In linguistics and computer science, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar in which every production rule is of the form V → w where V is a non-terminal symbol and w is a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. The term "context-free" comes from the fact that the non-terminal V can always be replaced by w, regardless of the context in which it occurs. A formal language is context ...

Including:

Context-free grammar - Formal definition Context-free grammar - Examples
Context-free grammar - Example 1 Context-free grammar - Example 2 Context-free grammar - Example 3 Context-free grammar - Example 4 Context-free grammar - Other examples
Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees Context-free grammar - Normal forms Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages

Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia - Context-free grammar

See also:

Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages

Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Examples

Just as any formal grammar, a context-free grammar G can be defined as a 4-tuple: G = (Vt,Vn,P,S) where Vt is a finite set of terminals Vn is a finite set of non-terminals P is a finite set of productions rules S is an e ...

See also:

Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages

Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Formal definition

There are basically two ways to describe how in a certain grammar a string can be derived from the start symbol. The simplest way is to list the consecutive strings of symbols, beginning with the start symbol and ending with the string, and the rules that have been applied. If we introduce a strategy such as "always replace the left-most nonterminal first" then for context-free grammars the list of applied grammar rules is by itself sufficient. This is called the leftmost derivation of a string. For example, if we take the follow ...

See also:

Context-free grammar, Context-free grammar - Formal definition, Context-free grammar - Examples, Context-free grammar - Example 1, Context-free grammar - Example 2, Context-free grammar - Example 3, Context-free grammar - Example 4, Context-free grammar - Other examples, Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees, Context-free grammar - Normal forms, Context-free grammar - Undecidable problems, Context-free grammar - Properties of context-free languages

Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia II - Context-free grammar - Derivations and syntax trees

Venpa (வெண்பா in Tamil) is a form of classical tamil poetry. Classical Tamil poetry has been classifed based upon the rules of metric prosody. Such rules form a context-free grammar. Every Venpa consists between two to twelve lines. Venpa - Popular books written in Venpa style. All 1330 couplets from Tirukkural, composed by Tiruvalluvar are examples of Venpa. Tirukkural comes under a sub-category of Venpa called Kural Venpa, wherein each Kural has only two lines. Nala venpa ...

Including:

Venpa - Popular books written in Venpa style Venpa - Basic units of meter in classical Tamil poetry Venpa - Grammar for meter in Venpa Venpa - Example

Read more here: » Venpa: Encyclopedia - Venpa

A number of elaborations on this basic graftal technique have been developed which can be used in conjunction with each other. Among these are stochastic, context sensitive, and parametric grammars. Graftal - Stochastic grammars. The grammar model we have discussed thus far has been deterministic -- that is, given any symbol in the grammar's alphabet, there has been exactly one production rule, which is always chosen, and always performs the same conversion. One alternative is to specify more than one prod ...

See also:

Graftal, Graftal - Example, Graftal - Variations, Graftal - Stochastic grammars, Graftal - Context sensitive grammars, Graftal - Parametric grammars

Read more here: » Graftal: Encyclopedia II - Graftal - Variations

In computer science, a grammar is said to be an ambiguous grammar if there is some string that it can generate in more than one way (i.e., the string has more than one parse tree or more than one leftmost derivation). A language is inherently ambiguous if it can only be generated by ambiguous grammars. For programming languages, ambiguous grammars can lead to difficulties for some compilers. Ambiguous grammar - Example. The context free grammar A → A + A | A − A | aIncluding:

Ambiguous grammar - Example

Read more here: » Ambiguous grammar: Encyclopedia - Ambiguous grammar

The Backus-Naur form (BNF) (also known as Backus normal form) is a metasyntax used to express context-free grammars: that is, a formal way to describe formal languages. BNF is widely used as a notation for the grammars of computer programming languages, command sets and communication protocols. They can also be used as a notation for representing parts of natural language grammars. For example see the grammar for meter in Venpa poetry. Most textbooks for programming language theory and/or semantics document the programming language in BNF. Some va ...

Including:

Backus-Naur form - Introduction Backus-Naur form - Example Backus-Naur form - Further examples Backus-Naur form - Variants

Read more here: » Backus-Naur form: Encyclopedia - Backus-Naur form

This article outlines the differences between American English, the form of the English language spoken in the United States, and Commonwealth English (often called British English). For the purposes of this article: American English is the form of English used by people in the United States and, as a lingua franca or second language, by people in many parts of the world. American English does not include Canadian English; although Canadian pronunciation and vocabulary is very similar to that o ...

Including:

American and British English differences - Pronunciation American and British English differences - Grammar
American and British English differences - Singular and plural for nouns American and British English differences - Use of tenses American and British English differences - Verb morphology American and British English differences - Presence or absence of syntactic elements American and British English differences - Different prepositions in certain contexts American and British English differences - Miscellaneous grammatical differences
American and British English differences - Word derivation and compounds American and British English differences - Lexis
American and British English differences - General trends American and British English differences - Words used only in British English American and British English differences - Words used only in American English American and British English differences - Words with differing meanings American and British English differences - Words which have become archaic in one dialect American and British English differences - Numbers American and British English differences - Levels of buildings American and British English differences - Figures of speech American and British English differences - Business American and British English differences - Education American and British English differences - Transport American and British English differences - Greetings
American and British English differences - Writing
American and British English differences - Spelling American and British English differences - Punctuation American and British English differences - Titles and headlines American and British English differences - Dates
American and British English differences - Keyboards
American and British English differences - Other varieties American and British English differences - Other linguistic topics

Read more here: » American and British English differences: Encyclopedia - American and British English differences

Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm (IPA: /pæɹɘdaɪm/) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. Initially the word was specific to grammar: the 1900 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. Also, in linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used paradigm to ...

Including:

Paradigm - Paradigm shifts Paradigm - Other uses Paradigm - Etymology Paradigm - Quote

Read more here: » Paradigm: Encyclopedia - Paradigm

Objective may be: Objective lens, an optical element in a camera or microscope. Objective approach, a way of judging or interpreting a situation. Project objective, an expected business benefit in the context of project management. Design objective, a desired performance characteristic for communications circuits. Objective may also refer to: Object (grammar), a noun which is the target of a verb's action. Object (philosophy), a thing, entity, or being.

Read more here: » Objective: Encyclopedia - Objective

In grammar, the term weak (originally coined in German: schwach) is used in opposition to the term strong (stark) to designate a conjugation or declension when a language has two parallel systems. The only constant feature in all the grammatical usages of the word "weak" is that it forms a polarity with "strong"; there is not necessarily any objective "weakness" about the forms so designated. This terminology seems to have been used first in relation to Germanic verbs. In this context, "strong" indicates those ver ...

Read more here: » Weak grammatical term: Encyclopedia - Weak grammatical term

Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love (Greek philo-) of learning and literature (Greek -logia). In the academic traditions of several nations, a wide sense of the term "philology" describes the study of a language together with its literature and the historical and cultural contexts which are indispensable for an understanding of the literary works and other culturally significant texts. Philology thus comprises the study of the grammar, rhetoric, history, interpretation ...

Including:

Philology - Branches of philology
Philology - Comparative philology Philology - Radical philology Philology - Text reconstruction Philology - Deciphering ancient texts

Read more here: » Philology: Encyclopedia - Philology

The graftal is built by recursively feeding the axiom through the production rules. Each character of the input string is checked against the rule list to determine which character or string to replace it with in the output string. In this example, a '1' in the input string becomes '11' in the output string, while '[' remains the same. Applying this to the axiom of '0', we get: axiom: 0 1st Recursion: 1[0]0 2nd Recursion: 11[1[0]0]1[0]0 3rd Recursion: 1111[11[1[0]0]1[0]0]11[1[0]0]1[0] ...

See also:

Graftal, Graftal - Example, Graftal - Variations, Graftal - Stochastic grammars, Graftal - Context sensitive grammars, Graftal - Parametric grammars

Read more here: » Graftal: Encyclopedia II - Graftal - Example

Semantic pleonasm is more a question of style and usage than grammar. Linguists usually call this redundancy to avoid confusion with syntactic pleonasm, a more important phenomenon for theoretical linguistics. It can take various forms, including: Overlap: One word's semantic component is subsumed by the other: "Receive a free gift with every purchase." "I ate a tuna fish sandwich." Prolixity: A phrase may have words which add nothing, or nothing ...

See also:

Pleonasm, Pleonasm - Pleonasm usage, Pleonasm - Syntactic pleonasm, Pleonasm - Semantic pleonasm, Pleonasm - Subtler redundancies, Pleonasm - Other forms, Pleonasm - Semantic pleonasm and context, Pleonasm - Pleonasms in literature

Read more here: » Pleonasm: Encyclopedia II - Pleonasm - Semantic pleonasm

The algorithm is hard to see from the abstract description above. It becomes much clearer how it operates once you see it in action. The output is a little verbose, but you should be able to follow it. Let's say you have the following simple arithmetic grammar: P → S # the start rule S → S + M | M M → M * T | T T → number And you have the input: 2 + 3 * 4 ...

See also:

Earley parser, Earley parser - Performing the Algorithm, Earley parser - Example

Read more here: » Earley parser: Encyclopedia II - Earley parser - Example

To understand how Earley's algorithm executes, you have to understand dot notation. Given a production A → BCD (where B, C, and D are symbols in the grammar, terminals or nonterminals), the notation A → B • C D represents a condition in which B has already been parsed and the sequence C D is expected. For every input position (which represents a position between tokens), the parser generates a state set. Each state is the cartesian product (that is, just the combination) of: A dot condition for a particular production. The position at which the matching ...

See also:

Earley parser, Earley parser - Performing the Algorithm, Earley parser - Example

Read more here: » Earley parser: Encyclopedia II - Earley parser - Performing the Algorithm

A set of well defined metric rules define the grammar for Venpa. Such rules have been proved to form a Context-free grammar. One set of rules constrains the duration of sound for each word or cheer, while another set of rules defines the rules for the possible sounds at the beginning of a word that follows a given sound at the end of the preceding word. Any Venpa should conform to both these sets of rules. Following is the set of produ ...

See also:

Venpa, Venpa - Popular books written in Venpa style, Venpa - Basic units of meter in classical Tamil poetry, Venpa - Grammar for meter in Venpa, Venpa - Example

Read more here: » Venpa: Encyclopedia II - Venpa - Grammar for meter in Venpa

Syntactic Structures was a distillation of his book Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955, 75) in which he introduces transformational grammars. The theory takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be (largely) characterised by a formal grammar; in particular, a Context-free grammar extended with transformational rules. Children are hypothesised to have an innate knowledge of the basic grammatical structure common to all human languages (i.e. they assume that any language which they encounter is of ...

See also:

Noam Chomsky, Noam Chomsky - Biography, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's name, Noam Chomsky - Contributions to linguistics, Noam Chomsky - Generative grammar, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky hierarchy, Noam Chomsky - Contributions to psychology, Noam Chomsky - Opinion on criticism of science culture, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence in other fields, Noam Chomsky - Political views, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky on terrorism, Noam Chomsky - Criticism of United States government, Noam Chomsky - Views on globalization, Noam Chomsky - Views on socialism, Noam Chomsky - Mass media analysis, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky and the Middle East, Noam Chomsky - Criticism of intellectual communities, Noam Chomsky - Chomsky's influence as a political activist, Noam Chomsky - Opposition to the Vietnam War, Noam Chomsky - Alleged marginalization in the mainstream media, Noam Chomsky - Worldwide audience, Noam Chomsky - Criticisms, Noam Chomsky - Academic Achievements Awards and Honors, Noam Chomsky - Bibliography, Noam Chomsky - Linguistics, Noam Chomsky - Political works, Noam Chomsky - About Chomsky, Noam Chomsky - Filmography, Noam Chomsky - Political contemporaries

Read more here: » Noam Chomsky: Encyclopedia II - Noam Chomsky - Contributions to linguistics

A number of theories of grammar dispense with the notion of phrase structure rules and operate with the notion of schema instead. Here phrase structures are not derived from rules that combine words, but from the specification or instantiation of syntactic schemata or configurations, often expressing some kind of semantic content independently of the specific words that appear in them. This approach is essentially equivalent to a system of phrase structure rules combined with a noncompositional semantic theory, since grammatical formalisms based on rewriting rules are generally ...

See also:

Phrase structure rules, Phrase structure rules - Definition, Phrase structure rules - Alternative approaches

Read more here: » Phrase structure rules: Encyclopedia II - Phrase structure rules - Alternative approaches