Encyclopedia - Consonance And Dissonance: Encyclopedia - Consonance And Dissonance
In music, a consonance (Latin consonare, "sounding together") is a harmony, chord, or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissona...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dissonance: Encyclopedia - Dissonance
Dissonance has several meanings, all related to conflict or incongruity. In music, dissonance is a property of an interval or chord. See ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonance And Dissonance: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonance And Dissonance - Consonance
Consonance has been defined variously through: Frequency ratios: with ratios of lower simple numbers being more consonant than those whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance: Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a condition first proposed by the psychologist Leon Festinger in 1956, relating to his hypothesis of cognitive co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Interval Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Interval Music - Consonant And Dissonant Intervals
Consonance and dissonance are relative terms referring to the stability, or state of repose, of particular musical effects. Dissonant int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonance: Encyclopedia - Consonance
Consonance is a stylistic device, often used in poetry. It is the repetition of consonant sounds in a short sequence of words, for exampl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Music Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Theory - Harmony Consonance & Dissonance
Harmony can generally be thought of as occurring when two or more pitches are sounded simultaneously, although harmony can be implied whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Dissonance - Further Propositions By Festinger
Festinger proposed that cognitive dissonance is a "negative drive state", a similar psychological tension to hunger and thirst and that p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant: Encyclopedia - Consonant
A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation
Consonant mutation is the phenomenon in which a consonant in a word is changed according to its morphological and/or syntactic environmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affricate Consonant: Encyclopedia - Affricate Consonant
Affricate consonants begin like stops (most often an alveolar, such as [t] or [d]), but release as a fricative such as [s] or [z] (or, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Approximant Consonant: Encyclopedia - Approximant Consonant
Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. In the articulation of appro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uvular Consonant: Encyclopedia - Uvular Consonant
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia - Click Consonant
Clicks are stops produced with two articulatory closures in the oral cavity. The pocket of air enclosed between the two closures is raref...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voiced Consonant: Encyclopedia - Voiced Consonant
A voiced consonant is a sound made as the vocal cords vibrate, as opposed to a voiceless consonant, where the vocal cords are relaxed. Se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bilabial Consonant: Encyclopedia - Bilabial Consonant
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Pho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voiceless Consonant: Encyclopedia - Voiceless Consonant
In phonetics, a voiceless consonant is a consonant that does not have voicing. That is, it is produced without vibration of the vocal cor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alveolar Consonant: Encyclopedia - Alveolar Consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it cont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Co-articulated Consonant: Encyclopedia - Co-articulated Consonant
Co-articulated consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. They may be divided into two classes, dou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Velar Consonant: Encyclopedia - Velar Consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Dissonance - Further Propositions By Festinger
Festinger proposed that cognitive dissonance is a "negative drive state", a similar psychological tension to hunger and thirst and that p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants
Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions. Glide cluster reductions The wine-whine merger is a merger by whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Counterpoint: Encyclopedia Ii - Counterpoint - Dissonant Counterpoint
Dissonant counterpoint was first theorized by Charles Seeger as "at first purely a school-room discipline," consisting of species counter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Dissonance - Two Kinds Of Dissonance
Pre-decisional dissonance might be analogous to what Freud called "compensation." When a test showed that subjects had latent sexist atti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cognitive Dissonance: Encyclopedia Ii - Cognitive Dissonance - Origins And The Experiment
In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic 1959 experiment, students were made to perform tedious and meaningless tasks, consisting of turning ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - General Description
The High German consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the Southern German dialects, and thus also in modern Standard German, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Guttural Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Guttural Consonant - Guttural Consonants
The word guttural is derived from the French and Latin denoting a sound coming from the throat. Thus, it refers to a pronounced or heavy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Cluster: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Cluster - Consonant Clusters Crosslinguistically
Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit. Many languages do not permit consonant clusters at all. Maori a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - In Fiction
Consonant mutation - Sindarin. The Sindarin language created by J. R. R. Tolkien has mutation patterns inspired by those of Welsh. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Fula
The Gombe dialect of Fula, spoken in Nigeria, shows mutation triggered by declension class. The mutation grades are Fortition and Prenasa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Japanese
Rendaku (meaning sequential voicing) is a mutation of the initial consonant of a non-initial component in a Japanese compound word. Some ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Celtic
For details see the articles on the individual languages: Breton language, Cornish language, Irish initial mutations, Manx language, Scot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fricative Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Fricative Consonant - Languages
See table of consonants for a table of fricatives in English. Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 27, some of which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sibilant Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Sibilant Consonant - Symbols
Of the sibilants, the following have IPA symbols of their own: Alveolar: s, z (either apical or laminal) Postalveolar: ʃ, �...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Harmony - Examples
There are several kinds of consonant harmony. One of the most commonly found, called sibilant harmony, requires all the sibilants of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Finnish
In Finnish (and related languages such as Estonian), stem-medial consonants undergo mutation called consonant gradation. One of the mutat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sibilant Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Sibilant Consonant - The Term
The term sibilant is often taken to be synonymous with the term strident, though historically this is incorrect, and there is variation i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Transcription
The five click releases with dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are bilabial ʘ, dental ǀ, postalveolar ǂ, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affricate Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Affricate Consonant - Notation
Affricates are often represented by the two sounds they consist of (e.g. [pf], [kx]). However, single signs for the affricates may be des...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glottalic Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Glottalic Consonant - How To Produce An Ejective Consonant
In order to produce, for example, an ejective k, do as follows: Press the back of your tongue to the roof of your mouth so as to pronoun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Glottalic Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Glottalic Consonant - How To Produce An Implosive Consonant
In order to produce an implosive b, do as follows: Close your lips together so to as pronounce a [b]. Move your glottis downward as if y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stop Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Stop Consonant - Classification Of Stops
Stop consonant - Nasalization. nasal stops are differentiated from oral stops only by a lowered velum that allows the air to escape thr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Distribution
Clicks occur in all the Khoisan languages of southern Africa, and in several neighbouring Bantu languages, such as Nguni (Zulu, Xhosa, Sw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Indonesian/malay
The active form of a multisyllabic verb with an initial stop consonant or fricative consonant is formed by prefixing the verb stem with m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Accompaniments
(Data is primarily from Ladefoged; see references at individual language articles.) There is a great variety of click accompaniments, tho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Consonants - Ordered By Place Of Articulation
List of consonants - Labial consonants. bilabial click [ʘ] bilabial ejective [pʼ] bilabial nasal [m] (man) bilabial trill [ʙ] bila...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Releases
Click consonant - Inventories of click releases. There are seven known click releases, not counting slapped or egressive clicks. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - Consonant Cluster Reductions
Phonological history of English consonants - H-cluster reductions. Glide cluster reductions The wine-whine merger is a merger by whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Southern Paiute
In Southern Paiute, there are three consonant mutations, which are triggered by different word-stems. The mutations are Spirantization, G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Modern Hebrew
Modern Hebrew shows a limited set of mutation alternations, involving spirantization only. The consonants affected may be stem-initial, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stop Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Stop Consonant - English Stops
[p], [t], [k] (aspirated word-initially, tenuis in clusters with s) [b], [d], [g] (in most dialects: partially voice ... See also:Stop co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - Geographical Distribution
Roughly, one may say that the changes resulting from phase 1 affected Upper and Central German, those from phase 2 and 3 only Upper Germa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stop Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Stop Consonant - Stop Articulation
In the articulation of the stop, three phases can be distinguished: Catch: The airway closes so that no air can escape through the mouth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affricate Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Affricate Consonant - List Of Affricates
In the case of coronals, the symbols <t, d> are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For exampl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Danish Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Danish Phonology - Consonants
Danish has 17 to 19 consonants, depending on analysis: /p, t, k/ are voiceless and aspirated: [pʰ, tˢ, kʰ] (some scholars analyse th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - Sample Texts
As an example of the effects of the shift one may compare the following texts from the later Middle Ages, on the left a Middle Low German...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - East Germanic Hypotheses
Some of the consonant shifts resulting from the second and third phases appear also to be observable in Lombardic, the early mediaeval Ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Consonants - Ordered By Manner Of Articulation
List of consonants - Nasal consonants. alveolar nasal [n] bilabial nasal [m] dental nasal [n̪] labiodental nasal [ɱ] palatal nasal [...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - The Four Phases In Detail
High German consonant shift - Phase 1. The first phase, which may have begun in the fourth century and affected the whole of the High G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - Chronology
Since, apart from þ→d, the High German consonant shift took place before the beginning of writing of Old High German in the 9th centur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - Mutation Vs. Sandhi
Initial consonant mutation must not be confused with sandhi, which can refer to word-initial alternations triggered by their phonological...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Types Of Clicks
As noted above, clicks necessarily involve two closures: an anterior one which is represented by the special click symbol in the IPA, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish Phonology - Consonants
The table below shows the Swedish consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations in spoken Standard Swedish. The range of realiza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannada Script: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannada Script - Consonants
Two types of consonants are identified in Kannada—the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants. The structured consonants ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Click Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Click Consonant - Click Loss
We do not know how clicks first arose, and the development of clicks from other consonants has never been observed, but it seems likely t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Australian English Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Australian English Phonology - Consonants
Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. In comparison to other varieties, it has a f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Phonology - Consonants
Hungarian has the following consonant system (not using standard SPE-like features), with unusual graphemes marked bold: Almost every con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sibilant Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Sibilant Consonant - Other Definitions Of Sibilant
Some authors, as for instance Chomsky & Halle (1964), group [ f ] and [ v ] as sibilants. However, they do not ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flap Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Flap Consonant - Contrast With Stops And Trills
The main difference between a flap and a stop consonant is that in a flap, there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arabic Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Arabic Phonology - Consonants
The 28 consonant sounds of Arabic are the following: (Letters left without a comment are pronounced more or less like in English.) ء (h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Phonology - Consonants
Russian phonology - Hard and soft consonants. Russian consonants are of two types: hard (твёрдый /'tfʲo.rdɪj/) and soft (мя�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khmer Script: Encyclopedia Ii - Khmer Script - Consonants
There are 35 Khmer consonants, but in modern Khmer, two of them have become obsolete leaving only 33. To form consonant clusters, subscri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish Phonology - Consonants
Finnish phonology - Plosives. /k/ voiceless velar plosive /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive /t/ voiceless dental plosive /d/ voiced alveo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sampa Chart: Encyclopedia Ii - Sampa Chart - Consonants
Note: It is common, especially in Spanish and Italian, to represent the alveolar trill with [rr] and the alveolar flap with [r]. In Spani...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Labiovelar Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Labiovelar Consonant - Labialized Velar Approximants
The most common labiovelar consonant is the voiced approximant [w]. This is normally a labialized velar, as is its vocalic cousin [u]. (L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tenseness: Encyclopedia Ii - Tenseness - Tenseness In Consonants
Occasionally, tenseness has been used to distinguish pairs of contrasting consonants in languages. Korean, for example, has a three-way c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hangul Consonant And Vowel Tables: Encyclopedia Ii - Hangul Consonant And Vowel Tables - Alphabetization
Several sequences are in use. Sequences of the first type are common in South Korea, differing on the treatment of geminate consonants in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uvular Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Uvular Consonant - The Three Uvular Rs
The uvular trill [ʀ] is used in Parisian French, Portuguese, and certain dialects of Arabic for the letter <r>. The voiced uvular ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - Final Cluster Reductions
English consonant cluster reductions - Nonstandard final consonant cluster reduction. Final consonant cluster reduction is the nonstand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High German Consonant Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - High German Consonant Shift - Overview Table
The effects of the shift are most obvious for the non-specialist when we compare Modern German lexemes containing shifted consonants with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - Phonological History Of Ng
Phonological history of English consonants - NG coalescence. NG coalescence (or the singer-finger split) is the name given to a sound c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - German Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - German Phonology - Consonants
The voiceless stops /t/, /p/, /k/ are aspirated except when preceded by a sibiliant. The obstruents /b d g z ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥ d̥ g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consonant Mutation: Encyclopedia Ii - Consonant Mutation - English
English has a no longer productive process of voicing stem-final fricatives, which is encountered both in noun-verb pairs and in the form...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doubly Articulated Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Doubly Articulated Consonant - Possibilities For Double Articulation
There are four independently controllable articulations that may double up in the same manner of articulation: labial, coronal, dorsal, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - H-cluster Reductions
The h-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English involving consonant clusters begin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Devanagari Transliteration: Encyclopedia Ii - Devanagari Transliteration - Retroflex Consonants
Most Indian languages make a distinction between the retroflex and dental forms of the dental consonants. In IAST transliteration, the re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sibilant Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Sibilant Consonant - Inventories
Only the alveolar and palato-alveolar sibilants are distinguished in English; the former are apical, while the latter are slightly labial...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atlantic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Atlantic Languages - Consonant Mutation
Many Atlantic languages exhibit consonant mutation, a phenomenon in which the intitial consonant of a word change depending on its morpho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Affricate Consonant: Encyclopedia Ii - Affricate Consonant - Samples
The English sounds spelt "ch" and "j" (transcribed [tʃ] and [dʒ] in IPA), German and Italian z [ts] and Italian z [dz] are typical affr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - English Consonant Cluster Reductions: Encyclopedia Ii - English Consonant Cluster Reductions - Y-cluster Reductions
English consonant cluster reductions - Yod-dropping. Yod-dropping is the elision of the sound [j]. The term comes from the Hebrew lette...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Orthography: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Orthography - Doubled Vowels Or Consonants
Since Dutch has many more vowels than the Latin alphabet, a system has come into use indicating vowels by an intricate system of single a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet - Consonants
The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximates, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inuit Language Phonology And Phonetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Inuit Language Phonology And Phonetics - Consonant Sandhi
Inuktitut syllables can start or end with a single consonant. This means that when morphemes are joined together, a double consonant can ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inuit Language Phonology And Phonetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Inuit Language Phonology And Phonetics - Consonants
The Nunavut dialects of Inuktitut have fifteen distinct consonants, except for Natsilingmiutut, which has the additional phoneme /ɟ/. IP...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Phonetic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - International Phonetic Alphabet - Consonants Pulmonic
International Phonetic Alphabet - Single articulation. Closeup of the main pulmonic consonant section of the IPA chart The pulmonic con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek Phonology - Consonants
In comparison with the vowels, the structure of the consonant inventory of Greek has remained relatively stable over time as far as the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - Elimination Of Velar Fricatives In English
Phonological history of English consonants - Taut-taught merger. The taut-taught merger is a process that occurs in most dialects of En...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - H-dropping And H-adding
Phonological history of English consonants - H-dropping. H-dropping is a colloquial term used to describe the omission of initial /h/ i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phonological History Of English Consonants: Encyclopedia Ii - Phonological History Of English Consonants - Elimination Of Dental Fricatives In English Dialects
Phonological history of English consonants - TH fronting. TH fronting is a merger that occurs (historically independently) in Cockney, ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cognitive Dissonance: New Age Spirituality Dictionary On Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance A mental, emotional, or psychological state which results from attempting to hold two totally incompatible belief...   » Read the article