control flow

FALSE is an esoteric programming language designed by Wouter van Oortmerssen in 1993, named after his favourite boolean value. It is a small Forth-like stack-oriented language, with syntax designed to make the code inherently obfuscated, confusing, and unreadable. It is also noteworthy for having a compiler of only 1024 bytes (written in 68000 assembly). According to van Oortmerssen, FALSE provided the inspiration for various well known esoteric ...

Including:

• FALSE - The stack
• FALSE - Data types
• FALSE - Basic operators
• FALSE - Variables
• FALSE - Subroutines
• FALSE - Control flow
• FALSE - If
• FALSE - While
• FALSE - Strings
• FALSE - Input / Output
• FALSE - Comments
• FALSE - Code examples

Read more here: » FALSE: Encyclopedia - FALSE

In computer science, a value may be a number, literal string, array and anything that can be treated as if it were a number. In other words, label, subprogram, datatype, inheritance and control flow are not values in general. The exact definition varies across programming languages. Variables and subprogram calling sites are mostly treated as if they are values. The distinction from object is subtle but one can say that objects include the private memory storage referred to by targets of references while values are independent ...

Including:

• Value computer science - In C: L-value and r-value
• Value computer science - In assembly language

Read more here: » Value computer science: Encyclopedia - Value computer science

Some languages use the idea of l-value and r-value. L-values are values that have addresses, meaning they are variables or dereferenced references to a certain place. R-value is either l-value or non-l-value — a term only used to distinguish from l-value. In C, the term l-value originally meant something that could be assigned (coming from left-value, indicating it was on the left side of the = operator), but since 'const' w ...

See also:

Value computer science, Value computer science - In C: L-value and r-value, Value computer science - In assembly language

Read more here: » Value computer science: Encyclopedia II - Value computer science - In C: L-value and r-value

Each programming language can be thought of as a set of formal specifications concerning syntax, vocabulary, and meaning. These specifications usually include: Data types Data structures Instruction and control flow Design philosophy Compilation and interpretation Those languages that are widely used – or have been used for a considerable period of time – have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language and discuss the extension of existing def ...

See also:

Programming language, Programming language - Features of programming language, Programming language - Data types, Programming language - Data structures, Programming language - Instruction and control flow, Programming language - Design philosophy, Programming language - Compilation and interpretation, Programming language - History of programming languages, Programming language - Classifications of programming languages, Programming language - Formal semantics

Read more here: » Programming language: Encyclopedia II - Programming language - Features of programming language

The K&R style, so-called because it was used in Kernighan and Ritchie's book The C Programming Language, is the traditional choice for C. It is less common for Objective C, C++, Java, C#, and others. It keeps the first opening brace on the same line as control statement, indents the statements within the braces, and puts the closing brace on the same indentation level as the control statement (on a line of its own). while (x == y) { someth ...

See also:

Indent style, Indent style - K&R style, Indent style - BSD/Allman style, Indent style - Whitesmiths style, Indent style - GNU style, Indent style - Pico style, Indent style - Other considerations, Indent style - Losing track of braces

Read more here: » Indent style: Encyclopedia II - Indent style - K&R style

The language originated at Viaweb, a company founded by Paul Graham and Robert T. Morris, as a template language for their e-commerce platform. Viaweb was bought by Yahoo! for $49.6 million in 1998 and renamed Yahoo! Store. RTML was offered as an option for customers (usually small businesses) who wanted to customize their online store more than the built-in templates allowed. The built-in templates were written in RTML, and provided a starting point for most people who learned the language. The RTML-based content management system was later offered as a web hosting platform without a shopping cart, under ...

See also:

RTML, RTML - History, RTML - Language, RTML - Hello World, RTML - Acronym

Read more here: » RTML: Encyclopedia II - RTML - History

Programmers often use tools to format their source code in a particular manner. Proper code formatting makes it easier to read and understand. Moreover, often different programmers have different preferred styles of formatting, such as the use of code indentation and whitespace or positioning of braces. A code formatter converts source code from one format style to another. This is relatively straightforward because of the unambiguous syntax of programming languages. Code beautification involves parsing the source code into component structu ...

See also:

Prettyprint, Prettyprint - Pretty-printing math, Prettyprint - Code formatting and beautification, Prettyprint - Example of formatting and beautifying code, Prettyprint - Text formatting, Prettyprint - Pretty printers

Read more here: » Prettyprint: Encyclopedia II - Prettyprint - Code formatting and beautification

Perl 5 and Perl 6 differ fundamentally, though in general the intent has been to "keep Perl 6 Perl". Most of the changes are intended to normalize the language, to make it easier for learning and expert programmers alike to understand, and to make "easy things easier and hard things more possible". Perl 6 - A Specification. The most important single difference between Perl 5 and Perl 6 is that Perl 6 began life as a specification. This means that Perl 6 can be re-implemented if needed, and it also means th ...

See also:

Perl 6, Perl 6 - Major changes from Perl 5, Perl 6 - A Specification, Perl 6 - A Type System, Perl 6 - Formal Subroutine Parameter Lists, Perl 6 - Sigil invariance, Perl 6 - Object orientation, Perl 6 - Rules: the new regexes, Perl 6 - Syntactic simplification, Perl 6 - Chained comparisons, Perl 6 - Lazy evaluation, Perl 6 - Junctions, Perl 6 - Hello world, Perl 6 - JAPH

Read more here: » Perl 6: Encyclopedia II - Perl 6 - Major changes from Perl 5

The POSIX standardised bc language is traditionally written as a program in the dc programming language to provide a higher level of access to the features of the dc language without the complexities of dc's terse syntax. In this form, the bc language contains single letter variable, array and function names and most standard arithmetic operators as well as the familiar control flow constructs, (if(cond)..., while(cond)... and for(init;cond;inc)...) from C. Unlike C, an if clause ...

See also:

Bc programming language, Bc programming language - POSIX bc, Bc programming language - Mathematical operators, Bc programming language - Built-in functions, Bc programming language - Standard library functions, Bc programming language - GNU bc, Bc programming language - Extra operators, Bc programming language - Functions, Bc programming language - Example code, Bc programming language - A 'Power' function in POSIX bc, Bc programming language - An equivalent 'Power' function in GNU bc

Read more here: » Bc programming language: Encyclopedia II - Bc programming language - POSIX bc

Everything in the language is defined by how it operates on the stack. When a value is encountered, it is simply pushed onto the stack; when an operator is encountered, a number of operands are popped from the stack, the operation is performed on them, and some number of results are pushed back onto the stack. For example, in the expression 1 3_+: 1 : pushes the integer 1 onto the stack 3 : pushes the integer 3 onto the stack _ : pops 3 from the stack, negates it, and pushes -3 + : pops 1 and -3 from the sta ...

See also:

FALSE, FALSE - The stack, FALSE - Data types, FALSE - Basic operators, FALSE - Variables, FALSE - Subroutines, FALSE - Control flow, FALSE - If, FALSE - While, FALSE - Strings, FALSE - Input / Output, FALSE - Comments, FALSE - Code examples

Read more here: » FALSE: Encyclopedia II - FALSE - The stack

One of the basic reasons for scoping is to keep variables in different parts of the program distinct from one another. Since there are only a small number of short variable names, and programmers share habits about the naming of variables (e.g., i for an array index), in any program of moderate size the same variable name will be used in multiple different scopes. The question of how to match various variable occurrences to the appropriate binding sites is generally answered in one of two ways: static scoping and dynamic scopingSee also:

Scope programming, Scope programming - Example scopes, Scope programming - Static versus dynamic scoping, Scope programming - Static scoping, Scope programming - Dynamic scoping, Scope programming - Example, Scope programming - History

Read more here: » Scope programming: Encyclopedia II - Scope programming - Static versus dynamic scoping

Each programming language can be thought of as a set of formal specifications concerning syntax, vocabulary, and meaning. These specifications usually include: Data Types Data Structures Instruction and Control Flow Design Philosophy Compilation and Interpretation Most languages that are widely used, or have been used for a considerable period of time, have standardization bodies that meet regularly to create and publish formal definitions of the language, and discuss extending or supplementing the already extant def ...

See also:

Programming language, Programming language - Features of programming language, Programming language - Data types, Programming language - Data structures, Programming language - Instruction and control flow, Programming language - Design philosophy, Programming language - Compilation and interpretation, Programming language - History of programming languages, Programming language - Classifications of programming languages, Programming language - Formal semantics

Read more here: » Programming language: Encyclopedia II - Programming language - Features of programming language

Subroutines are lambda calculus expressions, and are pieces of code contained between [ and ]. The "apply" operator is !. It takes the lambda calculus expression on top of the stack and runs it. Note that if the value on top of the stack is not a lamdba expression, the program will behave abnormally. A very basic example subroutine: 3[1+]! This pushes 3 on the stack, pushes the expression [1+] (which takes the current stack and increments the top value by 1), and appli ...

See also:

FALSE, FALSE - The stack, FALSE - Data types, FALSE - Basic operators, FALSE - Variables, FALSE - Subroutines, FALSE - Control flow, FALSE - If, FALSE - While, FALSE - Strings, FALSE - Input / Output, FALSE - Comments, FALSE - Code examples

Read more here: » FALSE: Encyclopedia II - FALSE - Subroutines

Indent style - Losing track of braces. There are two ways to avoid losing track of control statements such as for. One way is to use a large indent, such as an 8-unit wide hard tab, along with breaking up large functions into smaller and more readable functions. Linux is done this way. Another way is to use inline comments added after the closing brace: for ( int i = 0 ; i < total ; i++ ) { foo(bar); } //for ...

See also:

Indent style, Indent style - K&R style, Indent style - BSD/Allman style, Indent style - Whitesmiths style, Indent style - GNU style, Indent style - Pico style, Indent style - Other considerations, Indent style - Losing track of braces

Read more here: » Indent style: Encyclopedia II - Indent style - Other considerations

The style used most commonly in the Pico programming language by its designers is different from the aforementioned styles. The lack of return statements and the fact that semicolons are used in Pico as statement separators, instead of terminators, leads to the following syntax: stuff(n): { x: 3 * n; y: doStuff(x); y + x } ...

See also:

Indent style, Indent style - K&R style, Indent style - BSD/Allman style, Indent style - Whitesmiths style, Indent style - GNU style, Indent style - Pico style, Indent style - Other considerations, Indent style - Losing track of braces

Read more here: » Indent style: Encyclopedia II - Indent style - Pico style

The hello world program in Perl 6 can be written say "Hello world" though there's more than one way to do it. say is new to Perl 6: it is like print, but appends a newline to its output, similar to REXX's say, Pascal's writeln or Ruby and C's puts. ...

See also:

Perl 6, Perl 6 - Major changes from Perl 5, Perl 6 - A Specification, Perl 6 - A Type System, Perl 6 - Formal Subroutine Parameter Lists, Perl 6 - Sigil invariance, Perl 6 - Object orientation, Perl 6 - Rules: the new regexes, Perl 6 - Syntactic simplification, Perl 6 - Chained comparisons, Perl 6 - Lazy evaluation, Perl 6 - Junctions, Perl 6 - Hello world, Perl 6 - JAPH

Read more here: » Perl 6: Encyclopedia II - Perl 6 - Hello world

FALSE supports binary and unary operations in reverse Polish notation, as well as operations that act on the stack alone. Arithmetic operators are +, -, *, and / (binary operators, which pop two elements from the stack and push (respectively) their sum, difference, product, or quotient) and the _ (underscore) is unary negation (which pops one element and pushes its negation). Logical operators are =, >, &, | (binary operators of equality, greater than, logical conjunction, and logical disjunction), and ...

See also:

FALSE, FALSE - The stack, FALSE - Data types, FALSE - Basic operators, FALSE - Variables, FALSE - Subroutines, FALSE - Control flow, FALSE - If, FALSE - While, FALSE - Strings, FALSE - Input / Output, FALSE - Comments, FALSE - Code examples

Read more here: » FALSE: Encyclopedia II - FALSE - Basic operators

Although Yahoo's documentation does not mention it, RTML is actually implemented on top of a Lisp-based system. The language is somewhat unique in that the programmer cannot edit the source code directly as text. Instead, keywords are presented as hyperlinks in a browser-based HTML interface. Clicking on a keyword selects it, and its attributes can be edited. Blocks of code can be pushed and popped from a clipboard, using the stack metaphor. The editor maintains the code's s-expression structure automatically, and visually represents it in t ...

See also:

RTML, RTML - History, RTML - Language, RTML - Hello World, RTML - Acronym

Read more here: » RTML: Encyclopedia II - RTML - Language

Like the BSD and Whitesmiths styles, GNU style puts braces on a line by themselves. The braces are indented by 2 spaces, and the contained code is indented by a further 2 spaces. Popularised by Richard Stallman, the layout may be influenced by his background of writing Lisp code. Although not directly related to indentation, GNU coding style also includes a space before the bracketed list of arguments to a function. while (x == y) { something (); ...

See also:

Indent style, Indent style - K&R style, Indent style - BSD/Allman style, Indent style - Whitesmiths style, Indent style - GNU style, Indent style - Pico style, Indent style - Other considerations, Indent style - Losing track of braces

Read more here: » Indent style: Encyclopedia II - Indent style - GNU style

Pretty-printing usually refers to displaying mathematical expressions in a way that is similar to the way they are typeset professionally. For example, in computer algebra systems the system may write output like x ^ 2 + 3 * x as x2 + 3x. Mathematical pretty-printing is done by interactive numerical calculation programs such as Octave or MATLAB; by computer algebra systems such as Maxima or Mathematica; and by some graphing calculators, such as the TI-89, or the TI-83 Plus with the PrettyPt add-on. There is a web s ...

See also:

Prettyprint, Prettyprint - Pretty-printing math, Prettyprint - Code formatting and beautification, Prettyprint - Example of formatting and beautifying code, Prettyprint - Text formatting, Prettyprint - Pretty printers

Read more here: » Prettyprint: Encyclopedia II - Prettyprint - Pretty-printing math