Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia II - Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches

Modern investigations into and discoveries about consciousness are based on psychological statistical studies and case studies of consciousness states and the deficits caused by lesions, stroke, injury, or surgery that disrupt the normal functioning of human senses and cognition. These discoveries suggest that the mind is a complex structure derived from various localized functions that are bound together with a unitary awareness. Several studies point to common mechanisms in different clinical conditions that lead to loss of consciou ...

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Cognitive science

Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

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Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science

Cognitive science - Research methods

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Cognitive neuroscience

The field of Cognitive neuroscience concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of biological psychology which, in turn, is part of the wider field of neuroscience, the most comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline studying the brain . Cognitive neuroscience overlaps with cognitive psychology, and in fact has its roots largely in cognitive psychophysiology. But whereas cognitive psychologists seek to understand the mind, researchers in cognitive neuroscience are concerned with under ...

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Psychology

Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

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Psychology - Scope of psychology

Psychology - Research methods

Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Artificial consciousness

Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artefact.1 The idea of producing an artificial sentient being is ancient and is featured in numerous myths such as the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanical men in Chrétien d ...

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Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study

Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Brain

In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

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Brain - Neurobiology

Brain - The study of the brain

Brain - Brain as food

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Animal language

While the term "animal languages" is widely used, most researchers agree that they are not as complex or expressive as the human language. They argue that there are significant differences separating human language from animal communication even at its most complex, and that the underlying principles are not related. Other researchers argue that an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods these animals use and human language. There is a general consensus that human language is more complex than communication between animals. For more on communication among no ...

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Animal language - Literature

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - What the Bleep Do We Know!?

The correct title of this article is What the #$*! Do We Know!?. The substitution or omission of a # sign is due to technical restrictions. Movie promotional poster for What the Bleep showing the difficult-to-render title. What the #$*! Do We Know!? (or What the Bleep Do We Know!? , What tHe #$*! DΘ ...

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What the Bleep Do We Know!? - Crew

What the Bleep Do We Know!? - Awards

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Sleep

Sleep is the regular state of natural rest observed in all mammals, birds and fish. Sleep is not actually "unconsciousness," but rather, it is a natural state of rest characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement and decreased awareness of the surroundings. Therefore, since consciousness is literally the awareness of the surroundings, being asleep is just an altered state of consciousness, as opposed to being unconscious. It is heavily influenced by circadian rhythms, and by hormonal and environmental factors as well. Sleep ...

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Sleep - Sleep physiology

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Anti-psychiatry

Beginning in the 1960s, a movement called anti-psychiatry claimed that psychiatric patients do not necessarily have a "mental illness", but in fact are individuals who do not ascribe to the same conventional belief system, or consensus reality, shared by most people in their particular culture. Adherents of this movement sometimes refer to "the myth of mental illness", after Dr. Thomas Szasz's controversial book, The Myth of Mental Illness. Anti-psychiatry - Origins of anti-psychiatry. The term "anti ...

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Anti-psychiatry - Responses

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Religion

Religion (see etymology below) —sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system—is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine; and the moral codes, practices, values, institutions and rituals associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankind's relationship with the universe. In the course of the development of religion, it has taken ...

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Religion - Etymology

Religion - Approaches to the study of individual religions

Religion - Development of religion

Religion - Religion today

Religion - Approaches to relating to the beliefs of others

Religion - Religion and other approaches to forming beliefs about the nature of the universe

Religion - Related philosophical stances

Religion - Compare with

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Medicine

Medicine is the branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. It is both an area of knowledge – a science of body systems, their diseases and treatment – and the applied practice of that knowledge. The practice of medical care is shared between the medical profession (physicians or doctors) and other groups of professionals such as nurses and pharmacists (sometimes known as allied health professionals). Historically, only th ...

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Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia - Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods within the field of psychotherapy that seeks to elucidate connections among unconscious components of patients' mental processes, and to do so in a systematic way through a process of tracing out associations. In classical psychoanalysis, the fundamental subject matter of psychoanalysis is the unconscious patterns of life as they become revealed through the analysand's (the patient's) free associations. The analyst's goal is to help liberate the analysand from unexamined ...

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Psychoanalysis - Techniques

Psychoanalysis - Cost and length

Psychoanalysis - Critiques of psychoanalysis

Consciousness - Cognitive neuroscience approaches: Encyclopedia II - Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science

Cognitive science - Approaches. There are several approaches of study in the field of cognitive science including symbolic, connectionist, and dynamic systems. Symbolic - That intelligence can be explained by means of systematic, discrete instructions not unlike the way in which a computer works. Connectionist - The means of explanation is by using artificial neural networks. Dynamic Systems - Cognition can be explained by means of a continuous system in which everything is interrelated, not unlike the Watt Governor. < ...

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