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Controls
A Wisdom Archive on Controls

Controls A selection of articles related to Controls

We recommend this article: Controls - 1, and also this: Controls - 2.

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ARTICLES RELATED TO Controls

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Control flow - Loops

A loop is a sequence of statements which is specified once but which may be carried out several times in succession. The code "inside" the loop (the body of the loop, shown below as xxx) is obeyed a specified number of times, or once for each of a collection of items, or until some condition is met. In some languages, such as Scheme, loops are often expressed using tail recursion rather than explicit looping constructs. Control ...

See also:

Control flow, Control flow - Primitives, Control flow - Labels, Control flow - Goto, Control flow - Subroutines, Control flow - Minimal structured control flow, Control flow - Control structures in practice, Control flow - Choice, Control flow - Choice based on specific constant values, Control flow - Choice based on whole numbers 1..N, Control flow - Arithmetic IF, Control flow - Loops, Control flow - Count-controlled loops, Control flow - Condition-controlled loops, Control flow - Collection-controlled loops, Control flow - General iteration, Control flow - Infinite loops, Control flow - Early exit from loops, Control flow - Self-modifying code, Control flow - Structured non-local control flow, Control flow - Conditions in PL/I, Control flow - Exceptions in C++ and derived languages, Control flow - Proposed control structures, Control flow - Loop with test in the middle, Control flow - Multiple early exit/exit from nested loops, Control flow - Anecdotal evidence

Read more here: » Control flow: Encyclopedia II - Control flow - Loops

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Line of Control - Names

Specifically, the term "LOC" refers to the military control line between India and Pakistan, in the province of Kashmir. Originally known as the "Ceasefire Line", it was redesignated the "Line of Control" after the Simla Agreement, which was formalized in December 1972. The Indians refer to their portion of the territory as Jammu and Kashmir, while the Pakistanis refer to the Indian portion as Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK). The Pakistanis refer to their portion of the territory as Azad (Free)Jammu and Kashmir; in turn, the Indians refer to ...

See also:

Line of Control, Line of Control - Names, Line of Control - Wars

Read more here: » Line of Control: Encyclopedia II - Line of Control - Names

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Case-control - Case-control studies

While the 'gold standard' in terms of study design is the double blind prospective randomized controlled trial, followed by the cohort study, in order to study infrequent events using either of these techniques a very large population must be tracked to see a large enough number of cases; if the event may take a long time to develop, this large population must also be tracked for many years, leading to many 'drop-outs' from the study. The expense involved is too large to permit this methodology t ...

See also:

Case-control, Case-control - Case-control studies, Case-control - Study methodology, Case-control - Comparison with cross-sectional studies, Case-control - Problems with case-control studies, Case-control - Conclusion

Read more here: » Case-control: Encyclopedia II - Case-control - Case-control studies

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Control grid - Operation

A relatively small variation in voltage on the control grid causes a significantly large variation in anode current. The presence of a resistor in the anode circuit causes a large variation in voltage to appear at the anode. Thus the device will function as an amplifier. The addition of just a single control grid to a diode valve produces a triode. ...

See also:

Control grid, Control grid - Operation, Control grid - Construction, Control grid - Effects of grid position, Control grid - Multiple control grids, Control grid - Grid variations

Read more here: » Control grid: Encyclopedia II - Control grid - Operation

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Mind control - Mind control in fiction

Mind control has proven a popular subject in fiction, featuring in books and films such as The Ipcress File, and The Manchurian Candidate, which has the premise that controllers could hypnotize a person into murdering on command while retaining no memory of the killing. The TV series The Prisoner featured mind control as a recurring plot element. George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four features a description of mind control, both directly by torture, and indirectly, in the form of pervasive mind c ...

See also:

Mind control, Mind control - Theoretical models and methods, Mind control - Failed attempts: Drugs physical methods Silva method, Mind control - Subliminal advertising, Mind control - Lifton brainwashing model, Mind control - Margaret Singer's conditions for mind control, Mind control - BITE model of Steven Hassan, Mind control - Mind Control and the Battered Women Syndrome, Mind control - Evolutionary Psychology approach, Mind control - Social psychology tactics, Mind control - Social psychological conditioning by Stahelski, Mind control - Cults and mind control controversies, Mind control - Scholarly points of view, Mind control - Mind control and exit counseling, Mind control - Mind control and recruitment rates, Mind control - Mind control and faith, Mind control - Counter-cult movement and mind control, Mind control - Legal issues, Mind control - Mind control in conspiracy theory, Mind control - Mind control in fiction, Mind control - Mind control as entertainment

Read more here: » Mind control: Encyclopedia II - Mind control - Mind control in fiction

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Cruise control - History

Speed control with a centrifugal governor was used in automobiles as early as the 1910s, notably by Peerless. Peerless advertized that their system would "maintain speed whether up hill or down". The technology was invented by James Watt and Matthew Boulton in 1788 for use in locomotives. It uses centrifugal force to maintain a constant throttle position. Modern cruise control was invented in 1945 by the blind inventor and mechanical engineer Ralph Teetor. His idea was born out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawye ...

See also:

Cruise control, Cruise control - History, Cruise control - Theory of operation, Cruise control - Advantages and disadvantages, Cruise control - Adaptive cruise control

Read more here: » Cruise control: Encyclopedia II - Cruise control - History

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Cruise control - History

Speed control with a centrifugal governor was used in automobiles as early as the 1910s, notably by Peerless. Peerless advertised that their system would "maintain speed whether up hill or down". The technology was invented by James Watt and Matthew Boulton in 1788 for use in locomotives. It uses centrifugal force to maintain a constant throttle position. Modern cruise control was invented in 1945 by the blind inventor and mechanical engineer Ralph Teetor. His idea was born out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawye ...

See also:

Cruise control, Cruise control - History, Cruise control - Theory of operation, Cruise control - Advantages and disadvantages, Cruise control - Adaptive cruise control

Read more here: » Cruise control: Encyclopedia II - Cruise control - History

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Remote control - Types of remote controls

Remote or radio control exist for many other devices as well: scale model airplanes, helicopters and other radio controlled models are popular children’s toys; many robots are remotely controlled, especially those which are designed for doing perilous tasks; and some state of the art military fighter jets are operated by remote control. Alternatively, universal remote controls combine multiple remotes into one, usually with some sort of switch or button saying which device the remote is currently controlling. Universal remote ...

See also:

Remote control, Remote control - History, Remote control - Types of remote controls, Remote control - Technique, Remote control - Usage, Remote control - Industry, Remote control - Weapons, Remote control - Space

Read more here: » Remote control: Encyclopedia II - Remote control - Types of remote controls

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Population control - History

Surviving records from Ancient Greece document the first known examples of population control. These include the colonization movement, which saw Greek outposts being built across the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins to accommodate the excess population of individual states. As the number of available sites decreased, the Greeks - beginning with the Cretans - turned to pederasty, the formal practice of pairing young adult males with adolescent boys for educational and erotic purposes (according to Aristotle and others). The Greeks also used abortifacients and practiced infanticide, though the latter is cons ...

See also:

Population control, Population control - History, Population control - Forms

Read more here: » Population control: Encyclopedia II - Population control - History

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Arms control - Enactment

While arms control is often seen as synonymous with disarmament, this is not always the case. Especially in international affairs, arms control often does not affect current weapons or force their demobilization, but instead limits future development, production, and use of weapons. Multi-lateral arms control treaties are often seen by participants as a way to avoid costly arms races which would prove counter-productive to national aims. Some are used as ways to stop the spread of certain military technologies (such as nuclear weaponry or mi ...

See also:

Arms control, Arms control - Enactment, Arms control - Enforcement, Arms control - History of arms control, Arms control - List of treaties and conventions related to arms control, Arms control - Reference

Read more here: » Arms control: Encyclopedia II - Arms control - Enactment

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Launch control - The reason

In high-performance racing vehicles, the driver has a very small threshold when it comes to acceleration. High power delivered by the engine to the gearbox and driven wheels can not be easily managed even by the most experienced drivers. Facing this issue, and with the growing development of electronics during the 1980s, led to the introduction of this type of software. ...

See also:

Launch control, Launch control - How it works, Launch control - The reason, Launch control - History

Read more here: » Launch control: Encyclopedia II - Launch control - The reason

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Control engineering - Background

Modern Control engineering is closely related to electrical and electronics engineering, as electronic circuits can often be easily described using control theory techniques. At many universities, control engineering courses are primarily taught by electrical engineering faculty. Previous to Modern Electronics, process control devices were devised by Mechanical Engineers using mechanical feedback along with pneumatic and hydraulic control devices. It may be hard to imagine but some ...

See also:

Control engineering, Control engineering - Background, Control engineering - Control systems

Read more here: » Control engineering: Encyclopedia II - Control engineering - Background

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Game controller - Gamepad

A gamepad, also called joypad, is a type of game controller held with both hands and used to provide input for video games. Gamepads generally feature a set of action buttons handled with the right thumb and a direction controller handled with the left. The direction controller has traditionally been a four-way digital cross (D-pad), but most modern controllers additionally (or as a substitute) feature an analog stick. The analog stick was introduced with the Emerson Arcadia controller, but did not reach popularity until the Nin ...

See also:

Game controller, Game controller - Longevity of hardware, Game controller - Health concerns, Game controller - Gamepad, Game controller - Microsoft, Game controller - Nintendo, Game controller - Sega, Game controller - Sony, Game controller - Other gamepads, Game controller - Paddle, Game controller - Joystick, Game controller - Steering wheel, Game controller - Keyboard and mouse, Game controller - Light gun, Game controller - Touch screen, Game controller - Others

Read more here: » Game controller: Encyclopedia II - Game controller - Gamepad

Controls: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Theory

Development of PID control originated from the observation that a proportional-only control can only eliminate the error between setpoint and process variable at one particular setpoint. At any other setting, there would be an offset between the setpoint and the true process value. Metaphorically, an operator could reset the controller setpoint by hand, until the actual process eventually stabilized at the desired value. In older control literature this is referred to "reset" action as a result. The derivative term reflects the ability to ob ...

See also:

PID controller, PID controller - Control loop basics, PID controller - Theory, PID controller - Nomenclature, PID controller - Tuning a PID loop, PID controller - Problems, PID controller - How to get one

Read more here: » PID controller: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Theory

Controls: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Nomenclature

The parameters of PID control were originally named after the adjustments on mechanical controllers and so were called proportional band, reset and rate. These quantities are based on the interacting algorithm. Modern practice is to refer to gain, integral gain, and derivative gain since this better matches the usage in digital controllers. There are two different forms of the PID controller: The standard or "non-interacting" form, which allows independent adjustment of the proportional, integral and derivative constants. ...

See also:

PID controller, PID controller - Control loop basics, PID controller - Theory, PID controller - Nomenclature, PID controller - Tuning a PID loop, PID controller - Problems, PID controller - How to get one

Read more here: » PID controller: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Nomenclature

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Arms control - Enforcement

Enforcement of arms control agreements has proven difficult over time. Most agreements rely on the continued desire of the participants to abide by the terms to remain effective. Usually, when a nation no longer desires to abide by the terms, they usually will seek to either covertly circumvent the terms or to simply end their participation in the treaty. This was seen in Washington Naval Treaty, where most participants sought to exceed the limitations, some more legitimately than others. The United States developed better technology to get ...

See also:

Arms control, Arms control - Enactment, Arms control - Enforcement, Arms control - History of arms control, Arms control - List of treaties and conventions related to arms control, Arms control - Reference

Read more here: » Arms control: Encyclopedia II - Arms control - Enforcement

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Game controller - Joystick

A joystick is a computer peripheral that consists of a handheld stick that pivots about one end and transmits its angle in two or three dimensions to a computer. The joystick is often used for flight simulators. HOTAS controllers, which include extra hardware to simulate throttle and rudder controls are popular among fanatics of the genre. To some fans, joystick has become a synonym for generic game controllers. ...

See also:

Game controller, Game controller - Longevity of hardware, Game controller - Health concerns, Game controller - Gamepad, Game controller - Microsoft, Game controller - Nintendo, Game controller - Sega, Game controller - Sony, Game controller - Other gamepads, Game controller - Paddle, Game controller - Joystick, Game controller - Steering wheel, Game controller - Keyboard and mouse, Game controller - Light gun, Game controller - Touch screen, Game controller - Others

Read more here: » Game controller: Encyclopedia II - Game controller - Joystick

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Fat Controller - Criticism

The name "Fat Controller" has been the subject of much controversy because of the supposed political incorrectness of the name. In America in 1989 the ACLU successfully argued that censorship of this name would violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nonetheless, the nickname has been downplayed in recent years in favor of "Sir Topham Hatt". ...

See also:

Fat Controller, Fat Controller - Character, Fat Controller - Sir Topham's household, Fat Controller - Wife: Lady Hatt, Fat Controller - Mother: Dowager Hatt, Fat Controller - Grandson: Stephen Hatt, Fat Controller - Granddaughter: Bridget Hatt, Fat Controller - Butler, Fat Controller - Cars, Fat Controller - Criticism, Fat Controller - Impact on Popular Culture

Read more here: » Fat Controller: Encyclopedia II - Fat Controller - Criticism

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Control character - How control characters map to keyboards

ASCII-based keyboards have a key labelled "Control" or "Ctrl" (sometimes referred to as "Cntl") which is used much like a shift key, being depressed in combination with another letter or symbol key. In this way the control key generates the code 64 places below the code for the (generally) uppercase letter it is pressed in combination with, producing one of the 32 ASCII control codes. So, the octet code produced by a control key combination has the second from leftmost bit (the 27th, i.e. the 64th, place bit) forced to zero and is ...

See also:

Control character, Control character - In ASCII, Control character - How control characters map to keyboards, Control character - The design purpose, Control character - Printing and Display control, Control character - Data structuring, Control character - Transmission control, Control character - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Control character: Encyclopedia II - Control character - How control characters map to keyboards

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Motor controller - Scope of motor controller applications

The scope of motor control technology must be very wide to accommodate the wide variety of motor applications. Motor controller - Domestic applications. Electric motors are used domestically in personal care products, small and large appliances, and residential heating and cooling equipment. In most domestic applications, the motor controller functions are built into the product. In some cases, such as bathroom ventilation fans, the motor is controlled by a switch on the wall. Some appliances have provisio ...

See also:

Motor controller, Motor controller - Scope of motor controller applications, Motor controller - Domestic applications, Motor controller - Office equipment medical equipment etc., Motor controller - Commercial applications, Motor controller - Industrial applications, Motor controller - Vehicle applications, Motor controller - Power tools, Motor controller - Hobby equipment, Motor controller - Types of motor controllers, Motor controller - Specific motor controller descriptions, Motor controller - H-bridge, Motor controller - Servo controllers, Motor controller - Stepper motor controllers, Motor controller - References

Read more here: » Motor controller: Encyclopedia II - Motor controller - Scope of motor controller applications

Controls: Encyclopedia II - Riot control - Tactics

The initial choice of tactics determines the type of manpower and equipment used. The base choice is between lethal (e.g. 12 gauge shotgun) and non-lethal weaponry (e.g. tear gas). The decision is based on the perceived level of threat and the existing laws; in many countries it is illegal to use lethal force to control riots in all but the most extreme circumstances. Threat-dependant force deployment is easily visible. The traditional mainstay of riot control are specially equipped police officers with fire-retardant clothing, kevlar ...

See also:

Riot control, Riot control - Tactics, Riot control - Shields, Riot control - Tear Gas, Riot control - Batons, Riot control - Helmets, Riot control - Research, Riot control - External link

Read more here: » Riot control: Encyclopedia II - Riot control - Tactics

Controls: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Problems

The PID controller algorithm itself has few problems. Most problems arise from instrumentation connected to the controller. One common problem is "integral windup". It might take too long for the output value to ramp up to the necessary value when the loop first starts up. Sometimes this can be fixed with a more aggressive differential term. Sometimes the loop has to be "preloaded" with a starting output. Another option is to disable the integral function until the measured ...

See also:

PID controller, PID controller - Control loop basics, PID controller - Theory, PID controller - Nomenclature, PID controller - Tuning a PID loop, PID controller - Problems, PID controller - How to get one

Read more here: » PID controller: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Problems

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