO 8601 - Duration, ISO 8601 - Time interval, ISO 8601 - Repeating intervals, ISO 8601 - Usage

Read more here: » ISO 8601: Encyclopedia II - ISO 8601 - Times

Dates and times are self-contained, and do not rely on any external context for their values. They are entirely numerical in representation, although certain specialized formats use roman letters to label fields. Every ISO date has exactly one possible unambiguous interpretation. These properties allow them to be truly international, without reliance on regional conventions, such as the names of the days of the week. Dates and times are organized from most to least significant digits. Each value (eg, year, month, day, ti ...

See also:

ISO 8601, ISO 8601 - History of the standard, ISO 8601 - General principles, ISO 8601 - Dates, ISO 8601 - Calendar date, ISO 8601 - Week dates, ISO 8601 - Ordinal dates, ISO 8601 - Further details about dates, ISO 8601 - Times, ISO 8601 - Time zones, ISO 8601 - Combined representations, ISO 8601 - Duration, ISO 8601 - Time interval, ISO 8601 - Repeating intervals, ISO 8601 - Usage

Read more here: » ISO 8601: Encyclopedia II - ISO 8601 - General principles