A Wisdom Archive on Continuation War - Occupation of East Karelia

Like in the Winter War, Swedish volunteers were recruited. Until December, for guarding the Soviet naval base at Hanko, that was then evacuated by sea, and the Swedish unit was officially disbanded. During the Continuation War, the volunteers signed for three–six months of service. In all, over 1,600 fought for Finland, though only about 60 remained by the summer of 1944. About a third of the volunteers had been engaged already in the Winter War. Another sign ...

Read more here: » Continuation War: Encyclopedia II - Continuation War - International volunteers and support

In retrospect the Continuation War can be seen as the result of a series of political miscalculations by the Finnish leadership in which Finland's martial abilities clearly outshone her diplomatic skills. However, many commentators also hold that Finland was a victim of bad luck in addition to any failings on its own part, being forced to make a choice in a situation when any of the available alternatives would result in being attacked by either side. It has been claimed that not joining the war with Germany against Soviet Union would almost certainly have lead to occupation attempts by either side of that great c ...

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The Axis Powers were those opposed to the Allies. The 3 major Axis powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Empire of Japan, referred to themselves as the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis". At their zenith, the Axis powers ruled empires that dominated large portions of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, but they were ultimately defeated at the end of World War II. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and some nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war. Major Axis powers ... Including:

• Axis Powers - Origins
• Axis Powers - Lesser Axis nations
• Axis Powers - Hungary
• Axis Powers - Romania
• Axis Powers - Bulgaria
• Axis Powers - Yugoslavia
• Axis Powers - Italian Social Republic
• Axis Powers - Middle East
• Axis Powers - South East Asia
• Axis Powers - Countries in active or passive coalition with the Axis
• Axis Powers - Finland
• Axis Powers - Thailand
• Axis Powers - Soviet Union
• Axis Powers - Free India
• Axis Powers - Spain
• Axis Powers - Under direct internal Axis control
• Axis Powers - Manchukuo Manchuria
• Axis Powers - Mengjiang
• Axis Powers - Nanjing puppet state
• Axis Powers - Vichy France
• Axis Powers - Lokot Republic
• Axis Powers - Belarusian Central Rada
• Axis Powers - Reichskommissariats of Ostland and Ukraine
• Axis Powers - White Russian Client State in Soviet Far East
• Axis Powers - Summary
• Axis Powers - Secondary Sources

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A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. The term refers to situations where the internees are persons selected for their conformance to broad criteria without judicial process, rather than having been judged as individuals. Camps for prisoners of war are usually considered separately from this category, although informally (and in some other languages) they may also be ... Including:

• Concentration camp - The British
• Concentration camp - The United States
• Concentration camp - Canada
• Concentration camp - Austria-Hungary
• Concentration camp - Germany
• Concentration camp - Fascist Italy
• Concentration camp - Ustaša regime in Croatia
• Concentration camp - Cambodia
• Concentration camp - Serbia
• Concentration camp - Russia and the Soviet Union
• Concentration camp - People's Republic of China
• Concentration camp - Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Concentration camp - North Korea
• Concentration camp - Headline text
• Concentration camp - Sweden
• Concentration camp - Finland
• Concentration camp - France
• Concentration camp - Chile
• Concentration camp - Argentina
• Concentration camp - External links
• Concentration camp - Netherlands
• Concentration camp - Notes

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Finland's changed policy from a Scandinavian orientation up to, and during, the Winter War, to a German orientation after the Winter War, was not in the least pursued by the convinced Anglophile Risto Ryti. Traditionally Finland had been associated to Britain by stronger commercial ties, but as the Baltic Sea was dominated by the Germans, lost markets had to be found elsewhere, and Germans were willing to trade. The relatively limited space given to Nazi German propaganda and ideology, or their domestic sympathizer fringe groups in Fi ...

Read more here: » Risto Ryti: Encyclopedia II - Risto Ryti - Towards German orientation

In January 1941, German officer Erich Buschenhagen was ordered to Finland to discuss the possibility of a Finnish-German cooperative effort against the Soviet Union with the Finnish leadership. Since July 1940, Germany had planned to occupy the Petsamo nickel mines in Operation Reindeer in case of a new Finnish-Soviet war. Germany had possessed supply and troop transfer rights through Northern Finland since September 1940. Late February Buschenhagen was authorised to negotiate a combined offensive effort. Taking advantage of the co-belligere ...

Read more here: » Operation Silver Fox: Encyclopedia II - Operation Silver Fox - Planning and Preparation

Co-belligerence is also the term used by Finland for her military co-operation with Nazi-Germany in the Continuation War of 1941-44, when both countries had the Soviet Union as a common enemy. The Continuation War was a direct consequence of Nazi-Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. Until then the German and Soviet governments had been allies, as during the Winter War (1940) against Finland. While the Allied propaganda from 1941 often referred to Finland as one of the Axis Powers, this description is especially ...

Read more here: » Co-belligerence: Encyclopedia II - Co-belligerence - Finland as co-belligerent with Nazi-Germany

During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Viipuri, was annexed to Russia after the peace of Uusikaupunki. The border with Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after World War II. Sweden's status as a European great power was gone, and Russia was now the leading might of the North. The absolute monarchy was finished in Sweden. During this Age of Liberty, the Parliament ruled the country, and the two parties of Hats and Caps struggle ...

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason

During the Great War (1713–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Viipuri, was annexed to Russia after the peace of Uusikaupunki. The border to Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after WWII. Sweden's status as European great power was gone, and Russia was now the leading might of the North. The absolute monarchy was finished in Sweden. During this Age of Liberty, the Parliament ruled the country, and the two parties of Hats and Caps struggled for control leaving ...

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason

Under Nazi occupation, the Natzweiler-Struthof camp, in Alsace, was one concentration camp on French soil during the Second World War -- the three departments of Alsace-Lorraine (Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin and Moselle) had been annexed and incorporated into the Third Reich. Camps also existed in the Pyrenees, on the border with pro-Nazi Spain, one of which was called Camp De Gurs. During France's occupation of Algeria, large numbers of Algerians were forced into "tent cities" and concentration camps during the initial French invasion in 1830 ...

Read more here: » Concentration camp: Encyclopedia II - Concentration camp - France

Axis Powers - Finland. After being attacked by the Soviet Union in the Winter War (1939–1940), the democratic Finland was a co-belligerent of Nazi Germany during the Continuation War (1941–1944), seeking to regain its lost territory and conquer East Karelia. Some Finns tended to view (and still do) these two conflicts as separate from World War II. In Allied usage, Finland was often referred to as an Axis country, which is often deplored as an effect of Soviet propaganda depicting the Finns as fascists ...

Read more here: » Axis Powers: Encyclopedia II - Axis Powers - Countries in active or passive coalition with the Axis

The term "ethnic cleansing" has come to mean the displacement or expulsion from a territory of one ethnic group by another. The displacement is usually forcible, though there are examples of voluntary or compensated ethnic cleansing. The 20th century has seen numerous cases, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. During more recent times, ethnic cleansing has often been used during colonisation projects. In North America, British and American settlers ethnically cleansed millions [citation needed] of Native Amer ...

Read more here: » Ethnic cleansing: Encyclopedia II - Ethnic cleansing - Modern-age ethnic cleansing

Axis Powers - Manchukuo Manchuria. Manchukuo, meaning Manchuria, was a puppet state set up by Japan on February 18, 1932. The country's independence was not recognized by the League of Nations causing Japan to withdraw from the League. Italy, Germany and the Japanese-puppet government of China under Wang Jingwei were the only major governments to recognize the Japanese backed state. In the following order, these other states later recognized the existence of this nation: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ba Maw Burmese Na ...

Read more here: » Axis Powers: Encyclopedia II - Axis Powers - Under direct internal Axis control