continuous wave - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Amplitude-shift Keying: Encyclopedia - Amplitude-shift Keying
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation which represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. Ampl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Radar: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Radar - World War Ii
At the start of World War II both the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany knew of each other's ongoing efforts in their "battle of the beams"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Physics
A laser is composed of an active laser medium and a resonant optical cavity. The gain medium is a material of controlled purity, size, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - Utilization And Production
Tesla coil - Transmission. A large Tesla coil of more modern design can operate at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Laser - Construction
Because CO2 lasers operate in the infrared, special materials are necessary for their construction. Typically, the mirrors are made of co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying Qpsk
Sometimes known as quaternary or quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK, QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexanderson Alternator: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexanderson Alternator - Theory Of Operation
The Alexanderson alternator operates by variable reluctance, changing the magnetic flux linking two coils. The alternator has a circular ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude-shift Keying - Encoding
The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its abse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherer: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherer - History
The invention of the device is credited to David Edward Hughes, among others. Oliver Joseph Lodge, in his Royal Institute lectures ("The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Modulation - Digital Modulation Techniques
Any form of digital modulation necessarily uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. In the case of PSK, a fin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Communication - Optical Fiber Communication
Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however other types of optical waveguides are used within co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Physics
A laser is composed of an active laser medium and a resonant optical cavity. The gain medium is a material of controlled purity, size, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude Modulation - Example
Suppose we wish to modulate a simple sine wave on a carrier wave. The equation for the carrier wave of frequency ωc, taking its phase to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sa-10 Grumble: Encyclopedia Ii - Sa-10 Grumble - Radar
This is a list of all radars known to be associated with the original S-300P system and all subsequent upgrades. Explanations of which ra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Laser - Amplification
The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a gas discharge which is air cooled (water cooled in higher power applicatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sa-10 Grumble: Encyclopedia Ii - Sa-10 Grumble - Guidance And Warhead
Missiles are guided by the Flap Lid A or naval Top Dome system using command guidance with terminal semi-active radar homing. Later versi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying Dpsk
For a signal that has been differentially encoded, there is an obvious alternative method of demodulation. Instead of demodulating as usu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sa-10 Grumble: Encyclopedia Ii - Sa-10 Grumble - Variations
Numerous versions have since emerged with different missiles, improved radars, better resistance to countermeasures, longer range and bet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Radar: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Radar - 1900s
History of radar - Christian Huelsmeyer. In 1904 Christian Huelsmeyer gave public demonstrations in Germany and Netherlands of the use ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Uses Of Lasers
At the time of their invention in 1960, lasers were called "a solution looking for a problem". Since then, they have become ubiquitous, f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Differential Encoding
As mentioned for BPSK and QPSK there is an ambiguity of phase if the constellation is rotated by some effect in the communications channe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Popular Misconceptions
The representation of lasers in popular culture, especially in science fiction and action movies, is generally very misleading. For insta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Publications About Lasers
Laser - Books. Koechner, Walter (1992). Solid-State Laser Engineering, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-53756-2 Siegman, Anthony E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Communication - Forms Of Optical Communication
There are many forms of non-technological optical communication, including body language and sign language. Techniques such as semaphore,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - History
In 1916, Albert Einstein laid the foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the maser, in a ground-breaking rederiva...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Ideal Structure
Phase-shift keying - Transmitter. Indicating by L the number of possible symbols to be transmitted, then the used angular values are gi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - History
In 1916, Albert Einstein laid the foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the maser, in a ground-breaking rederiva...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Uses Of Lasers
At the time of their invention in 1960, lasers were called "a solution looking for a problem". Since then, they have become ubiquitous, f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Popular Misconceptions
The representation of lasers in popular culture, especially in science fiction and action movies, is generally very misleading. For insta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude Modulation - Amplitude Modulator Designs
Amplitude modulation - Circuits. A wide range of different circuits have been used for AM, but one of the simplest circuits uses anode ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude Modulation - Modulation Index
As with other modulation indices, in AM, this quantity, also called modulation depth, indicates by how much the modulated variable varies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude-shift Keying - Considerations
ASK is the simplest kind of modulation that can be used to send data through a channel. It has several bad points: it can be used only w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude Modulation - Applications In Radio
A basic AM radio transmitter works by first DC-shifting the modulating signal, then multiplying it with the carrier wave using a frequenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amplitude Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Amplitude Modulation - Forms Of Am
In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Laser - Publications About Lasers
Laser - Books. Koechner, Walter (1992). Solid-State Laser Engineering, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-53756-2 Siegman, Anthony E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - History
Tesla coil - Early coils. The American Electrician gives a description of one wherein a glass battery jar, six inches by eight inches, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Introduction
There are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of digitally represented data: Amplitude-shift keyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Applications
Owing to PSK's simplicity, particularly when compared with its competitor quadrature amplitude modulation, it is widely used in existing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying Bpsk
BPSK is the simplest form of PSK. It uses two phases which are separated by 180° and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particular...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - Popularity
Tesla coils are very popular devices among certain electrical engineers and electronics enthusiasts. Someone who builds Tesla coils as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - Instances And Devices
Tesla's Colorado Springs laboratory possessed one of the largest Tesla coils ever built, known as the "Magnifying Transmitter". The Magni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - Description
Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series LC circuit composed of a high voltage capacitor, spark gap, and primary ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tesla Coil: Encyclopedia Ii - Tesla Coil - The Skin Effect Myth
The dangers of high frequency electrical current are sometimes perceived as being less than at lower frequencies. This is often, but mist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phase-shift Keying: Encyclopedia Ii - Phase-shift Keying - Higher-order Psk
For the general M-PSK there is no simple expression for the symbol-error probability if M > 4. Unfortunately, it can only be obtained ...   » Read the article